Communicating and Connecting Chp7

most of us can maintain no more than 150 meaningful relationships online and off—a total called?

"Dunbar's number,"

In an intimate relationship, empathy becomes even more important. You can develop your capacity for empathy by pulling back periodically, particularly in moments of stress or conflict, and asking yourself:

"What is my partner or spouse feeling right now? What does he or she need?"

Loneliness, defined as _____?_____________ has been identified as a risk factor for depression and poor psychological health. However, it may also threaten physical well-being.

"feelings of distress and dysphoria resulting from a discrepancy between a person's desired and achieved social relations,"

The most common motivations undergraduates give for their use of online networks are:

- Nurturing or maintaining existing relationships. - Seeking new relationships. - Enhancing their reputation (being cool). - Avoiding loneliness. - Keeping tabs on other people. - Feeling better about themselves.

Neuroimaging studies have shown similarities between the brains of compulsive Internet users and those with other addictive behaviors. Some scholars have argued that people are not addicted to the Internet but to specific activities on the Internet such as online gambling, gaming, shopping, and pornography. This behavior may start early. According to recent surveys, about 4 in 10 boys and 3 in 10 girls in high school reported receiving sexually explicit cell phone pictures, while 16 percent of male students and 14 percent of female students said they had?

"sexted" revealing photos.

By mastering skills to communicate more clearly and by being responsible and responsive in your interactions with others, you can cultivate what psychologist Daniel Goleman called _____?_____ and create relationships worth cherishing.

"social intelligence"

Friendship has been described as?

"the most holy bond of society."

Signs of Codependency- Among the characteristics of codependency are:

- An exaggerated sense of responsibility for the actions of others. - An attraction to people who need rescuing. - Always trying to do more than one's share. - Doing anything to cling to a relationship and avoid feeling abandoned. - An extreme need for approval and recognition. - A sense of guilt about asserting needs and desires. - A compelling need to control others. - Lack of trust in self and/or others. - Fear of being alone. - Difficulty identifying feelings. - Rigidity/difficulty adjusting to change. - Chronic anger. - Lying/dishonesty. - Poor communications. - Difficulty making decisions.

Among the signs of emotional abuse are the following:

- Attempting to control various aspects of your life, such as what you say or wear. - Frequently humiliating you or making you feel bad about yourself. - Making you feel as if you are to blame for what your partner does. - Wanting to know where you are and whom you're with at all times. - Becoming jealous or angry when you spend time with friends. - Threatening to harm you if you break up. - Trying to coerce you into unwanted sexual activity with statements such as "If you loved me, you would. .

Abuse consists of any behavior that uses fear, humiliation, or verbal or physical assaults to control and subjugate another human being. Rather than being physical, emotional abuse takes many forms:

- Berating. - Belittling or demeaning. - Constant criticism. - Name calling. - Blaming. - Threatening. - Accusing. - Judging. - Trivializing, minimizing, or denying what a person says or feels.

Social health refers to the ability to:

- Communicate and interact effectively with other people and with the social environment. - Develop satisfying interpersonal relationships. - Fulfill social roles.

The changing time table for adulthood has affected the timing and nature of intimate relationships or, as sociologists describe them, "partnerships." Although just as eager for intimacy—emotional and sexual—younger adults are following a different pattern than past generations. Among a smorgasbord of romantic options, they may:

- Enter into casual, short-term relationships. - Commit to a long-term monogamous relationship. - Live with a partner with or without the intent of getting married. - View marriage as the final step in a relationship that may take place after sexual involvement, shared living, and even childbearing and parenting.

Sternberg also identified six types of love:

- Liking: the intimacy friends share. - Infatuation: the passion that stems from physical and emotional attraction. - Romantic love: a combination of intimacy and passion. - Companionate love: a deep emotional bond in a relationship that may have had romantic components. - Fatuous love: a combination of passion and commitment in two people who lack a deep emotional intimacy. - Consummate love: a combination of passion, intimacy, and commitment over time.

The characteristics of problematic Internet use include the following:

- Preoccupation with Internet use; tolerance (i.e., the compulsion to use the Internet for ever-increasing amounts of time). - Repeated but unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop Internet use. - Restlessness, irritability, and other signs of withdrawal when unable to use the Internet. - "Phantom vibration syndrome," which consists of mistakenly feeling a sensation of a vibrating phone—an experience, was reported by 9 in 10 college students in one study). - Physical symptoms, such as vision problems and "text neck." - Having jeopardized or lost a relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of Internet use. - Lying to friends, family members, and others to conceal the extent of involvement with the Internet. - Increased family and personal conflicts and poor academic performance. - Using the Internet to escape or palliate dysphoric moods such as depression and anxiety.

