community chapter 17,18,24,15

1. Underserved population is a subgroup of the population that has a higher risk of developing health problems because of a greater exposure to health risks because of marginalization in what areas? 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Sociocultural status 4. Access to psychological resources

A) 1, 2, 3

15. What is the U.S. federal designation for those populations that face economic barriers or cultural and/or linguistic access barriers to primary medical care services called? A) Health professional shortage area B) Medically underserved area C) Medically underserved population D) Undeserved population

C) Medically underserved population

16. It is important to be able to compare and contrast population-based health care needs with unique needs of other population groups. Which agency defines an urbanized area as a central city and the surrounding densely settled territory that together have a population of 50,000 or more and a population density generally exceeding 1,000 people per square mile? A) U.S. Census Bureau B) Office of Management and Budget C) U.S. Department of Agriculture D) Economic Resource Service

A) U.S. Census Bureau

7. What is the correct ranking of the top four rural health priorities according to the Healthy People goals? 1. Access to quality health care 2. Heart disease 3. Diabetes 4. Mental health and mental disorders A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 2, 1, 4, 3 C) 3, 4, 2, 1 D) 4, 3, 1, 2

A) 1, 2, 3, 4

5. What is a geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of health care professionals that may not allow a full complement of health care services called? A) Health professional shortage area B) Medically underserved area C) Medically underserved population D) Undeserved population

A) Health professional shortage area

8. When it comes to elder care in rural communities, seven factors compound disease prevention and health promotion efforts to identify and reduce modifiable risk. Availability is one of the seven As of challenges to elders in rural areas. What is the definition of availability? A) Insufficient number and diversity of formal services and providers; lack of acceptable services and human service infrastructure B) Shortages of adequate, appropriate, and affordable transportation; cultural and geographic isolation C) Poverty and inability to pay for services D) Low levels of information dissemination and literacy issues

A) Insufficient number and diversity of formal services and providers; lack of acceptable services and human service infrastructure

2. In the Healthy People federal initiatives in the United States, what is one of the groups identified as needing special attention and creative solutions to live a healthy life in the face of the sobering health disparities and social injustices? A) High-risk premature infants B) Acutely ill and disabled people C) People living with diabetes D) Mentally ill people

D) Mentally ill people

18. It is important to be able to compare and contrast population-based health care needs with unique needs of other population groups. What is the percentage of rural children that live in poverty? A) 14 B) 24 C) 34 D) 44

B) 24

6. It is important to be able to compare and contrast population-based health care needs with unique needs of other population groups. What is a health factor and effect of living in rural geopolitical areas? A) Only about 5% of physicians practice in rural America despite the fact that nearly one-fourth of the population lives in these areas. B) Although only one-third of all motor vehicle accidents occur in rural areas, two-thirds of the deaths attributed to these accidents occur on rural roads. C) Rural residents are nearly three times more likely to die from unintentional injuries other than motor vehicle accidents than are urban residents. D) Abuse of alcohol and use of smokeless tobacco is a significant problem among rural adults.

B) Although only one-third of all motor vehicle accidents occur in rural areas, two-thirds of the deaths attributed to these accidents occur on rural roads.

11. All levels of prevention need to be addressed for all people who end up in correctional facilities. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government level. Encouraging families to spend quality time together by hosting a movie or game night at a local church is an example of strategy at what level? A) Family B) Community C) Organizational D) Government

B) Community

13. In the United States, detention centers, jails, and prisons are places that provide safety to the public by incarcerating people who have committed crimes and who are deemed a threat to society. What are the demographics of most inmates? A) Caucasian or Latino males B) Latino or African-American males C) Caucasian or Latino females D) Latino or African-American females

B) Latino or African-American males

3. People who live in rural areas must fight social inequities and health disparities. Conceptually, the word "rural" can be a subjective interpretation of a geographic area or it can be an area that meets criteria that measure and compare predetermined characteristics established by the public and private sector. Definitions of rural areas are based on three themes. Which is one of the themes? A) Number of hospitals B) Substance use concepts C) Land use D) At least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more inhabitants

C) Land use

19. It is important to be able to compare and contrast population-based health care needs with unique needs of other population groups. Which characteristics are reflective of Medicare clients with acute myocardial infarctions? 1. Less likely to be treated in an urban hospital. 2. Less likely to receive recommended treatments in a rural hospital. 3. Urban hospitals have higher adjusted 7-day post-acute myocardial infarction complications. 4. Rural hospitals have significantly higher adjusted 30-day post-AMI death rates from all causes. A) 1, 3 B) 1, 4 C) 2, 3 D) 2, 4

