Comprehensive Final Exam TJC History 1301

Which of the following statements about the growth of democracy during the Jacksonian era is true?

Politics was no longer just the realm of the prominent and wealthy.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Bacon's Rebellion?

It brought indentured servants and small farmers together against the colony's rich planters and political leaders.

Which of the following statements is true of the textile plant established in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1813?

It brought together the mechanized processes of spinning yarn and weaving cloth under one roof.

In what way was Catharine Beecher's A Treatise on Domestic Economy profoundly influential in the first half of the nineteenth century?

It called upon women to accept their roles and promoted the idea that women should be trained not for the workplace but for the domestic arts.

Which of the following elements did the Compromise of 1850 include in its final version?

It confirmed the border between New Mexico and Texas and ended the slave trade, but not slavery, in Washington, D.C.

What was the result of John Brown's raid?

It created a martyr for the abolitionist cause and set off a panic throughout the slaveholding South.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Judiciary Act of 1801?

It created sixteen federal circuit courts and reduced the number of Supreme Court justices.

Which of the following is true of the Leopard's attack upon the Chesapeake?

It created war fever in the United States.

Why did Uncle Tom's Cabin infuriate slave owners?

It demonstrated how the brutal realities of slavery harmed everyone associated with it.

Which of the following statements about the Second Bank of the United States is accurate?

It disbursed payments for federal debts.

Why was the Protestant Reformation significant beyond its religious consequences?

It disrupted traditional notions of wealth, class, and monarchical supremacy.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817?

It ended naval competition between the United States and Great Britain on the Great Lakes.

What did the Treaty of Ghent do?

It ended the War of 1812 and restored previous boundaries.

When Britain and France went to war in 1793, which of the following did the United States do?

It expressed neutrality warning Americans not to aid either side

What were some of the defining features of the Inca Empire?

It extended along the Andes Mountains in western South America and featured stone buildings and irrigated farms.

How did passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act impact the settlement of Kansas?

Popular sovereignty encouraged supporters and opponents of slavery to flood Kansas to vie for political control of the territory.

The program for economic development known as the American System called for

a national bank, the building of infrastructure, and protective tariffs for American industry.

President Tyler infuriated Henry Clay by vetoing his bill in support of

a new national bank.

A major cause of Shays's Rebellion was that

a new state constitution raised the property qualifications to both vote and hold office.

Prior to Mexico becoming an independent nation in 1821, Texas was

a part of Mexico and owned by Spain.

When, in late 1865, the former Confederate states were permitted once again to elect members of Congress, whom did they elect?

former Confederate leaders

In the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that

forming a trade union was legal.

Joseph Smith

founded the Mormon Church in western New York.

What was the first commodity that was a major source of trade between the Native Americans and Europeans in the New World?

furs

Pinckney's Treaty between Spain and the United States resolved many outstanding border questions. The treaty was also an important development because it

gave Americans access to Spanish New Orleans for trade.

The Homestead Act and Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862 were both examples of the federal government promoting economic growth through

gifts of free land in exchange for something, such as work or the creation of public universities.

What was the triangular trade?

an international trade system that relied on the transportation of enslaved Africans, manufactured goods from Europe, and agricultural commodities from the Americas

In the 1840 campaign, the Whigs picked William Henry Harrison to run for president

and offered few policy details despite their catchy campaign slogan.

Which of the following was one of the MOST common ways southern planters began their careers?

as traders and merchants

Polk's nickname of "Young Hickory" MOST reflected his

association with Jackson and support for Jacksonian policies.

On the western frontier, the Mohawks, Shawnees, and Delawares convinced the Cherokees to

attack frontier settlements in Virginia and the Carolinas.

During Reconstruction, African Americans

attempted to establish schools.

The Spanish Armada

attempted to invade England.

To President Jefferson, the main incentives to purchase Louisiana were to secure American access to the Mississippi River and to

avoid French control of New Orleans.

Washington gave his farewell address on September 17, 1796, during which he advised the United States to

avoid permanent alliances with other countries.

The major objective of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

bail out the East India Company.

The Federalist essay Number 10 explains how a republic can

be successful in a large, diverse society.

African Americans found the Methodist and Baptist religions especially attractive because of their

belief in the social equality of all before God.

Jackson's veto of the Maysville Road Bill demonstrated his

belief that the federal government should avoid funding purely local projects.

Railroads created the first

big corporations employing thousands of workers.

In May 1806, the British Parliament passed the Orders in Council; these orders

blockaded the European coast to prevent shipping from the United States and other nations.

The Lincoln-Douglas debates

bolstered Lincoln's eventual presidential prospects although he lost the election to the Senate.

The Tariff of 1828

boosted the presidential hopes of Jackson.

Which of the following became popular with all classes?

boxing

As the election of 1860 approached, the Democratic party

broke up into warring northern and southern wings.

The Panic of 1819 turned into a depression because

businessmen, farmers, and speculators had recklessly borrowed money

How did "redeemer" Conservative Democrats come to power in the South during the 1870s?

by using the race issue to excite the white electorate and threaten black voters

The American Temperance Union lost many moderate members in 1836 when it

called for total abstinence from all alcoholic beverages.

Anne Hutchinson was kicked out of Massachusetts for

challenging the authority of male ministers.

A minister on horseback who traveled the frontier to preach was called a(n)

circuit rider.

Which of the following did southerners use to attempt to justify slavery?

claims of black racial inferiority and the idea that slavery was rooted in the Bible

One result of the Great Awakening was that it spurred an increase in the number of

colleges.

The French and Indian War was triggered by

conflicting French and English claims to the Ohio Valley

Few Americans during the time of the Revolutionary War

confronted the contradiction that they would fail to apply the freedoms they were vying for to the system of slavery.

The Republican party reflected a combination of

conscience Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats.

The growth and development of industry in the South

consistently lagged behind southern agricultural interests.

Most of the state constitutions adopted during the Revolution

contained bills of rights that protected rights like freedom of speech.

The Baron von Steuben observed at Valley Forge that

continental soldiers could be inattentive and required instruction on why they should follow orders.

The ruling in Dartmouth College v. Woodward related to

contract rights.

The primary objective of the hundreds of priests in New Spain was to

convert the Native Americans.

Jay Gould and James Fisk triggered a scandal with their scheme to

corner the gold market.

The headright system adopted for the Virginia colony consisted of

giving fifty acres of land to anyone who would transport himself to the colony and fifty more for any servants he might bring.

The Columbian Exchange refers to the

global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases, as a result of Europeans landing in the Americas.

Although Puritans led a strict lifestyle in many ways, they did

have a significant drinking culture.

By the end of the colonial period, American cities

held no more than 10 percent of the total population.

Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition and Protest argued that states could nullify federal legislation. Calhoun feared that the Tariff of 1828

helped northern industrialists and hurt southern agriculture.

Slaves forced to migrate to the Old Southwest were particularly despondent over the

high possibility of being separated from family and friends during the migration and the breakup of family ties.

In the face of the Panic of 1837, working-class Americans could expect

high prices for food and clothes.