Scientists have tried to analyze the combination of factors that attracts two people to each other. In several studies of college students, the following four predictors ranked as the most important reasons for attraction: -Economic factors, including money or lack thereof, didn't make the list. Physical attractiveness generally has similar effects on both sexes.

- Warmth and kindness. - Desirable personality. - Something specific about the person. - Reciprocal liking.

While the pain does ease over time, it can help both parties if they end their relationship in a way that shows kindness and respect. Your basic guideline should be to think of how you would like to be treated if someone were breaking up with you:

- Would it hurt more to find out from someone else? - Would it be more painful if the person you cared for lied to you or deceived you, rather than admitting the truth? Saying "I don't feel the way I once did about you; I don't want to continue our relationship" is hard, but it's also honest and direct.

Emotional closeness, Dunbar found, declines by around ____ percent a year in the absence of face-to-face contact.

15

we devote ____ percent of our limited social time to the five most important people we know, who represent just ___ percent of our social world.

40 ; 3

About one-quarter of unmarried women ages 25 to 39 are currently living with a partner; an additional one-quarter lived with a partner in the past. Couples live together before more than half of all marriages, a practice that was practically unknown 50 years ago. In addition, the proportion of cohabiting women between the ages of 20 and 50 has tripled in the past ____ years.

50

In a review of studies involving more than 3 million people, both feeling lonely and social isolation—having few or no social contacts or activities—increased the risk of an earlier death for both men and women, particularly those under the age of?

65

Cyberbullying consists of deliberate, repeated, and hostile actions that use information and communication technologies, including online Web pages and text messages, with the intent of harming others by means of intimidation, control, manipulation, false accusations, or humiliation. Cyberbullies may know their victims or strike randomly. About one in five college students reports having been bullied on social networking sites; 46 percent report having been bystanders to social network cyberbullying and 61 percent did not intervene or engage. Its prevalence on college campuses ranges from what percentages?

8 to 21 percent.

More than ____ percent of communication may be nonverbal.

90

A psychological View-

According to psychologist Robert Sternberg, love can be viewed as a triangle with three faces: passion, intimacy, and commitment. Each person brings his or her own triangle to a relationship. If they match well, their relationship is likely to be satisfying.

What does the personality trait "agreeableness" include?

Being helpful, unselfish, generally trusting, considerate, cooperative, sympathetic, warm, and concerned for others.

College students primarily use their phones for leisure rather than school or work. Researchers have classified those who are on their phones 10 or more hours a day as "high users," while those who spend 3 hours or less on their phones qualify as low users. What are the characteristics they both differ in?

In terms of personality characteristics, the low users showed a higher preference for challenge and were least susceptible to boredom. High users may be more susceptible to anxiety and depression.

At the time you're experiencing it, there is no difference between infatuation and lasting love. You feel the same giddy, wonderful way. However, if it's infatuation, it won't last. Infatuation refers only to falling in love. People genuinely in love with each other do more than fall; they start building a relationship together. IS INFATUATION LONG LASTING LOVE?

No

In some surveys, as many as 40 percent of people describe themselves as shy or socially anxious. Some shy people—an estimated 10 to 15 percent of children—are born with a predisposition to shyness. Others become shy because they don't learn proper social responses or because they experience rejection or shame. Some shy people spend excessive amounts of time on their smartphones and computers as a way of easing their anxiety. T/F?

T

In the most recent American College Health Association (ACHA) National College Health Assessment survey, 63 percent of undergraduates—55 percent of men and 66 percent of women—reported feeling very lonely at some time in the past 12 months. T/F?

T

Social health doesn't necessarily mean joining organizations or mingling in large groups, but it does involve participating in your community, living in harmony with others, communicating clearly, and practicing healthy sexual behaviors. T/F?

T

Talking about your feelings and listening intently move a relationship to a deeper and more meaningful level. T/F?

T

Young people report more friends and seeing friends more often, but older individuals report higher levels of satisfaction with their contact with friends. T/F?

