Communicology
Competency
Appropriate and conforms to expectations and effective with sticking to our achieved goals.
Spontaneous Messages
Messages spoken without much conscious thought
High Context Culture
Asian and Latin cultures are very high context driven. Ambiguous and indirect.
Public
20 person group
Long Term
25% efficiency.
Small group
3-20 people group
Short Term
50% efficiency.
Language
A body of symbols and the systems for their use in messages that are common for people of the same speech community.
Speech Community
A group of people that speak the same language. 3000-4000 speech communities in the world with less than 10,000 people that speak a language.
Vocalized Pauses
Aahs, uhms and so.
Linguistic Sensitivity
Adapt vocab to listener, use jargon sparingly, use slang appropriate to listeners and situation, use inclusive language, non-offensive language.
Receiver Apprehension
Afraid of being the listener to something. For example trying to listen to a foreigner speak to you which causes you to not comprehend what the speaker is saying. A freight we cannot comprehend so we stop listening.
Low Context Culture
America and low European are low high context driven. Direct and open.
Active Strategy
Asking others about the person.
Symmetrical
Balanced on both sides.
Organization
Brain arranging stimuli and preparing it for interpretation.
Nonverbal Messages
Communicate feelings and attitudes. Are more believable and or trusted more than verbal messages. 65% of meaning of a message comes nonverbally.
Interactive Strategy
Communicating directly with the person.
Contexts
Communication environment: Physical, Social, Historical, Psychological, and Cultural.
Communication Principles
Communication has a purpose, Communication is continuous, Communication messages vary in conscious thought, Communication is relational, Communication is guided by culture, Communication has ethical implications, Communication is learned
Language and Meaning
Connotative- Subjective meaning of a word, "shoots"=yes Denotative- Literal meaning of a word "shoots" =fire Language changes over time
Feminine Language
Described as being empathetic and polite.
Masculine Language
Described as being problem solving and assertive.
Intonation
Different mixtures of pitches and volumes.
Quality
Distinguishes their voice from others.
Polychronic
Doing multiple things at once and view schedules more flexible and value relationships over their schedules.
Vocalics
Easiest way to determine if someone is lying. One of the few auditory cues that makes you able to determine what the person is saying.
Values
Enduring concepts of reality and how we view right and wrong.
Occulesics
Eye behavior, such as direct or indirect eye contact, during communication.
Media Images
If a person is exposed to celebrity pictures all the time, than their self esteem takes a toll because they constantly feel that they have to reflect the image of the celebrity that they idolize.
Appreciative Listening
For enjoyment such as listening to music.
Illustrators
Gestures that augment a verbal message such as the peace sign. Certain hand gestures can have different meanings based on the country. The hand gesture for "okay" means "*******" in Brazil.
Emblems
Gestures with explicit meaning & dictionary definitions and can substitute for verbal communication and don't need any verbal communication in order for you to know what they mean.
Ingratiation
Goal is to be likeable and we do this by doing favors for other people or might say nice things to these people so that we will be like able to others.
Intensity
How hard or how soft you touch somebody.
Pitch
How high or low.
Duration
How long you are touching the person for.
Volume
How loud or soft.
Rate
How quickly they speak.
Beliefs
How we structure our reality and the way we view the world and how it works in our eyes as well.
Self Concept
How we view ourselves and develop it through personal experiences and feedback responses from others.
Processing Rate
Humans can only speak at 100-150 words per minute, but brains can process at 400 words per minute so the indifference between the two causes you to day dream.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Individuals overestimate dispositional factors. Individuals underestimate situation factors.
Proxemic Spatial Zones
Intimate is 0-1.5ft. Personal is 1.5ft-4ft. Social is 4-12ft. Public is 12ft and beyond.
Haptics
Involves the use of touch. Most powerful use of non verbal communication.
Asymmetrical
Irregular in shape.
Six Primary Facial Expressions
Joy, Surprise, Anger, Sadness, Fear, and Disgust.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language alters our perceptions. We see the world through our language.
Discriminative Listening
Listening to understand meaning of a message by looking at both verbal and non-verbal cues. Such as a physician listening to a patient to better understand them.
Filtering Messages
Looking for a bias message that you are looking for.
Channels
Media used to send messages.
Constructed Messages
Messages put together with careful thought when we recognize that our known scripts are inadequate for the situation
Effects of self perception on communication
Moderates how we talk to ourselves, influences how to talk about ourselves to others, and affects communication apprehension.
Direct Body Orientation
More engaged in the interaction with the other person.
Motivated
Moving with purpose and public speakers are encouraged to do this.
Unmotivated
Moving without an aim or purpose.
Mesomorph
Muscular and angular.
Interference
Noise; Physical, Psychological, and Semantic.
Passive Strategy
Observing the person from afar without being noticed.
Indirect Body Orientation
Off to the side and less engaged and less intimacy in the interaction.
Intrapersonal
One person group
Leakage Hypothesis
Our feelings are exposed by our facial expressions and reactions.