One key element of Hamilton's program to encourage manufacturing was his proposal for

high protective tariffs

The American System resulted in

high tariffs that predominantly benefited the Northeast.

What practice did the Democrats and National Republicans adopt from the third party that also entered the presidential race in 1832?

holding a national convention

The Quartering Act required Americans to

house and feed British soldiers

Early settlers of Puritan New England typically lived

in communities where church and state were intertwined.

By 1860, slavery was MOST concentrated

in the Lower South

President Jefferson's cabinet

included Madison as secretary of state

New Lights differed from Old Lights by

incorporating democracy and emotionalism into faith.

The establishment of the Dominion of New England was an attempt to

increase the authority of the British monarchy by reorganizing the New England colonies.

Which of the following was a result of the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella?

increased Catholic expansionism

By the time President Grant took office, southern resistance to Reconstruction efforts had

increased and turned violent with the rise of white supremacy.

Shays's Rebellion was led by

indebted farmers

During Pontiac's Rebellion the Native Americans

initially managed to conquer most of the British forts on the frontier.

Dorothea Lynde Dix directed her reform efforts at

insane asylums

The Panic of 1857

inspired southerners to insist northerners should embrace slavery to avoid white workers voting

Horses became so valuable in North America that they

intensified intertribal competition and warfare.

Which of the following MOST contributed to the development of a market economy in the United States?

internal transportation and communication projects that increased the flow of goods

The steamboat companies involved in Gibbons v. Ogden settled a controversy over what broader issue?

interstate commerce

Following the expiration of the first Bank of the United States in 1811, state banks

issued an excess of paper money.

The South had a chance to win the Civil War despite substantial northern advantages because

it had the emotional and geographic advantage of fighting a defensive war.

What was the purpose of the Sugar Act of 1764?

it was intended to generate revenue from the colonies.

The Louisiana Purchase was Jefferson's greatest achievement as president and risky as

it was not clearly constitutional.

John Brown targeted Harpers Ferry, Virginia, because

it was the site of a federal arsenal.

Roger Williams believed that

it was wrong to mistreat the Native Americans.

Which of the following was a characteristic of the South that contributed to its distinctiveness during the first half of the eighteenth century?

its biracial population and culture

One of the MOST remembered aspects of the British assault upon Baltimore was

its inspiration for the eventual national anthem.

During the period of the Revolution, a slave might gain his freedom by

joining the British army

Congress ultimately voted to annex the Republic of Texas via a(n)

joint resolution of Congress requested by President Tyler.

What became a major problem in the Lowell mills by the middle 1830s?

labor unrest due to working and living conditions

New England became the first major industrialized region in the United States due to

labor-saving machines and water- and steam-powered industries.

What encouraged migration to the West?

land made available by the government

What did Major Martin Delaney believe to be MOST important for freedmen to possess if they wanted to avoid becoming slaves again?

land, so as to become economically self-reliant as farmers

By the early nineteenth century, the South's sugar sector was

largely based just in Louisiana because it was so expensive to produce.

Which of the following was one of the desires of the various Workingmen's parties?

laws regulating banks

As a result of the War of 1812, President Madison

learned the value of some Federalist policies

In South Carolina, the fact that lower-class whites enjoyed unprecedented political power under Radical Republican rule

led many former Confederate leaders to oppose the Radical state legislature.

Lewis and Clark's expedition

led the United States to claim Oregon Country.

President Madison's attempts to deal with British and French interference with American trade

led to war with the British.

The Know-Nothings campaigned primarily to

limit immigrant influence

A tariff passed by Congress in 1832

lowered rates on some items

Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to map out and explore well beyond the Mississippi. They eventually

made it to the Pacific Ocean.

John Cabot's crossing of the Atlantic in 1497 resulted in his

making landfall in present-day Canada.

Thomas Jefferson believed that a large federal debt would

mean even more debt and public corruption.

John Locke's contract theory of government argued that

men have certain rights in the state of nature, including the right to life, liberty, and property.

The early settlers of New England differed from those of the Chesapeake by being primarily

middle class.

Stephen Douglas's proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act

might have allowed slavery in Kansas and Nebraska.

Slave religion

mixed African and Christian elements.

The solitary American fur trappers that blazed trails westward were known as

mountain men.

With the end of the war, many Americans viewed the United States as a

nation with a special destiny.

In the early 1800s, the Supreme Court decisions associated with John Marshall consistently championed

national authority

In his inaugural address, President Washington emphasized

national unity.

One way in which Jefferson was contradictory by nature was that he

nearly went bankrupt personally due to expensive tastes but championed government frugality.

To which of the following options was the United States forced to resort in order to pay the costs of the Revolution?

new issues of paper money

The Constitution was to be considered ratified as soon as it had been approved by

nine of the states.

When the votes were first counted in the 1876 presidential election,

no candidate had an electoral college majority.

Elite Virginians despised Lord Dunmore because of his

offer of freedom to slaves who would join the British.

The plantation mistress

often ran the household and dairy in the way her husband ran the plantation business.

The colony of Pennsylvania was

open to all religious believers.

The Liberal Republicans

opposed Grant.

Most scalawags were white southerners who had

opposed secession

The primary objective of the Ku Klux Klan was

oppressing blacks and white Republicans

In 1777, Washington dealt with the threat of smallpox to his army by

ordering a mass inoculation.

The main purpose of the Union League was to

organize groups of Republicans in the South.

By the fall of 1865, how did many freedmen respond to the all-white state conventions organized under Johnson's Reconstruction plan?

organizing freedmen's conventions in state capitals to call for certain rights

Why did the Anglo Texans rebel against the Mexican government of Santa Anna?

out of fear that he was becoming dictatorial and might use that power to free their slaves

On a plantation, the position responsible for managing the agricultural production in every way was the

overseer

To be called a "planter," one had to

own at least twenty slaves.

What was the significance of the response of the American public to the War of 1812?

Like the Revolution, the war was very much a civil war, with divided allegiances among former American Loyalists, Americans, and Canadians.

After the Restoration, a Royalist Parliament in 1660 passed a new Navigation Act, which

specified that certain colonial goods could only be traded to Britain or other British colonies.

Martin Van Buren became convinced during the Panic of 1837 and its aftermath that an Independent Treasury Act was necessary to

stabilize the American banking system by taking federal deposits out of shaky "pet" state banks.

Pet banks were

state banks with ties to Jackson.

The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom marked the general trend away from

state-supported churches.

In the Webster-Hayne debate, Robert Y. Hayne believed that

states' rights were more sacred than the Union because the states had created the Union.

Major reasons for the defeat of the Spanish Armada included

storms in the North Sea and the speed and agility of English warships.

Throughout the colonies, what did husbands expect from their wives?

submission to their authority

Which of the following was the crop from the Caribbean that the British had become "addicted" to and hoped to grow in the Carolinas?

sugar

During the 1844 campaign, Henry Clay changed his position on the annexation of Texas to one of

support as long as it proceeded honorably and without war.

As president, John Quincy Adams proposed to

support internal improvements and science.

To deal with disloyalty, Lincoln resorted to

suspending habeas corpus.