T

A Biochemical View-

The heart is the organ we associate with love, but the brain may be where the action really is. According to research on neurotransmitters (the messenger chemicals within the brain), love sets off a chemical chain reaction that causes our skin to flush, our palms to sweat, and our lungs to breathe more deeply and rapidly. Neuroimaging studies reveal that viewing images of a romantic partner activates the areas of the brain that produce the so-called "love chemicals"—*dopamine, norepinephrine, and phenylethylamine* (PEA)—involved in various rewarding experiences, including beauty and love. *Falling in love causes changes in the immune system that may have evolved to promote reproduction and preserve the species.

These couples are much like married people: They?

They make a home, handle daily chores, cope with problems, celebrate special occasions, plan for the future—all the while knowing that they are not alone, that they are part of a pair that adds up to far more than just the sum of two individual souls.

social support

This term refers to the ways in which we provide information or assistance, show affection, comfort, and confide in others.

An Anthropological View-

When you first fall in love, you may be sure that no one else has ever known the same dizzying, wonderful feelings. Yet, while every romance may be unique, romantic love is anything but. Anthropologists have found evidence of romantic love between individuals in most of the cultures they have studied. As anthropologist Helen Fisher, author of Anatomy of Love: The Natural History of Monogamy, Adultery and Divorce, explains, romantic love pulled men and women of prehistoric times into the sort of partnerships that were essential to childrearing. But after about 4 years—just "long enough to rear one child through infancy," says Fisher—romantic love seemed to wane, and primitive couples tended to break up and find new partners

Enabling- Experts on the subject of addiction first identified traits of codependency in spouses of alcoholics, who followed a predictable pattern of behavior:

While intensely trying to control the drinkers, the codependent mates would act in ways that allowed the drinkers to keep drinking. For example, if an alcoholic found it hard to get up in the morning, his wife would wake him up, pull him out of bed and into the shower, and drop him off at work. If he was late, she made excuses to his boss. The husband was the one with the alcohol-abuse problem, but without realizing it, his wife was enabling him to continue drinking. In fact, he might not have been able to keep up his habit without her unintentional cooperation.

- Speak more in private, usually to build better connections with others. - Are generally better listeners, facilitating conversation by nodding, asking questions, and signaling interest by saying "uh-huh" or "yes." - Are more likely to wait for a speaker to finish rather than interrupt. - Look into another woman's eyes more often than they would if talking with a man. - When writing, use more words overall; more words related to emotion (positive and negative); more idea words; more hearing, feeling, and sensing words; more causal words (such as because); and more modal words (would, should, could). - Write e-mails in much the same way they talk, using words to build a connection with people. - In blogs or chat rooms, are more prone to posing questions, making suggestions, and including polite expressions.

Women

Friends can be?

a basic source of happiness, a connection to a larger world, and a source of solace in times of trouble.

Mental health professionals define a dysfunctional relationship as one that doesn't promote healthy communication, honesty, and intimacy and here either person is made to feel worthless or incompetent. Individuals with addictive behaviors or dependence on drugs or alcohol, and the children or partners of such people, are especially likely to find themselves in ???

a dysfunctional relationship.

Women attending urban commuter colleges may be at particular risk if they have partners who seek to control or limit their college experience or who feel threatened by what they may achieve by attending college. Minority stress may contribute to violence among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning (LGBTQ) partners, who are much less likely than other couples to disclose what happened. In one recent study, only about a third (compared to roughly three-quarters of heterosexuals) revealed a violent episode to any person, most often a friend. The reasons for nondisclosure include ??

a feeling that it was "not a big deal," a desire for privacy, and concern about others' reactions.

Growing up is not what it used to be. Social scientists have identified "emerging adulthood" as?

a unique developmental period that spans the late teens and the 20s, marked by volatility and identity formation. Traditionally the milestones of this life stage were completing school, leaving home, becoming financially independent, marrying, and having a child.

However, love in movies last only 2 hours; ideally, love lasts a lifetime. *Infatuation* falls somewhere in between. Certainly, falling in love is an intense, dizzying experience. A person not only enters our life but also takes possession. We are ?

intrigued, flattered, captivated, and delighted

Undergraduates say that social networking is helpful for communication and information gathering, and that it positively influenced their academic work. However, students also reported that social networking had a negative impact on their social interactions, emotional health, and work completion, although younger students reported greater negative effects on work completion. Students also reported that social networking can be ?

addictive, distractive, and a threat to their privacy.