Halo Effect
Our overall impression of somebody shapes how we feel about and think about his or her character.
Participants
People involved in study.
Appearance
People who are wearing formal attire are seen as being more compliant and credible.
Scripted Messages
Phrasings learned from past encounters that we judge to be appropriate to the present situation
Factors Influencing Perceptions of Others
Physical characters, Social behaviors and the Halo Effect.
Hearing
Physiological Process.
Object Adaptors
Playing with an object such as clicking a pen when anxious.
Self Esteem
Positive and negative evaluation of our self concept, shaped by how we perceive our abilities, skills and appearance. Gender also shapes our self perception.
Height
Positive quality to be taller especially in men.
Attitudes
Pre-dispositions and how we feel.
Self-Monitoring
Process of observing and regulating your own behavior.
Perception
Process of selectively attending information and assigning meaning to it.
Better Listeners
Prone to get better jobs or more promotions. Listening work shops that teachers take help to improve listening proficiency.
Listening
Psychological Process. Most people are poor listeners.
Improving Accuracy of Social Perceptions
Question accuracy of perceptions, seek more information to verify, know that perceptions are dynamic, and check your perceptions.
Frequency
Repetition or amount of times you touch them.
Feedback
Responses in a message
Endomorph
Short round and closer to the ground.
Functions of eye contact
Signals that you are ready to communicate with that person. Monitors the feedback you receive from them based on the conversation. Signals that your mind is thinking. Expresses interest in the other person by keeping eye contact and their pupils will dilate or get bigger. Increases intimidation.
Precise
Specific and direct to the point.
Kinesics
The interpretation of what and how body motions communicate.
Perceiving Others
Structured by our own experiences and can differ based on what we choose to observe.
Empathetic
Supportive; very common in therapy.
Ectomorph
Tall skinny and lanky.
Self fulfilling Prophecy
Tend to have weaker self esteem because they constantly feel that they have to live up to expectations that they set for themselves.
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
The exchange and collection of information that allows us to predict another's attitudes and behaviors.
Feedback and Response From Others
The feed back that we get from our parents and family members as a young child shape who we want to be later on in life.
Incongruence
The gap between inaccurate perceptions and reality.
Egocentrism
The idea that you are the center of the universe.
Instrument
The part of your body that you touch somebody with.
Perception Process
The process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environment
Communication
The process of creating or sharing meaning in informal conversation, group interaction, or public speaking.
Words
The symbols that we use to represent objects, ideas, and feelings.
Grammar
The system that guides the use of language and words.
Chronemics
The way that we utilize time.
Impression Management Theory
Theory that suggests that we are all actors on a stage and try to change how other people see us. It is our individual attempt to influence the way that we are seen by others.
Artifacts
Things that signal your space but not claiming but more decorative.
Attention/Selection
Things that you have more interest in are more likely to get your attention than things that you are less interested in.
Territorial Markers
Things we use to indicate that this is your space.
Intimidation
To be intimidating and trying to do this by displaying power to appear this way.
Purpose of Language
To designate, label, define, and limit. Also to evaluate and discuss things outside of your immediate experience and talk about language.
Critical
To figure out the truth of a message; a lawyer listening to their client or listening to a politician to gain and understand their message.
Comprehensive
To learn or remember, such as trying to figure out how to solve a problem.
Other Adaptors
Touching another person such as picking lint or dandruff off the other person.
Adaptors
Touching behaviors that reveal internal anxiety.
Self Adaptors
Touching yourself or dusting yourself off to reveal emotions.
Self-promotion
Trying to appear competent and we often tend to over exaggerate our self accomplishments.
Exemplification
Trying to appear dedicated and within this we are exceeding our own expectations.
Supplication
Trying to appear vulnerable and by doing this we are highlighting our own short comings.
Internal/external noise
Trying to drown out internal voice from external voices or vice versa.
Information Overload
Trying to process too much information at one time causing you to lose grasp of key information.
Interpersonal
Two people group
Proxemics
Use of space communicates the relationship that a person has with another.
Messages
Verbal utterances, visual images, and non-verbal behaviors to which meaning is attributed.
Specific Words
Very important in low context cultures because they prefer direct contact.
Attribution Theory
We attribute certain characteristics to others based on their overt actions, personality, and the situation at the moment.
Personal Experiences
We tend to remember bad experiences over good experiences which affects our perception a whole lot.
Gazing
When you are just looking at someone or something.
Interpretation
Where we assign meaning to what we are perceiving.
Location
Where you are touching the person.
Concrete
Words that appeal to our senses.
Monochronic
You are more likely to do things one at a time. More likely to adhere to a rigid schedule such as appointments and preferred over relationships.
Criticism of Others
You hear something that you don't like or they hear something from you that they don't like.
Communication Characteristics
inescapable, irreversible, complicated, emphasizes content and relationship, governed by rules
Causes of Poor Listening
listening too hard, jumping to conclusions, focusing on personal appearance, and not concentrating.