Lincoln won the election of 1860 by

sweeping the free states

By 1700, which of the following was the most democratic and important social institution in the American colonies?

taverns

By the 1850s, a communications revolution had been triggered by the development of the

telegraph

German immigrants in the 1850s

tended to come as groups and families.

The secretary of state throughout James Monroe's presidency was John Quincey Adams. One of Adams's accomplishments in this role was

the Convention of 1818, which settled the northern border of the Louisiana Purchase.

What was the legislation in 1833, sparked by the nullification crisis in South Carolina, that authorized the president's use of the army to compel states to comply with federal law?

the Force Bill

The 1824 election, which made John Quincy Adams president, was ultimately decided by

the House of Representatives.

Which European nation fought a war for its independence as part of challenging Spain in the New World?

the Netherlands

Three weeks after the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Continental Congress sent George III

the Olive Branch Petition, urging the King to negotiate.

Which of the following shattered Monroe's "Era of Good Feelings"?

the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise conflict

The United States Congress passed numerous acts that reflected the economic platform of which major American political groups?

the Republicans and the old Whig party

The events surrounding a suspected slave revolt in New York City in 1741 offer parallels to

the Salem witch craze.

What federal law(s) did South Carolina nullify?

the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

Which of the following was partly an effect of the Mexican-American War?

the United States' becoming a transcontinental nation

Jefferson showed his commitment to limited government by

cutting military spending.

Poor whites were often employed as

day laborers

Benedict Arnold became notorious late in the war by

defecting to the British.

Puritan commitment to education is best explained by their

focus on reading Scripture.

Why did so many northern Whigs oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

The act repealed the Missouri Compromise.

Which of the following was an action taken by Sojourner Truth?

speaking publicly for women's rights and abolition

Abigail Adams's appeal to her husband, John, to "remember the Ladies"

was basically rejected, including by John.

What were Lincoln's most dangerous political foes, which were strongest in northern states where many former southerners resided, known as?

Copperheads

In 1850, the new California state legislature allowed whites to force ________ to work for them in exchange for food and clothing.

"unemployed" Native Americans

Approximately how many slaves joined Christian denominations by 1860?

20 percent

In August 1776, General Washington had 28,000 men under his command. By December, he had

3,000

Approximately how many slaves lived in the South in 1860?

4 million

What was the outcome of the Battle of Perryville?

A Union victory after sending reinforcements to fight General Braxton Bragg's army helped secure Union control of Kentucky for the rest of the war.

What was the state of the economy during Grant's second term, and why was this significant?

A severe depression resulted from Grant's efforts to withdraw greenbacks, or paper money, from circulation after the war, which intensified the debate over soft-money versus hard-money currency and helped enable Democrats to overtake the Republicans in the congressional elections.

Among the opponents of the Mexican-American War was

Abraham Lincoln.

The one thing that united all members of the new Whig party was opposition to

Andrew Jackson

The MOST important factor behind U.S. acquisition of Florida in 1819 was

Andrew Jackson's incursion in pursuit of the Seminoles.

Which church dominated the Chesapeake region by 1700?

Anglican

The collection of essays known as The Federalist Papers was written by

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Abraham Lincoln's position during the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

Although he opposed the further spread of slavery, he showed his own racism in rejecting the idea of black equality.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the effects of Jay's Treaty?

Although the United States was divided on its passage, the treaty improved relations between the United States and Britain by reopening American merchants' access to West Indies trade.

Because of associations with the British, the Revolution was especially detrimental to the status of the

Anglicans

Which of the following statements is true of southern free blacks?

Although they had more rights than slaves, they often lived in fear of being kidnapped into slavery and were subject to racist legal restrictions.

What effect did Mexico's winning its independence from Spain have on American settlement in the Southwest?

American settlement and expansion into the former Spanish territories increased after Mexico gained independence.

Which of the following statements about the Boston Tea Party is accurate?

Americans destroyed a large amount of valuable tea that belonged to the British to protest taxation without consent.

Which of the following statements identifies the primary tension shown by Americans following the War of 1812, along with its significance?

Americans were confronted with the issue of how to balance nationalism and sectionalism, which required regions to make decisions that clearly favored some regions over others.

What was a result of the increase in jobs in mills and factories?

An urban middle class developed.

The emergence of two political parties reflected the basic philosophical differences between Jefferson and Hamilton. Which of the following accurately describes Jefferson's philosophy and political party?

As a Democratic Republican, Jefferson was concerned about threats to individual rights and states' rights posed by big government.

What was Francis Asbury's significance as a historical figure?

As a Methodist, he began the itinerant preacher system, which became the most effective evangelical method of the time.

Why was Johnson picked as Lincoln's running mate in 1864?

As a gesture of unity, they combined to create a National Union ticket.

Which of the following statements describes the significance of William Lloyd Garrison as a historical figure?

As a white abolitionist, he demanded immediate emancipation of slaves and launched the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator.

Which of the following is true of the Emancipation Proclamation?

As commander in chief, Lincoln justified it by describing it as a military necessity.

In the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century American colonies, how did indentured servitude and race-based slavery evolve in relation to each other?

As the sugar, tobacco, rice, and indigo economies expanded and demanded harsher, more intensive labor, the number of enslaved Africans grew and the number of European indentured servants slowed.

Which Protestant denomination was grounded in biblical fundamentalism and stressed the equality of all before God and had no authority higher than the congregation?

Baptist

A large number of South Carolina's original settlers were British planters from

Barbados.

What was the significance of the state of Kentucky at the start of the war?

Because it was a neutral, slaveholding state, Lincoln was determined to bring it to the Union side to make victory more likely and suppressed all talk of abolition.

Which of the following was an unexpected result of the end of the French and Indian War?

Because the French were no longer a threat, many people became more comfortable trying out living in the wilderness; as a result, the number of European immigrants to the colonies rose.

Why was Nathaniel Bacon enraged by Governor Sir William Berkeley?

Berkeley refused to punish the Native Americans for raiding white settlements.

The Sauk and the Fox Nations resisted federal policy in Illinois and Wisconsin and were led by

Black Hawk.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Dred Scott v. Sandford?

Blacks did not have citizenship and therefore lacked legal standing.

What was the result of the Convention of 1818?

Britain and the United States agreed to establish a joint occupation of the Oregon Country.

How did Britain treat the United States following the Revolutionary War?

Britain considered the United States an enemy nation and closed its profitable Caribbean colonies to American commerce.

By 1860, the significance of Britain to the southern economy was based on the fact that

Britain was a major importer of southern cotton.

Much of Confederate leaders' diplomatic efforts were aimed at ________ because ________.

Britain; they wrongly assumed Britain would need to continue importing their cotton

Which of the following is true of impressment in the early nineteenth century?

British warships stopped American merchant ships and forced sailors into the British navy.

Commodore Perry's victory on Lake Erie resulted in

British withdrawal from Upper Canada.

What did Zachary Taylor propose in late 1849?

California's immediate entry as a free state

During the nineteenth century, many Christians generally moved away from ________ and instead began to embrace ________.