D) 2, 4

12. All levels of prevention need to be addressed for all people who end up in correctional facilities. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government level. What are examples of strategies at the government level? 1. Provide free tax filing assistance to low-income working families. 2. Educate families about how they can apply for food stamps, Head Start, federal nutrition programs, and other similar benefits. 3. Ensure children in foster care and detention receive quality treatment to address their mental, behavioral, and emotional needs. 4. Promote high-quality children's television programming and access to other quality electronic media. A) 1, 2 B) 1, 3 C) 2, 3 D) 3, 4

D) 3, 4

9. When it comes to elder care in rural communities, seven factors compound disease prevention and health promotion efforts to identify and reduce modifiable risk. What is lack of basic information on what is needed using research rigor and analyses called? A) Awareness B) Adequacy C) Acceptability D) Assessment

D) Assessment

11. Investigators conducting population-based studies in the United States over the past several years have consistently reported a lifetime prevalence of IPV against women to be what percentage? A) 10 to14 B) 15 to19 C) 20 to 24 D) 25 to 30 12. Women victimized by abuse are more likely to be diagnosed with serious health problems. What is a common serious health problem these women are diagnosed with? A) Neuromuscular problems B) Diabetes C) Acute unexplained pain D) High blood pressure 13. Decades of research have indicated that some women have a higher risk of intimate partner violence. What is a risk factor? A) Older than 45 years B) Education at associate degree level C) Recent separation or divorce D) Having teenage children 14. Safety assessment and planning in intimate partner violence involves nurse suggestions and client choices. What are components for safety planning? 1. Crisis/disaster plan 2. A place to go 3. How to get to the place identified 4. Argument occurs at home, the woman should immediately go to the kitchen A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 4 15. When any health care provider suspects that abuse of an individual has occurred, the health care provider is mandated to report the abuse to the appropriate agency. Which individuals must be reported to the appropriate agency? 1. Child 2. Person with a disability 3. Adult with young children 4. Elderly A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 4 16. Violence against women is a form of gender-based violence that can result in physical, sexual, or psychological harm for not only the direct victims but also their dependents. What is femicide? A) A homicide that occurs in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV) B) Violence that targets people or groups of people on the basis of their gender from other forms of violence C) A pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors D) Carried out by a person or persons against another person or persons when there is a conscious choice to act in a violent manner 17. Intimate partner violence is a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors. What is an assaultive and coercive behavior that can occur? 1. Emotional injury 2. Sexual assault 3. Progressive social interaction 4. Physical injury A) 1, 2 B) 1, 3 C) 2, 4 D) 3, 4 18. Healthy People 2020 have targeted injury and violence prevention as a priority. What does the injury prevention objectives of Healthy People 2020 include? A) Prevention of drug-related deaths B) Identification of improper household chemical storage in homes C) Decreased incidents of homicide, child maltreatment, and physical assaults D) Prevention of alcohol possession by adolescents on school property 19. There is an increase trend of violent deaths in children. Homicide is what number leading cause of death in children aged between 5 and 14 years? A) First B) Second C) Third D) Fourth 20. What percentage of all public schools experience one or more serious violent crimes such as rape, sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault? A) 15 B) 20 C) 25 D) 30