The term intimacy—the open, trusting, and sharing of close, confidential thoughts and feelings—comes from the Latin word for "within." Intimacy doesn't happen at first sight, or in a day or a week or a number of weeks. Intimacy requires time and nurturing; it is a process of revealing rather than hiding, of wanting to know another and to be known by that other. Although intimacy doesn't require sex, an intimate relationship often includes a sexual relationship, heterosexual or homosexual. We tend to be attracted to people who are similar to ourselves in ?

age, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic class, and education.

In surveys, college students say it's more difficult to initiate a breakup than to be rejected. Those who decide to end a relationship report greater feelings of guilt, uncertainty, discomfort, and awkwardness than their girlfriends or boyfriends. However, students with high levels of jealousy are likely to feel a desire for vengeance that can lead to

aggressive behavior.

The definition of codependency has expanded to include any maladaptive behaviors learned by family members in order to survive great emotional pain and stress, such as an addiction, chronic mental or physical illness, and abuse. Some therapists refer to codependency as a "relationship addiction" because codependent people often form or maintain relationships that are one-sided, emotionally destructive, or abusive. First identified in studies of the relationships in families of alcoholics, codependent behavior can occur in?

any dysfunctional family.

Dysfunction can lead to violence. Nearly half of all couples experience some form of physical aggression. Couples who are cohabiting experience more aggression than married partners and those who are dating but living separately. In the most recent ACHA survey, about 2 percent of students had been in a physically abusive relationship in the preceding 12 months and about 10 percent reported ??

being in an emotionally abusive intimate relationship.

Physical symptoms, such as headaches, digestive troubles, tics, and inability to sleep well, can be signs of a destructive relationship. Yet, although one person may repeatedly attack, abandon, betray, badger, bully, criticize, deceive, dominate, or demean the other, the responsibility for changing the unhealthy dynamic belongs to??

both.

Committed couples, both heterosexual and homosexual, can register as domestic partners in certain areas. This may enable them to qualify for benefits such as health insurance. Recent court rulings have placed domestic partners on the same legal footing as married couples in

dealings with businesses.

Even if done for the sake of "teaching" or "helping," emotional abuse wears away at selfconfidence, sense of self-worth, and trust and belief in oneself. Because it is more than skin deep, emotional abuse can leave??

deeper, longer-lasting scars.

altruism—helping or giving to others—does what us?.

enhances self-esteem, relieves physical and mental stress, and protects psychological well-being

According to the concept of social contagion:

friends, friends of friends, acquaintances, and others in our social circle influence our behavior and our health—both positively and negatively.

More than half of students in one survey said that college social media profiles helped them to feel like part of the community. Students may change their self-presentation on social media when they begin college and reclaim or redefine themselves. In their first year, students become less restricted over the course of their first semester, and deep, positive, and authentic posts were associated with support from friends and higher self-esteem. A class Facebook group may have many benefits. College students in such a group reported a greater sense of social connectedness, better relationships with faculty, and lower course-related stress. It also indirectly enhanced course engagement and satisfaction. Upperclassmen on Facebook show?

greater positive social adjustment and more attachment to their schools.

You may not think of love as a basic need like food and rest, but it is essential for both physical and psychological well-being. Mounting evidence suggests that people who lack love and commitment are at high risk for a host of illnesses, including infections, heart disease, and cancer. Spending time together gives couples a chance to?

have fun and share their likes, dislikes, and interests.

Asians and non-Hispanic white couples are the least likely to cohabit. A higher percentage of Native American, black, and Hispanic couples are unmarried. "Cohabiters" tend to?

have lower income and education levels. They are also younger—on average, some 12 years younger than married men and women.

Because the roots of codependency run so deep, people don't just "outgrow" this problem or magically find themselves in a healthy relationship. Treatment to resolve childhood hurts and deal with emotional issues may take the form of individual or group therapy, education, or programs such as Co-Dependents Anonymous. The goal is to?

help individuals get in touch with long-buried feelings and build healthier family and relationship dynamics.

Even though men and women today may have more sexual partners than in the past, most still yearn for an intense, supportive, exclusive relationship, based on mutual commitment and enduring over time. In our society, most such relationships take the form of what type of marriages?

heterosexual marriages, but partners of the same sex or heterosexual partners who never marry may also sustain long-lasting, deeply committed relationships.