Calvinist views; a more democratic religion

In the South, British troops and colonial militia fought the

Cherokees

Which of the following was true of Congress under the Articles of Confederation?

Congress had less power than the colonists had once accepted in British Parliament.

Which of the following led to race-based slavery?

Color prejudice had been ingrained in the slave trade since its beginnings.

Which of the following was true of the democracy that emerged at the turn of the century?

Common men were no longer content to be governed by an aristocracy.

What was one of the most significant shifts in religion after the Revolution into the nineteenth century, and how did this trend relate to political attitudes during the time?

Complementing their interest in having a say and exercising political rights, Americans experienced a theological revolution in which they began to see themselves as free agents who could choose salvation and improve themselves and society.

At Horseshoe Bend, Andrew Jackson won a sound victory over the

Creeks

Why was John Charles Frémont so influential in encouraging the mass migration of Americans?

His reports of his western explorations gained wide circulation and became very popular.

The Great Awakening developed in reaction to the

Deism and skepticism associated with the Enlightenment.

Which of the following states was the first to ratify the Constitution?

Delaware

Which of the following was a reason why Ulysses S. Grant was elected to the presidency?

Despite little political experience, his message of enforcing laws and prosperity for all resonated with Americans who longed for peace.

Which of the following statements about African Americans army units in the Union is accurate?

Despite lower pay than whites, they saw significant action and suffered heavy losses.

How did the Civil War begin?

Despite warnings that if the South were to fire first it would unite the public opinion of northerners against secessionists, Confederates began firing their cannons at Fort Sumter.

Why was there so much division of Anglican Chruch under James I

Dissenters believed the church needed "purifying" from Catholic rituals.

Why did the Spanish settle St. Augustine?

Due to their anti-Protestant sentiment as Catholics and their expansionist tendencies, the Spanish wished to stop the efforts of French Huguenots or Protestants to form a colony in northern Florida.

Which of the following occurred at Gettysburg?

In the most dramatic battle of the war, the Confederate army experienced incredible losses.

Which of the following statements identifies a way in which Jackson's inauguration was significant?

During the inauguration, a drunken mob of people from various walks of life engaged in wild celebration and destruction, which appeared to symbolize the democratization of political life.

Who invented the cotton gin?

Eli Whitney

Which of the following writers was the most original of the New England poets, led a solitary lifestyle, and explored abstract themes such as life, death, fear, and the withdrawal of God?

Emily Dickinson

Why was the Compromise of 1877 significant?

It brought about the end of Reconstruction through the promise that federal troops would be removed from the Deep South.

For which country did Sir Walter Raleigh attempt to establish colonies in the New World?

England

Which were the four most powerful western European nations that emerged during the Age of Exploration?

England, France, Portugal, and Spain

Maryland was established in 1634 as a refuge for

English catholics

Which of the following did Universalists believe?

Everyone had dignity and worth.

Which of the following was true at the very start of the Revolution?

Few Patriots were ready to call for independence.

Which of the following statements was generally true of slave life in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Field hands were organized into work gangs.

As a result of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, which of the following did Britain acquire from Spain?

Florida

Ponce de Leon was the first European to explore

Florida

What was the cause of the New York City draft riots in 1863?

Following the Emancipation Proclamation, northern laborers were worried that freed slaves would eventually move north, resulting in job competition.

Which of the following statements accurately describes experiences of women during the Civil War?

For many American women, the Civil War loosened traditional restraints on female activity.

Why did service in the Union army or navy benefit many freedmen?

It provided training in leadership and awareness of opportunities in economic advancement.

Which of the following was a result of the Battle of Saratoga?

France's entry on the American side

The first third-party presidential candidate in American history arose from a party that built itself on mistrust toward

Freemasons

Which of the following was a result of Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey?

Frontier farmers formed a rebellion because they had little cash, and grain alcohol was their most valuable commodity.

Which of the following generals famously obtained a nickname for "standing like a stone wall" during the First Battle of Bull Run and would go on to become the most celebrated and feared Confederate general?

General Thomas Jackson

As the main conflict between armies in the east progressed, ________ and 175 frontiersmen meanwhile journeyed to the Ohio Valley to ________.

George Rogers Clark; end English-led attacks on American farm communities

The english revivalist who preached to thousands, urged his listeners to experience a sudden movement of conversion and salvation, and so impressed Benjamin Franklin was

George Whitefeld

In the face of the growing coalition of the Whigs, the Democrats still gained members from

German and Irish Catholics.

Which of the following beliefs characterized Deism?

God created the universe and set it in motion, but no longer intervened with the earth or its people.

The idea of "manifest destiny" claimed that

God sanctioned American expansion westward across the continent.

Which of the following took place at Petersburg?

Grant had chased Lee's troops and put the trapped Confederates under siege.

Which of the following was the sharpest irony of the American Revolution?

Great Britain offered enslaved blacks more opportunities for freedom than the United States, a nation built on the ideas of freedom.

The fear of slave resistance and rebellion increased after the successful slave revolt that took over the French island of Saint-Domingue and turned it into the free nation of

Haiti

Why didn't President Grant seek a third term in 1876?

He acknowledged that many Republicans had lost confidence in his leadership.

Why was John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the Oneida Community, arrested and ultimately forced to flee Vermont?

He advocated complete sexual freedom.

Why did Jackson veto the proposed Maysville Road, an internal improvement in Kentucky?

He argued that Congress could only approve multi-state projects that fell under interstate commerce.

Why was Whig leader Daniel Webster opposed to the Mexican-American War?

He believed that the origins of the war were "unconstitutional."

What did Adams do soon before he left office?

He cemented Federalism within the judiciary.

On what legal basis did Dred Scott sue for his freedom?

He claimed that living for extended periods in areas where slavery was forbidden made him free.

What compelled Martin Luther to nail his ninety-five "theses" to the door of a Wittenburg cathedral, thus launching the Protestant Reformation?

He condemned the greed of the Catholic Church and believed salvation could not be purchased.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Andrew Jackson as a politician?

He declared himself the champion of the common people.

What was President Buchanan's response to secession?

He did practically nothing.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Zachary Taylor?

He had no political experience, but the Whigs recruited him as a candidate in part because he was a hero in the Mexican-American War.

Which of the following statements accurately describes James Monroe?

He had served in the army under Washington during the Revolution and was viewed as sensible and cautious.

Which of the following statements sums up William Henry Harrison's presidency?

He had won primarily based on his status as a military hero but died after only a month in office.

Which of the following did John Smith do as Jamestown's leader?

He helped the colony to persist by demanding more work from the colonists.

Which of the following did Biddle do in his fight against Jackson to save the B.U.S.?

He initiated a national financial crisis.

Which of the following statements is true of John Brown?

He led a massacre against pro-slavery groups, which led to guerrilla warfare in Kansas.

Which of the following statements accurately describes William T. Sherman's role as a general?

He led a successful campaign through Georgia called the March to Sea, which many southerners viewed as an example of northern tyranny.

Which of the following statements about Brigham Young is accurate?

He led the Mormons to Utah and, as territorial governor, defied federal authority.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the actions of Stephen F. Austin?