11. D 12. D 13. C 14. A 15. D 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. B

13. Taking an exposure history can help nurses identify current or past exposures, eliminate exposures, and try and mitigate or reduce a client's adverse health effects from exposures. The nurse asks the client "Do you wear the clothes you wear at work to home?" This is an example of what subject on the exposure history? A) Present work B) Past work C) Home/residence D) Concerns 14. The nurse asks the question "Has the exposure pathway been interrupted?" This question would be considered during what phase of the nursing process to examine the impact of the environment on human health? A) Assessment B) Planning C) Intervention D) Evaluation 15. Many basic principles of epidemiologic studies can be applied to the field of environmental health for environmental epidemiology to help determine whether the environment is affecting people's health. What is environmental epidemiology? A) Focus on the amount of a contaminant that actually ends up in the community B) Monitoring the results of medical tests to determine whether a person has been exposed to a contaminant C) Focus on the incidence and prevalence of disease or illness in a population from exposures in their environments D) Monitoring of the number of adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment 16. The information gained from environmental epidemiologic studies can be very helpful in trying to identify whether an exposure or what particular exposures have made people ill. What is a major challenge to most environmental epidemiology studies? A) Resource intensive in terms of personnel and money B) Period between exposure and illness can be very short C) Limited understanding of how exposure to one contaminant can make people ill D) Limited availability of data on individual contaminant effect on people's health 17. Children may be more vulnerable to environmental exposures than adults. There are several factors that increase children's vulnerability. Which are the factors to consider with children? 1. Body systems are still rapidly developing. 2. Eat less, drink less, and breathe more in proportion to their body size than adults. 3. Body may be less able to break down and excrete contaminants. 4. Behaviors can expose them to more contaminants. A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 4 18. Many poorer or minority communities that lack political and economic power bear a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards. What is the most complete description of environmental justice? A) Belief that the majority of people should not bear a disproportionate share of negative environmental health consequences regardless of income B) Belief that the majority of people should not bear a disproportionate share of negative environmental health consequences regardless of race and culture C) Belief that the majority of people should not bear a disproportionate share of negative environmental health consequences regardless of race or culture D) Belief that no group of people should bear a disproportionate share of negative environmental health consequences regardless of race, culture, or income 19. Environmental justice is an important consideration when working with tribal communities. Many tribal communities still continue to try and practice traditional tribal life ways. In what aspect are traditional practices often directly affected by contaminated land and water? A) Spiritual practices B) Dietary practices C) Work opportunities D) Exercise opportunities 20. In the United States, most citizens have access to clean water and sanitation services and often take these services for granted. Worldwide, however, clean water and sanitation are not standard. What percentage of the global population lacks access to improved water sources? A) 7 B) 17 C) 27 D) 37

13. A 14. D 15. C 16. A 17. B 18. D 19. B 20. B

14. What is the percentage of nonviolent prisoners who have become incarcerated for drug possession and trafficking, bribery, and extortion? A) 15 B) 35 C) 55 D) 75

D) 75

1. An occupational and environmental health nurse recognizes a range of practice issues and functions comfortably in roles as clinician, coordinator, and case manager following company procedures, utilizing assessment checklist and clinical protocols to provide treatment. Using your knowledge of AAOHN competency levels in occupational and environmental health nursing, at what level is this nurse functioning? A) Advanced beginner B) Competent C) Proficient D) Expert 2. An occupational and environmental health nurse provides leadership in developing occupational safety and health policy within the organization, functions in upper executive or management roles; serves as a consultant to business and government; and designs and conducts significant research. Using your knowledge of AAOHN competency levels in occupational and environmental health nursing, at what level is this nurse functioning? A) Advanced beginner B) Competent C) Proficient D) Expert 3. An occupational and environmental health nurse quickly obtains the information needed for accurate assessment and moves quickly to the critical aspects of a problem within priority setting and structural goals in response to a the client situation. The nurse usually possesses sophisticated clinical or managerial skills in the work and or community environment. Using your knowledge of AAOHN competency levels in occupational and environmental health nursing, at what level is this nurse functioning? A) Advanced beginner B) Competent C) Proficient D) Expert 4. Although the potential for serious adverse health effects from exposure to dangerous substances or less than optimal conditions is associated with every occupation, the majority of workers do not experience hazards in the workplace. The specialty of occupational health focuses on the identification and control of risks to health that occur as a result of physical, chemical, and other workplace hazards. Using your knowledge of common workplace hazards and exposures, what is an example of a physical hazard? A) Infectious agents B) Hazardous drug and toxin exposures C) Electric and magnetic fields D) Sexual harassment 5. Although the potential for serious adverse health effects from exposure to dangerous substances or less than optimal conditions is associated with every occupation, the majority of workers do not experience hazards in the workplace. The specialty of occupational health focuses on the identification and control of risks to health that occur as a result of physical, chemical, and other workplace hazards. Using your knowledge of common workplace hazards and exposures, what are examples of biological hazards? 1. Contaminated body fluids 2. Poisonous plants 3. Diesel exhaust 4. Venomous snakes 5. Aerosols A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 2, 4 C) 3, 4, 5 D) 1, 2, 5