Although other sites and apps have become popular, users still spend more time on Facebook—an estimated 100 minutes or more a day. Students typically engage in "lurking"—observing content rather than actually posting—and checking on others more often than sending private messages. They also engage in electronic interactions with friends by means of posting, commenting, or replying to messages and in self-presentation through photos, wall posts, "likes," or friend lists. Facebook can have both positive and negative impacts on well-being. In young adults, a higher number of reported Facebook friends was associated with feeling less lonely, but more persistent usage correlated with

higher levels of loneliness.

A key element of relationships—whether friendships or romantic relationships—is self-disclosure—that is,??

how much we reveal about ourselves to another person.

Being head over heels in love can have such an impact on the brain that it reduces pain. Stanford University researchers studied 15 undergraduates in the infatuation stage of love and inflicted pain with a handheld thermal probe. Those looking at a photograph of their beloved not only reported less pain but showed the same brain changes as those???

induced by drugs like cocaine.

Today more than 95 percent of Americans consider the most important markers of adulthood to be completing school, establishing an independent household, and being employed full time. Only about half consider it necessary to marry or have children to be regarded as an adult. Unlike their parents and grandparents, young people view these markers as ?

life choices rather than requirements.

One reason (the number of couples living together has spiked)may be economic. Partners may not have enough money to live alone but don't plan to get married until they have more money—which is harder to get in a bad economy. Social acceptance may also contribute. A few generations ago, "shacking up" seemed shocking. Today fewer than half of Americans think ?

living together is a bad idea.

Although more attention has focused on cyberbullying by younger students, undergraduates also can be victims or perpetrators. In a study of more than 1,200 college students between the ages of 18 and 26, a deteriorated family environment increased the probability of being both a victim and an aggressor, while a favorable family environment decreases this probability. In the study, 19 percent of students said they have been victims of cyberbullying; while 19 percent declared they had been cyberbullying aggressors. Higher emotional intelligence does what to cyberbullying?

lowers cyberbullying.

Mental health problems are often linked with interpersonal violence. Women who suffer from depression or PTSD are more vulnerable to victimization. Anxiety and antisocial personality disorder correlated with a greater likelihood of perpetrating violence in men. Intimate partner violence also increases the incidence of depression in ?

married women

- Speak more often and for longer periods in public. - Interrupt more, breaking in on another's monologue if they aren't getting the information they need. - Look into a woman's eyes more often when talking than they would if talking with another man. - When writing, use more numbers, more prepositions, and articles such as 'an' and 'the.' - Write briefer, more utilitarian emails. - In blogs or chat rooms, are more likely to make strong assertions, disagree with others, and use profanity and sarcasm.

men

Cohabitation can be a prelude to marriage, an alternative to living alone, or an alternative to marriage. Couples choose to cohabit for different reasons. Couples who move in together to "test" their relationship report more problems—including more negative communication, physical aggression, and symptoms of depression and anxiety—than others. Cohabitation is associated with better health for men in same-sex relationships but with poorer health with?

men and women in different-sex relationships.

Individuals with poor social skills are more vulnerable to a range of psychosocial problems, especially when confronted with stress, that increase the risk to their?

mental and physical health.

For some the Internet has become an outlet for anger. Various "rant" websites allow anonymous users to adopt a screen name and engage in back-and-forth online screaming. This behavior may seem harmless, but as research shows, individuals who engage in virtual venting may initially feel more relaxed but overall tend to experience?

more anger in general and express it in maladaptive ways.

Infatuation may indeed be a natural high, but like other highs, this rush doesn't last—possibly because the body develops tolerance for love-induced chemicals, just as it does with amphetamines. However, as the initial lover's high fades, other brain chemicals may come into play: the endorphins, morphine-like chemicals that can help produce feelings of wellbeing, security, and tranquility. These feel-good molecules may increase in ??

partners who develop a deep attachment.

Nearly half of young people live with their parents. This percentage drops below 1 in 7 by the late 20s and below 1 in 10 by the early 30s. Women are typically younger than men when they leave home because they complete college earlier, form cohabiting unions earlier, and marry about 2 years earlier. In 1970, two-thirds of 20-somethings were married. Now just about?

one-quarter are.