He obtained a grant to start a slaveless Anglo "colony" in Texas meant to serve as a so-called buffer between Native Americans and Mexicans.

Which of the following statements about Martin Van Buren is accurate?

He promised to follow in Jackson's footsteps, but lost popularity due to his perceived ambition and inherited issues in the financial sector.

What had a major influence on Texas commander in chief Sam Houston?

He served under General Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812.

Given the bitterness of the congressional debate, why was Stephen Douglas successful in getting the Compromise of 1850 passed?

He split the issues into separate bills that would be voted on one at a time in Congress.

How did President Grant respond to the Ku Klux Klan?

He urged Republicans to pass three Enforcement Acts, which, although intended to protect black rights and punish those who threatened them, were not consistently enforced, allowing the violent efforts of southern whites to end Reconstruction to intensify.

What did Hamilton do in his debate withe Jefferson over the national's bank's constitutionality?

He used the doctrine of implied powers

Why was Preston Brooks regarded as a hero throughout the South?

He violently attacked Charles Sumner who had just given an anti-slavery speech in Congress.

Why did Jefferson go through with the Louisiana Purchase, despite the potential ideological problems it posed?

He wanted to create a protective buffer separating the United States from the rest of the world.

Why did Van Buren oppose federal funding for the Maysville Road?

He wanted to maintain the Erie Canal's monopoly as sole connection between the East Coast and the West.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the politics of Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson?

He was a pro-Union southerner who believed in a small federal government and, at least early on in his presidency, in squashing the southern elite in the name of democracy.

Why were some southerners surprised by Jackson's views on nullification?

He was a southern cotton planter who owned many slaves but, upon threats to nullify federal laws, strongly exhibited an ardent sense of nationalism

Which of the following statements correctly describes Daniel Boone?

He was drawn to Kentucky by its fertile soil and plentiful game and helped lead a group of white settlers there through the wilderness.

Which of the following statements is true of Andrew Jackson?

He was viewed as combative and had no moral reservations about the institution of slavery, as he owned many slaves.

Of the four candidates in the 1824 election, which of the following is true of Andrew Jackson?

He won the popular vote and the most votes in the electoral vote.

Which war hawk loudly proclaimed that his state of Kentucky was ready to march on Canada and rid the Northwest of its so-called "Indian problem"?

Henry Clay

The compromise tariff that ended the nullification crisis was authored by

Henry Clay.

Which of the following writers believed wealth made people slaves to materialism, penned the American classic Walden, and came to be an inspiration of the environmental movement?

Henry David Thoreau

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Hessians of the Revolutionary War?

Hessians were German mercenaries hired by the British

The founding fathers viewed the most democratic entity of the government as the

House of Representatives.

Which of the following statements describes the minstrel shows between the 1830s and 1870s?

Immensely popular, they often included the songs of Stephen Foster.

Which of the following occurred at the Battle of Chancellorsville?

In Lee's last significant victory, Hooker and the Union forces experienced a devastating defeat.

Which of the following statements about the encomienda system is accurate?

It allowed privileged Spanish landowners to control Indian villages.

Which of the following statements about conscription during the Civil War is accurate?

In both the North and South, conscription was met with widespread resentment and downright refusal, as some draftees who had the means sought out loopholes.

How did the creation of state governments in the wake of the American Revolution affect political participation?

In some states, any male taxpayer could vote, no matter how much property he owned.

Which of the following statements about Thomas Paine's The American Crisis is accurate?

It bolstered American morale

Immediately after the end of the Revolution, the most popular public ritual in the United States became

Independence Day.

A major cause of king philips was

Indian resentment over forced conversions to Christianity

Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of diseases such as smallpox during the Age of Exploration?

Indigenous peoples, including their rulers, suffered immense fatalities due to the diseases and, especially with this loss in leadership, proved less able to defend themselves against the Europeans.

Of all the immigrant groups that came to the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century, which was LEAST tolerant of free African Americans?

Irish

Which of the following statements accurately describes the penitentiary established in 1816 at Auburn, New York?

It focused on the idea of rehabilitation in addition to punishment.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Patriot militia?

It frustrated Washington with its lack of discipline.

The French were the first to explore and build forts and outposts in the Great Lakes region. What advantage did this give them as they vied with Britain for control of North America?

It gave French explorers access to the Mississippi watershed and the vast heartland of the continent and its fur trade.

What did the Fourteenth Amendment do?

It guaranteed citizenship to freemen as well as immigrant children born in the United States.

At the beginning of the Civil War, what was true of the North?

It had an edge of significantly more potential manpower.

In which of the following ways was Cyrus McCormick's grain reaper significant?

It helped bring mechanical power to the Midwest, Old Northwest, and Great Plains.

Why was hunting particularly significant for many Native American societies?

It helped nurture a warrior ethic among indigenous societies that prized courage in combat.

What was one major reason the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision proved significant?

It implied that the Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional.

What impact did emancipation have on the South?

It left the South's agricultural economy in disarray.

Why was Kansas's Lecompton Constitution controversial?

It legalized slavery even though a majority of residents opposed it.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Thomas Jefferson's draft of the Declaration of Independence?

It listed objections to British actions and expressed the self-evidence of certain truths

Which of the following was a result of the invention of the cotton gin?

It made cotton a major export item.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the cotton gin?

It made possible efficient separation of seeds from fiber.

Which of the following statements about Johnson's Reconstruction plan is accurate?

It mandated the appointment of a provisional Unionist governor in each southern state.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Protestant Reformation in England?

It occurred more for political reasons than because of disagreement about religious doctrine.

Why was the new Fugitive Slave Act controversial, in many cases causing outrage?

It offered a strong temptation to kidnap free blacks in northern free states.

Which of the following did the Convention of 1818 cause?

It opened Oregon to joint occupation by the United States and Great Britain.

In regard to religion, which of the following is true of the Constitution?

It prevents Congress from establishing an official religion.

What was the purpose of the Currency Act of 1764?

It prohibited the colonies from coining or printing their own money.

Which of the following statements about the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 is accurate?

It promised ineffectively that Native American lands would not be taken without their consent.

Which of the following is true of Madison's Virginia Plan?

It proposed a two-house Congress.

Which of the following is true of the Fifteenth Amendment?

It protected the right of Americans to vote regardless of color or race.

What was an effect of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842?

It provided for U.S.-British cooperation to police the outlawed slave trade.

Which of the following was true of the Indian Removal Act brought before Congress in 1830?

It provoked heated opposition and only passed in Congress by one vote.

What effect did the Union naval blockade of southern ports have on the Confederacy?

It quickly choked off southern commercial activity, including the flow of goods and military weapons to and from Europe.

Which of the following was an effect of the War of 1812?

It reaffirmed American independence but caused a reversal in attitudes among Republicans and Federalists.

What was the purpose of the Declaratory Act of 1766?

It reasserted the government's right to tax the colonists.

What was a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

It reasserted the power of Parliament.

What was "Oregon fever," and how did it come about?

It referred to the large migration of many settlers to Oregon, drawn there by the fertile land and eventually the federal government's promise of free land in exchange for four years of work.