1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. B

1. Violence against women is a form of gender-based violence that can result in physical, sexual, or psychological harm for not only the direct victims but also their dependents. What is gender-based violence? A) A homicide that occurs in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV) B) Violence that targets people or groups of people on the basis of their gender from other forms of violence C) A pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors D) Carried out by a person or persons against another person or persons when there is a conscious choice to act in a violent manner 2. Intimate partner violence fundamentally is based in the desire for control on the part of the perpetrator. What is a relationship risk factor for intimate partner violence? A) Emotional dependence and insecurity B) Belief in strict gender roles C) Desire for power and control D) Unhealthy family relationships and interactions 3. Intimate partner violence fundamentally is based in the desire for control on the part of the perpetrator. What is a societal risk factor for intimate partner violence? A) Low social capital and norms that shape a community's social interactions B) Weak community sanctions against intimate partner violence C) Poverty and associated factors such as overcrowding D) Traditional gender roles 4. It is frightening to consider just how many children may be exposed to intimate partner violence. One of the first studies to look at the incidence and prevalence of children exposed to intimate partner violence estimated how many millions of children were witnesses to family violence each year? A) 1 to 2 B) 3 to 5 C) 3 to10 D) 5 to 10 5. Pediatric providers face special issues in screening for intimate partner violence. What is a creative strategy to address this screening issue? A) Asking mothers directly with the child present B) Asking mothers directly with a written questionnaire or computer survey C) Being able to screen for safety and dangerousness of the situation D) Having providers inform parents about mandatory reporting law after asking questions 6. The RN is completing a lethality assessment. What are examples of lethality risk questions? 1. Is there a gun in the house? 2. Is the woman in the household unemployed? 3. Has the woman's partner ever been arrested? 4. What is the worst "thing" the partner has ever done to the victim? 5. Does the victim feel that the partner is capable of hurting her? A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 2, 3, 4, 5 C) 1, 3, 4, 5 D) 1, 2, 3, 5 7. Thinking about the root causes of violence helps nurses develop prevention strategies for violence. What is an example of tertiary prevention strategy? A) Raising awareness about violence B) At risk for being abused C) At risk for perpetrating abuse D) Identified victim or perpetrator 8. What are risk factors that indicate significant concern for the safety of children? 1. Threats to kill the caretaker, children, and/or self; caretaker fears for the children's safety. 2. A child was psychologically injured in an incident where the caretaker was the target. 3. A child was coerced to participate in or witness the abuse of the caretaker. 4. A weapon was used or threats to use a weapon were made, and the caretaker believed that there was intention and ability to cause harm. A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 4 9. What is a consideration when making a mandatory report? A) Tell the child about the possibility of filing a mandatory report. B) Determine whether it will be safe to inform the child about the report. C) Ask about the child's incidence of using drugs. D) Share concerns of safety with the local police department. 10. There are the health consequences of violence. Who is in a pivotal role in recognizing both children being victimized and children perpetrating violence? A) Primary care provider B) School psychologist C) School nurse D) Teacher

1. B 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. C

11. Nurses have an opportunity to teach about workplace hazards and prevention measures when performing worker assessments. Using your knowledge that the goal of assessments is to identify the agent, host, and environmental characteristics that could place the worker at risk and to take preventive steps to eliminate or reduce adverse exposures, what are the components of an occupational health history? 1. Characteristics of workers past jobs 2. Chronological record of all past work and potential exposures 3. An occupational exposure inventory 4. List of other exposures in the home or community A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 1, 2, 4 D) 2, 3, 4 12. Following a work-related illness or injury, an initial physical assessment including documentation and medical case record initiation is required. Using your knowledge of root cause analysis, defining the characteristics of the case occurs during which step of the root cause analysis? A) Define the Problem B) Collect Data C) Identify Possible Causal Factors D) Identify the Root Cause 13. Health promotion and illness and injury prevention is a function that the OHN performs along a continuum for the worker population. Using your knowledge of health promotion, what is a key characteristic of a health promotion program? A) Multidimensional B) Narrow range C) Supports to business objectives of the OHN professional organization D) Balance work and physical concerns 14. Actual health promotion activities at any given time in an organization are a result of many changing variables in the organization. Using your knowledge of levels of prevention, the OHN who is testing individual employees for risk factors that increase potential for illness or injury is concentrating efforts at which level of prevention? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) All levels 15. There are several health and safety promotion programs in occupational settings. Using your knowledge of key safety initiatives, what is a common health and safety promotion program? A) Proper back mechanics B) Preservation of sight and hearing C) Healthy-heart health guidelines D) Smoking cessation