An estimated one in three women have been sexually assaulted; one in four have been victims of intimate partner violence. The consequences include increased risk for mental and physical health problems, such as injury, chronic pain, disability, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and addiction. Some perpetrators of interpersonal domestic violence are aggressive only with family, while some also become violent with ?

others and present a higher risk for severe or deadly violence.

The true keys to overcoming loneliness are developing resources to fulfill our own potential and learning to reach out to others. In this way, loneliness can become a means to?

personal growth and discovery.

Cyberstalking, a form of cyberbullying, uses online sites, email messages, and social media to harass victims and try to damage their reputation or turn others against them. Cyberstalking may include false accusations, threats, identity theft, damage to data or equipment, or the solicitation of minors for sex. Both cyberbullying and cyberstalking can be criminal offenses punishable by imprisonment. Cyberstalking occurs most often in the context of ex-partner relationships. Most of its perpetrators are male and its victims are female. Its negative psychological impact on a victim's well-being is comparable to?

real-life stalking.

According to research, 9 of 10 online "daters" lie about at least one attribute in their profiles. Men are more likely to lie about their height, and women, about their weight. Others may misrepresent their marital status or health—for instance, not disclosing a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). High percentages of both men and women exclude partners on the basis of ???

religion, race, socioeconomic level, or potential disapproval of family and friends

Abusers may also have grown up with emotional abuse and view it as a way of coping with feelings of fear, hurt, powerlessness, or anger. They may seek partners who?

see themselves as helpless and who make them feel more powerful.

More than 1 in 5 people on the planet (22 percent) use Facebook. About 1 in 3 college students uses Twitter, compared to 1 in 5 high schoolers. About 6 in 10 online adults—most between ages 18 and 29—use Instagram. In international studies of college students, women are more likely than men to use social networks to?

seek information (researching and learning new things and discussing products and brands) and for convenience (to obtain things with little effort).

Committed intimate relationships may be beneficial for college students' physical and mental health, just as marriage is for spouses. The reasons may be that these students have less time for risky behavior, that being in a relationship fosters a less impulsive lifestyle, or that partners who use drugs or drink heavily may be unable to keep a romantic partner. Simply having fewer sexual partners lowers general stress as well as the risk of?

sexual infections or assaults.

More than 9 in 10 college students maintain a social networking profile, with Facebook the most popular choice. In various studies college students ages 18 to 24 spend from 32 to 46 hours a month online; those ages 25 to 34 spend 35.8 hours online. Men and women in college also make up the largest percentage (more than 8 in 10) of ??

smartphone owners.

Research suggests that people do not end their relationships because of the disappearance of love. Rather, a sense of dissatisfaction or unhappiness develops, which may then cause love to stop growing. The fact that love does not dissipate completely may be why breakups are

so painful.

Although couples have always shared homes in informal relationships without any official ties, "living together," or cohabitation, has become more common. The majority of young adults have lived with a partner by their mid-20s, but they do not view it as a permanent alternative to marriage. Although cohabitation has been increasing steadily for decades, the number of couples living together has?

spiked in recent years.

Benefits that agreeable people enjoy are?

strong relationships, less conflict, happy marriages, better job performance, healthier eating habits and behaviors, less stress, and fewer medical complaints.

College students who provided community service as part of a semester-long course reported changes in attitude (including a decreased tendency to blame people for their misfortunes), self-esteem (primarily a belief that they can make a difference), and behavior (such as a greater commitment to do more volunteer work).t/f?

t

Excess use of the Internet seems similar to other addictions in its neurobiological basis, say researchers who are beginning to explore and understand this 21st-century phenomenon. Like other addictions, Internet addiction almost always results from an interaction between many factors, including biological or genetic predisposition, social environment, personality, attitudes, expectations, beliefs, and the nature of the activity itself. Psychosocial factors such as low self-esteem, loneliness, depression, anxiety, and stress are common among those who develop any behavioral addiction. t/f?

t

Facebook has more than 1.23 billion users each month. Many consider it a useful social way to connect with friends, while others suggest that is an "isolating distraction" from creating deeper social interactions. t/f?

t

If you can never get what you need or if you're afraid, you need to get out of the relationship. Take whatever steps necessary to ensure your safety. Find a trusted friend who can help. Don't isolate yourself from family and friends. This is a time when you need their support and often the support of a counselor, minister, or doctor as well. t/f?