What was the significance of the Gaspée incident?

It represented the evolution and intensity of anti-British feelings in the American colonies as colonists engaged in violent protest.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Navigation Act of 1651?

It required all goods imported into Britain or the colonies to be shipped in British vessels.

Which of the following was true of the Specie Circular?

It required gold or silver payment for public lands.

What was the significance of the Military Reconstruction Act?

It required new state constitutions and established military districts in the South.

Which of the following statements about the 1765 stamp act is accurate?

It required revenue stamps on legal and commercial documents.

The Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution to avoid the problems associated with the presidential election of 1800. What did the Twelfth Amendment put into law?

It required that electors had to use separate ballots to vote for a president and a vice president.

Why was the Canadian Expedition of 1775-1776 significant?

It resulted in a humiliating series of American defeats that made it apparent the war would not be a short one.

Guilford Courthouse was a hard-fought battle between American forces under General Greene and British forces under Lord Cornwallis. Which of the following statements describes repercussions of the battle?

It resulted in a very costly British victory for Cornwallis that forced him to retreat to North Carolina with his remaining forces.

Why was the Battle of New Orleans significant?

It resulted in an American victory that helped set up Jackson as a possible presidential candidate.

In addition to resulting in the president's death, how did Lincoln's assassination prove significant?

It resulted in an immense outpouring of grief across the country but decreased the possibility of a lenient federal Reconstruction of the Confederacy like Lincoln had envisioned.

Which of the following was true of New England in the seventeenth century?

It was more governed by religious concerns than the middle and southern colonies.

Which of the following is true of the so-called Great Compromise?

It settled the question of congressional representation.

At the Albany Congress in 1754, Benjamin Franklin and delegates from seven colonies crafted a Plan of Union. Which of the following statements accurately describes this plan?

It sought to create a united colonial government

Which of the following statements accurately describes Jefferson's Embargo Act?

It sought to stop all American exports.

What was the impact of Zachary Taylor's death?

It strengthened the chance for compromise over slavery in 1850.

Why were the working poor attracted to Universalism?

It stressed the possibility of salvation for all people.

Why was the slave revolt that Nat Turner led significant?

It terrified whites across the South due to the number of whites killed before its suppression and the idea that it could happen again.

What was the significance of the French Revolution to the United States in its infancy?

It tested the ability of the United States to remain neutral in world affairs and resulted in heightened divisions between Federalists and Democratic Republicans during Washington's second term.

Which of the following is true of the Stono Rebellion?

It tightened controls on slaves.

How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the nature of the Civil War?

It transformed the Civil War from a war to restore the Union to a struggle over slavery.

What was one way the Mexican-American War proved unique in American history?

It was America's first major military intervention outside the United States and the first time that U.S. military forces had conquered and occupied another country.

What was St. Patrick's Battalion?

It was a Mexican army unit made up entirely of Irish and German immigrants that deserted from the American army for reasons such as higher wages and mistreatment for their religion.

Which of the following accurately describes the Mayflower Compact?

It was a covenant that granted civil rights to some but not all.

Which of the following is true of the Seneca Falls Convention?

It was a meeting of women's rights activists.

Why did the Radical-led Congress pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

It was a response to the black codes and the neo-slavery system created by unrepentant southern legislatures.

What was the "Lost Cause"?

It was a sanitized version of history in the South that glamorized the old plantation culture and claimed that the Civil War concerned the honorable defense of states' rights rather than slavery.

What was one of the reasons why the First Battle of Bull Run was significant?

It was a sobering experience for both the North and the South because they underestimated one another's strength, and it became clear the war would not be decided right away as many thought.

What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam?

It was a turning point in that it revived northern morale and ended the Confederacy's hopes of gaining foreign alliances with Britain and France.

Georgia served as a military buffer against the Spanish in Florida. What was another reason for the settlement of Georgia by the English.

It was initially a Utopian colony designed to help deters avoid prison.

What was one way the Iroquois League was unique?

It was made up of clans led by women and guided by a constitution.

Which of the following statements about the Know-Nothing party is correct?

It was strongest in the 1850s.

In which of the following ways was the Pueblo Revolt significant?

It was the greatest defeat Native Americans ever inflicted on European efforts to conquer the New World and delayed Spanish efforts to reestablish control over New Mexico.

To what does the "Anaconda" Plan refer?

It was the initial three-pronged Union strategy that included, among other things, a blockade of the southern coast to strangle the South.

Why is the battle at Fort Donelson significant?

It was the site of one of the first major Union victories, as the most important early battles in the war had happened in the West.

Why was the annexation of Texas popular in the South?

It would be entering the Union as a slave state.

Which of the following did the United States feel would occur with only slight pressure?

It would gain control of Canada, separating it from Great Britain.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Bank of the United States?

It would provide regulation of national currency.

When Congress rechartered the Bank of the United States in 1832,

Jackson vetoed the recharter.

What was one way in which Jackson's approach to politics was significant?

Jackson was the first president to see campaigning as an acceptable tactic and to aggressively use it.

Which of the following occurred in the presidential election of 1828?

Jackson won every state south and west of Pennsylvania.

The convention's most gifted political philosopher and the man who emerged as its central figure was

James Madison.

Which of the following statements is true of Edmond-Charles Genêt?

James Monroe

Why was the election of 1800 significant?

Jefferson and Aaron Burr were tied with the same exact number of electoral votes, which created a political crisis over the transition of power.

What role did the religious views of prominent leaders such as Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin come to play in the new nation?

Jefferson and Franklin were influenced by Deism, which viewed all people as created equal in the eyes of God and promoted ideas of rationalism in the new nation.

The 1804 presidential election resulted in

Jefferson's landslide reelection

Americans won a tremendous victory in October 1777 with the surrender of

John Burgoyne.

During the debates over the Compromise of 1850, Henry Clay pushed for national harmony while

John Calhoun bitterly opposed any compromise.

In the election of 1856, who was the Republicans party's first candidate to run for the presidency?

John Frémont

Who did most of the work during the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Paris?

John Jay and Benjamin Franklin

In the case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court chief justice who established the principle of judicial review was

John Marshall.

Which leader was described as a president without a party because his actions alienated him from both Democrats and Whigs?

John Tyler

Which of the following occurred at Appomattox Court House?

Lee surrendered to Grant.

Which of the following transpired during the presidential election of 1844?

Liberty party votes in New York cost Clay the White House.

Missouri's admission to the Union as a slave state was balanced by the admission of the free state of

Maine

Which of the following statements accurately describes the positions of everyday Confederates during the war?

Many Confederates were driven by the belief that if they lost the war, southern whites would face their own enslavement.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the response of increasing numbers of enslaved African Americans in the South as the Civil War dragged on?

Many took advantage of the war's confusion by running away, fighting, or helping to sabotage the Confederacy.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Chinese immigrants in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Many traveled to California because of its rapid development.

What sort of racial tensions, if any, emerged as white Americans first settled in Mexico and the Spanish West during the first half of the nineteenth century?

Many white Americans were as prejudiced toward Hispanics as they were toward Native Americans and African Americans.