11. D 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. B

16. The use of epidemiology as a tool for assessing the hazards of workers has a long and productive history. Using your knowledge that health surveillance is an essential concept in occupational health, what is included in workplace health surveillance? 1. Injuries 2. Illness 3. Hazards 4. Exposures A) 1, 2 B) 2, 3 C) 1, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 3, 4 17. The calculation of incidence rates is a helpful tool in understanding the severity of a workplace problem. Using your knowledge of statistics, what is the incidence rate for hearing loss if 65 workers of 1000 employees have more difficulty hearing at certain frequencies this year than last. A) 0.65% B) 6.5% C) 9.25% D) 16.5% 18. There are different types of epidemiologic studies in investigating occupational health issues in the workplace. Using your knowledge of epidemiologic studies, what type of study compares the rates of exposures and diseases in different populations? A) Prospective, cohort B) Case-control C) Ecological D) Cohort case-control 19. As a member of the emergency planning committee in the workplace, the OHN contributes to the design and implementation of the emergency preparedness plan. Using your knowledge that the goals of this plan are to anticipate emergencies and to establish clear reporting instructions for employees, what is an example of a man-made or technological event? A) Violence B) Tornados C) Earthquakes D) Winter storms 20. As a member of the emergency planning committee in the workplace, the OHN contributes to the design and implementation of the emergency preparedness plan. The plan ensures a line of communication with emergency management teams. Using your knowledge of key components of the emergency plan, what key components are included in the emergency plan? 1. Alarms 2. Phones 3. Reporting 4. Communication 5. Evacuation A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 3, 4, 5 C) 1, 2, 3, 5 D) 2, 3, 4, 5

16. D 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. B

6. There are several current trends in the US workforce. Using your knowledge of statistics, what does the US Bureau of Labor Statistics indicate about the number of workers in all industries, including state and local governments that have a reportable injury or illness. A) 3.2 of 100 workers B) 4.2 of 100 workers C) 5.2 of 100 workers D) 6.2 of 100 workers 7. There are several disciplines that guide the occupational nurse in understanding the agent, host, and environment relationship. Using your knowledge of the scientific disciplines, which disciplines guide the occupational nurse? 1. Biology 2. Psychology 3. Epidemiology 4. Toxicology 5. Industrial hygiene A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 4, 5 D) 3, 4, 5 8. Injuries are the most common result of workplace hazards. Using your knowledge of current trends in the workplace, what type of injuries has the highest incidence rate resulting in days away from work? 1. Sprains 2. Broken bones 3. Strains and tears 4. Cuts 5. Concussions A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 4, 5 D) 3, 4, 5 9. Unfortunately deaths do occur in the workplace. Using your knowledge of the industry sector, what industry has the highest number of fatal injuries? A) Agriculture B) Construction C) Mining D) Transportation 10. There are several steps involved in both worker and workplace assessment. Nurses have an opportunity to teach about workplace hazards and prevention measures when performing worker assessments. Using your knowledge of assessment tools, what type of assessment is being completed when a complete survey of the workplace, inside and outside, compiling information as to the presence of hazards, the location of entries and exits, the availability of emergency equipment, and potential trouble spots? A) Ergonomics B) Occupational health history C) Root cause analysis D) Workplace walk-through

6. B 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. D

4. The environment and its effect on human health are often considered in two ways. What is an example of how to focus on contaminants in the environment? A) Radon influence on human health B) Neighborhood safety C) Access to grocery stores D) Climate effects on health 5. There are several important pieces of legislation that helped highlight the importance of environmental health and environmental protection. What is the superfund? A) National program to control the damaging effects of air pollution B) Protects and enhances the quality of the nation's air by regulating stationary and mobile sources of air emissions C) Environmental program established to address abandoned hazardous waste sites D) Comprehensive framework of standards, technical tools, and financial assistance to address the many causes of pollution and poor water quality 6. There are several environmental conditions to consider when assessing the environment of a community. What is a risk assessment? A) Assessment of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment. B) Process to help determine whether an individual has been exposed to environmental contaminants. C) Assessment of factors that determine a person's level of exposure to a contaminant. D) Process to determine the likelihood or probability that adverse effects will occur in a group of people because of an exposure to an environmental contaminant. 7. There are different methods for conducting risk assessment for environmental contaminants. What is the correct formula for determining the amount of risk? A) Hazard = exposure + risk B) Exposure = risk + hazard C) Risk = contaminant presence + exposure D) Risk = hazard + exposure