t

In general, women tend to use social networking sites to compare themselves with others and search for information. Men are more likely to look at other people's profiles to find friends. The sexes even differ in their profile photos: Women usually add portraits, while men prefer full-body shots. College students of both sexes try to present themselves as positively as possible—but some of the most intense Facebook users attribute others' seeming success and happiness to their personalities. In a study of college women, engaging with attractive peers increased negative feelings about their bodies, while engaging with family had no impact on body image. t/f?

t

In studies of college students, men have reported somewhat more shyness than women, and there may be sex differences in the psychosocial factors that trigger anxiety. Some individuals develop symptoms of shyness or social anxiety when they go to a party or are called on in class; others experience symptoms when they try to perform any sort of action in the presence of others, even such everyday activities as eating in public, using a public restroom, or going to the grocery store. t/f?

t

No one wants to get into an abusive relationship, but often people who were emotionally abused in childhood find themselves in similar circumstances as adults. Dealing with an emotional abuser, regardless of how painful, may feel familiar or even comfortable. Individuals who think very little of themselves may also pick partners who treat them as badly as they believe they deserve. t/f?

t

Social scientists have distinguished between passionate love (characterized by intense feelings of elation, sexual desire, and ecstasy) and companionate love (characterized by friendly affection and deep attachment). Often relationships begin with passionate love and evolve into a more companionate love. Sometimes the opposite happens and two people who know each other well discover that their friendship has "caught fire," and the sparks have flamed an unexpected passion. t/f?

t

Students feeling stressed or down report a psychological boost in self-esteem after viewing their Facebook profiles, perhaps because when they do so, they are reminded of the personal traits and relationships that they value most. Simply having a certain number of Facebook friends boosts feelings of happiness, researchers have found. Even more meaningful is getting support from online acquaintances—but only if it comes in response to an honest presentation of oneself. t/f?

t

Traditional-age college students, the first "digital natives"—those who have grown up with technology—may be the most active users of online social networks. More than 9 in 10 maintain a profile on a social network. t/f?

t

The concept of Internet "addiction" has evolved over recent years, based on hundreds of individuals whose inability to control their Internet use resulted in academic, financial, occupational and relationship problems. Estimates of problematic Internet use among college students range from 1 to 6 percent. In the ACHA survey, 10 percent of students—more than the percentage citing relationship difficulties or depression—ranked Internet use/computer games as having a negative impact on??

their academic performance.

Codependency progresses just as an addiction does, and codependents excuse their own behavior with many of the same defense mechanisms used by addicts, such as rationalization ("I cut class so I could catch up on my reading, not to keep an eye on my partner") and denial ("He likes to gamble, but he never loses more than he can afford"). In time, codependents lose sight of everything but their loved one. They feel that if?

they can only "fix" this person, everything will be fine.

The timing of a decision to move in together also matters. Couples who cohabited before getting engaged later reported less marital satisfaction, dedication, and confidence as well as more negative communication and greater potential for divorce than?

those who lived together after engagement or after getting married.

Often partners have magical, unrealistic expectations (e.g., they expect that a relationship with the right person will make their life okay), and one person uses the other almost as if he or she were a mood-altering drug. The partners may compulsively try to get the other to act the way they want. Both persons may distrust or may deceive each other. Often they isolate themselves from others, thus ??

trapping themselves in a recurring cycle of pain.

Most Americans say that using a smartphone in a social settings hurts more often than helps conversation—but about 9 in 10 report?

using their phones in their most recent social interaction.

About 7 percent of the population could be diagnosed with a social anxiety disorder (social phobia), which is? Childhood shyness, emotional abuse, neglect, and chronic illness increase the likelihood of this problem. Asian cultures typically show the lowest rates; Russian and American, the highest.

where individuals typically fear and avoid various social situations.

Specific qualities in a relationship, particularly social support affect physical health???

yes, social support does do that.

Mature love is a complex combination of sexual excitement, tenderness, commitment, and—most of all—an overriding passion that sets it apart from all other love relationships in one's life. This passion isn't simply a matter of orgasm but also entails a crossing of the psychological boundaries between oneself and one's lover. You feel as if??

you're becoming one with your partner while simultaneously retaining a sense of yourself.

Online interactions with virtual "friends" can consume users' attention and distract them from spending time with their actual significant others. In one study, social media addiction predicted a great likelihood of online "cheating," particularly among?

younger individuals.