The first judicial ruling that declared a federal law to be unconstitutional came from

Marbury v. Madison.

Which of the following was true of women during the Revolutionary War?

Married women still were viewed as the property of their husbands, but the war offered many opportunities to broaden their social roles by supporting the armies in various ways

Which of the following occurred as a result of the Eaton affair, and why was it significant that it did?

Martin Van Buren and John Eaton willingly left the cabinet to open the way for Jackson to force the Calhoun supporters on it to resign as well and, thus, for the appointment of a brand new cabinet.

The Louisiana Purchase was made possible by

Napoleon's disastrous setback in Haiti

What was the Peninsular Campaign?

McClellan's unsuccessful plan to re-initiate substantial fighting in the East by moving the Union army toward the mouth of the James River in Virginia

The city of Tenochtitlán was founded in 1325 by the

Mexica.

The decisive victory in the Mexican-American War came with Winfield Scott's capture of

Mexico City.

In the first half of the nineteenth century, which of the following states was in the region considered the Old Southwest?

Mississippi

What was one reason New Netherland fell to the English with little difficulty?

Much of the population of Manhattan was not even Dutch and was contemptuous of the colonial government.

The treaty ending the American Revolution lacked a provision that

Native Americans would be protected by and have a voice in the new nation.

Senator Daniel Webster, in opposing the new Bank of the United States in 1816, spoke for the interests of

New England Federalists who feared the rising financial power of Philadelphia.

The Hartford Convention illustrated deep opposition in ________ to the war.

New England.

New England settlement patterns differed greatly because

New Englanders applied for township grants and settled areas as groups and church congregations.

By 1860, what had become the largest city, as its population surpassed 1 million?

New York

Which city did the British capture and occupy early in the American Revolution, making it the headquarters of both the Royal Navy and the British army?

New York City

In early 1789, the new Congress gathered in the national capital, which was

New York City.

Who coined the term "manifest destiny"?

Newspaper editor John O'Sullivan

The southern state that by 1860 had done the most to advance public education was

North Carolina.

The Iroquois and Tories led numerous raids against

Patriot settlements along the New York frontier.

Of the following colonies, which one became the great distribution point for the ethnic groups of European origin?

Pennsylvania

The largest number of German immigrants to the colonies settled in

Pennsylvania.

_______ was among the most radical of the American rebels and organized the Committee of Correspondence

Samuel Adams

The first Europeans to sail around Africa and on to India were the

Portuguese.

What was the scope of prostitution in the American colonies?

Prostitution carried a social stigma but became one of the most lucrative trades among colonial women, especially recently released female indentured servants.

In addition to the specifics of its conditions, what was the lasting significance of the Compromise of 1850?

Rather than a true example of factions making concessions, it was an evasive truce that postponed secession and civil war for a time.

What was the significance of the Battle of the Alamo?

Santa Anna won a costly victory, but the intense fighting had turned the rebellion into a war for Texan independence.

Which of the following groups of immigrants settled primarily in the backcountry and was driven not by religion but by the lure of cheap land?

Scots-Irish

The Sedition Act was aimed primarily at

Republican newspaper editors

Who emerged from the Second Battle of Bull Run as a standout general?

Robert E. Lee

The Erie Canal led to the growth of which city as a major processing center of wheat and corn?

Rochester, New York

Who was the first president of the Republic of Texas?

Sam Houston

Which of the following statements about early colonial life in the Chesapeake region is true?

Settlers lived in primitive houses.

As monarch, which of the following did Queen Elizabeth do?

She demonstrated incredible strength and effectiveness.

In which of the following ways were the experiences of Eliza Pinckney unique for a woman of the eighteenth-century American colonies?

She managed profitable indigo plantations even while married and signaled the possibility of women taking on economic leadership roles.

Which of the following statements is true of the institution of slavery in the American colonies?

Slavery in New England tended to be "family slavery," with slaves and masters living under the same roof.

Why is it an unsatisfactory argument that the Civil War began primarily as a southern fight to defend liberty and the right of self-government?

Slavery was the actual reason southern leaders used to justify secession and war.

Which of the following was a promise of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

Slavery would be banned north of the Ohio River.

Why did the American Anti-Slavery Society split into competing factions?

Some prominent members demanded the pursuit of societal reforms beyond abolition, including women's rights.

Which of the following statements accurately describes a reason some Americans revolted?

Some prosperous southern planters were afraid that the British might abolish slavery, which would negatively impact their economy.

Which of the following statements is true of the Plains Indian societies in the 1840s?

Some were nomadic hunters who relied on the abundance of buffalo, which was threatened by the arrival of white hunters.

Which of the following statements describes how many white planters treated slave women?

The rape of slave women was a common practice and sometimes led to their giving birth.

Why did President Buchanan support the Lecompton Constitution?

Southern advisers, who also supported the constitution, influenced him.

The advantage clipper ships had over traditional merchant vessels was their

Speed

In 1565, the first permanent European town was established in the current-day United States at

St. Augustine.

The French captain Jacques Cartier most importantly explored the

St. Lawrence River.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the government in the development of transportation in the nineteenth-century United States?

State governments, the federal government, and private investors all contributed to such projects in their own ways financially.

Why were finances the greatest weakness of the Confederation government?

States were asked to "voluntarily" contribute to Congress's budget but rarely did or sent little.

Which of the following statements about steamboats is accurate?

Steamboats brought cheaper and faster two-way traffic to the Mississippi Valley.

Which of the following transpired when the British attacked New York in late August 1776?

The American army was fortunate to make a narrow escape overnight.

Why was the Battle of Kings Mountain a turning point in the Revolutionary War?

The American militiamen decisively defeated the British and undermined their southern strategy.

Why was western New York referred to as the burned-over district?

The area had seen numerous religious movements and denominations sweep through the population, roiled by evangelical revivalism.

Which of the following occurred during the period of salutary neglect?

The British government took less of a role in governing the American colonies.

Which of the following occurred at the Battle of Bunker Hill?

The British suffered major casualties.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the way in which the Confederacy funded the war?

The Confederate Congress issued many taxes, which were poorly enforced, as well as large amounts of paper money, which caused economic distress due to price increases.

How did the Constitution affect immigration and naturalization?

The Constitution said little about immigration and naturalization, which has allowed policy to change over the years in response to fluctuating political moods and economic needs

In which of the following ways did the 1820 presidential election mark a political turning point?

The Federalist party virtually disappeared as a result of its refusal to support the War of 1812, and Monroe was reelected without opposition.

Why did the French colonies in North America ultimately fall to the British by 1763?

The French population of North America never came close to the number of English colonists.

Why did the Mexican government attempt to curtail the American settlement of Texas?

The Mexican government worried about the intentions of the Americans living there, namely the possibility of their conspiring with the United States to take Texas.

Which of the following was a principle of the Land Ordinance of 1785?

The Northwest Territory on America's western border would be organized into townships.

Which of the following was a result of the Battle at Brandywine Creek

The Patriots lost Philadelphia, with the Continental Congress fleeing to avoid capture.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the experiences of the Pequot Indians following the 1637 war with New England?