A) Radon influence on human health C) Environmental program established to address abandoned hazardous waste sites D) Process to determine the likelihood or probability that adverse effects will occur in a group of people because of an exposure to an environmental contaminant. D) Risk = hazard + exposure

4. The use of the terms health professional shortage areas (HPSAs), medically underserved areas (MUAs), and medically underserved populations (MUPs) is part of the system that establishes a designation that becomes the focus of federal assistance. What is a medically underserved area? A) Geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of health care professionals that may not allow a full complement of health care services B) Determined with a calculation of a ratio of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below the poverty level, and percentage of the population age 65 or older C) U.S. federal designation for those populations that face economic barriers (low-income or Medicaid-eligible populations) or cultural and/or linguistic access barriers to primary medical care services D) A subgroup of the population that has a higher risk of developing health problems because of a greater exposure to health risk because of marginalization

B) Determined with a calculation of a ratio of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below the poverty level, and percentage of the population age 65 or older

8. An exposure pathway helps illustrate that proximity to a contaminant is not the deciding factor in determining its effect on humans. An exposure pathway consists of five parts. What are three of the parts? 1. Point of contamination 2. Route of exposure 3. Receptor population 4. Environmental media and transport A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 4 9. Contaminants that stay in the environment longer may influence health over a greater period of time. What is an example of a radiological contaminant? A) Lead B) Mercury C) Ricin D) Uranium 10. An exposure pathway helps illustrate that proximity to a contaminant is not the deciding factor in determining its effect on humans. What is the point of the exposure? A) Describe what the contaminants are and where they originate B) Medium that the contaminant is in to determine who is exposed C) Place where people come in contact with the contaminated medium D) How the contaminant enters the body 11. Several factors are taken into account when calculating the exposure estimate, including the duration of the exposure, the frequency of exposure, and the bioavailability of the contaminant. What is bioavailability? A) The amount of a contaminant that actually ends up in the systemic circulation B) Process of using medical tests to determine whether a person has been exposed to a contaminant C) Focus on the incidence and prevalence of disease or illness in a population from exposures in their environments D) Number of adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment 12. Several factors are taken into account when calculating the exposure estimate, including the duration of the exposure, the frequency of exposure, and the bioavailability of the contaminant. What is biomonitoring? A) The amount of a contaminant that actually ends up in the systemic circulation B) Process of using medical tests to determine whether a person has been exposed to a contaminant C) Focus on monitoring the incidence and prevalence of disease or illness in a population from exposures in their environments D) Monitoring of number of adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment

C) 2, 3, 4 D) Uranium C) Place where people come in contact with the contaminated medium A) The amount of a contaminant that actually ends up in the systemic circulation B) Process of using medical tests to determine whether a person has been exposed to a contaminant

17. When it comes to elder care in rural communities, seven factors compound disease prevention and health promotion efforts to identify and reduce modifiable risk. What is it called when the elder in a rural community is reluctance to ask for help? A) Awareness B) Adequacy C) Acceptability D) Assessment

C) Acceptability

10. All levels of prevention need to be addressed for all people who end up in correctional facilities. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government level. What is a strategy at the family level? A) Mentor a child in a READ program. B) Volunteer with children who are homeless or in foster care. C) Create daily homework routines and limit television viewing. D) Vote in every election and advocate for children.

C) Create daily homework routines and limit television viewing.

1. What is an exposure pathway? A) The total amount of a contaminant that comes in direct contact with the body. B) Factors that determine a person's level of exposure to a contaminant. C) Method by which people are exposed to an environmental contaminant that originates from a specific source. D) Process to help determine whether an individual has been exposed to environmental contaminants. 2. What is the process to help determine whether an individual has been exposed to environmental contaminants called? A) Exposure B) Exposure estimate C) Exposure pathway D) Exposure history 3. Even though new research and developments are occurring at a historically rapid pace, there are still large gaps in peoples' knowledge about certain subjects. What subjects still have large gaps in people's knowledge concerning environmental health? A) How certain contaminants affect human chronic disease progression B) How to assess exposures to contaminants C) How the environment influences cancer occurrence D) How to live as individuals and maintain a healthy lifestyle

C) Method by which people are exposed to an environmental contaminant that originates from a specific source. D) Exposure history B) How to assess exposures to contaminants

20. All levels of prevention need to be addressed for all people who end up in correctional facilities. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government level. What level is represented by hosting a health fair to ensure all children who are eligible for Medicaid or state children's health insurance program are enrolled? A) Family B) Community C) Organization D) Government

C) Organization