The Pequots suffered huge losses in the war, and many survivors were enslaved.

Which of the following is true of Portuguese seagoing efforts by 1500?

The Portuguese's use of new sailing technologies, coupled with the unification of Spain contributed to the rise of global trade.

What was the relationship between the Age of Exploration and the Renaissance?

The Renaissance emphasis on humanism, discovery, and scientific innovation helped spark the Age of Exploration.

Why did the American Colonization Society acquire the land in West Africa that eventually became the country of Liberia?

The Society saw it as a place to transport free blacks and freed slaves.

Which of the following was a central part of the mythic version of the Old South that emerged among and tended to be believed by white southerners?

The South was morally superior to the North, partly because planters were kinder toward slaves than factory owners toward wage laborers.

Why did the Spanish Empire begin a precipitous decline?

The Spanish Empire became overly dependent on extraction of wealth rather than expand and stabilize Spanish influence in the New World.

What was one major impact of the rise of the mestizo population in Mexico and New Mexico?

The Spanish grew more inclusive toward the Native Americans than would the English in their own colonies.

Slavery was ultimately eradicated by

The Thirteenth Amendment

What was the outcome of the Battle of Shiloh?

The Union made a remarkable comeback under Grant's leadership after seeming defeat, but it was the costliest battle Americans had engaged in up to that point.

What was the outcome of the Battle of New Orleans?

The Union won a great naval victory that proved to be a terrible setback to the southern economy, giving the Union control of many cotton plantations and liberating tens of thousands of slaves.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the United States between 1815 and 1850?

The United States evolved into a transcontinental power and experienced a period of economic prosperity.

What was an effect of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

The United States gained territories including California and New Mexico.

How did the states of the Upper South differ from those of the Lower South?

The Upper South had more-varied agricultural economies and had large areas without slavery.

Which of the following was a result of the market-based economy that emerged during the first half of the nineteenth century in the United States?

The belief spread that individuals should have equal opportunities to advance through their abilities and hard work.

Which of the following was a result of the Boston Massacre?

The colonists experienced shock waves, and firebrands called for justice.

In what way did Cecilius Calvert intend for Maryland's colonists to be "more committed" to the colony than the colonists at Jamestown?

The colony recruited families intending to stay rather than single men seeking quick riches.

What was one of the ways in which the Missouri Compromise proved significant?

The compromise solidified positions on both sides of the debate and showed a growing divide among the Northeast, Midwest, and South.

What is the significance of the idea of many Souths?

The contradictions of the South gave rise to competing myths, alternately proud and condemning, based on half-truths and prejudices that still persist today.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the Salem witch craze?

The controversy reflected the social division and anxieties within the village.

What was the state of the cotton economy in the South at the time of Lincoln's political ascension?

The cotton economy in the South was still thriving at record levels, and although such plans were not in place, southerners worried that Lincoln was determined to prevent its continued expansion.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the economic conditions leading into the Panic of 1837?

The economy was vulnerable going into Van Buren's presidency due to Jackson and Congress's elimination of the B.U.S. and the gold or silver requirements of the Specie Circular.

How did the enclosure movement foster England's desire to colonize?

The enclosure movement led to landless, unemployed farmers wandering England, and sending them to colonies was seen as a way to relieve the problems this trend created.

What did the Supreme Court rule in United States v. Cruikshank (1876)?

The equal protection and due process requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment only applied to states, not to individuals.

Which of the following concepts was the basis of mercantilism?

The government should attempt to maintain tight regulations and laws to create a favorable balance of trade.

What was the significance of the Daughters of Liberty?

The group is an example of how the non importation movement enabled colonial women to participate in the resistance, such as by no longer buying imported British goods.

Which of the following occurred in the Battle of Tippecanoe?

The hope of an Indian confederation to protect their lands was ended.

Which of the following was part of Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction?

The presidency would direct Reconstruction, and 10 percent of the 1860 voters had to take an oath of allegiance to the Union in order for former Confederate states to re-create a Union government.

What happened after the end of Reconstruction?

The protections of black civil rights crumbled under the pressure of restored white rule and unfavorable Supreme Court decisions.

What was the result of Winfield Scott's assault on Veracruz, which was considered the strongest fortress in North America?

The large amphibian operation was carried out without a loss and opened the way to Mexico City.

In addition to Franklin Pierce's winning the presidency, what was one way the election of 1852 was significant?

The results showed how without their leaders, Clay and Webster, the Whigs had lost virtually all their support in the Lower South.

Why did the seven deep-South states secede after Lincoln's election?

The southern secessionists were convinced that Lincoln would move against slavery despite his assurances otherwise.

Why did the Whig party eventually collapse?

The strain of the Kansas-Nebraska Act pushed northern and southern members toward joining different parties.

Which of the following statements about slave codes is correct?

They formalized the institution of race-based slavery by outlining the local laws that governed slave life.

The result of General Edward Braddock's effort to capture Fort Duquesne was

a devastating ambush and defeat for the British.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the North and South during the first half of the nineteenth century?

The textile mills of New England and Great Britain purchased southern-grown cotton, and it became the central raw material driving the industrial revolution.

What was one of the reasons why the American Revolution was significant to Europe?

The war proved a world war in that the United States managed to form military alliances with countries that wished to humble Great Britain, including France, Spain, and the Netherlands.

What ideas underpinned the usage of the term "peculiar institution"?

The word "peculiar" implied that race-based slavery was unique to the South—a more positive sentiment that appealed to southern identity—and helped avoid the charged word "slavery."

Why did the working poor often favor expanding the number of public schools in the first half of the nineteenth century?

The working poor wanted free schools to give their children an equal chance to pursue the American dream.

Why did slave owners value slave women?

Their ability to reproduce increased the number of slaves owned.

What about the Mormons often generated hostility from non-Mormons?

Their doctrines and practices were deemed too radical for mainstream Christianity.

Which of the following occurred in part as a result of Shays's Rebellion?

There were numerous calls promoting a stronger central government.

Why were crops such as maize so significant to the evolution of indigenous peoples in the Americas?

These crops were reliable enough as food sources that indigenous peoples could lead more settled lives and, thus, become more established, larger societies.

William and Mary allowed the New England colonies to revert to the status they had had prior to the Restoration except for Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth. These two colonies were combined into the Royal Colony of Massachusetts Bay. What other major change did they enforce on the colony?

They appointed a royal governor who had veto power over the colonial assembly to crack down on the colony's rebelliousness.

Why did the British shift their strategic focus to their military effort in the South?

They believed that Loyalists were more numerous in the South.

Which of the following statements accurately describes trains by the 1850s?

They could operate year-round and on all types of terrain.

What was a common way in which enslaved African Americans attempted to cope with the brutalities of slavery?

They embraced religion and gathered in secret night meetings called spirituals where singing and dancing gave them a much-needed emotional release.

Which of the following statements about the French colonists in North America is accurate?

They established cooperative relations with the Indians.

Which of the following is true of the 1866 congressional elections during Johnson's presidency?

They gave Republicans veto-proof majorities.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the middle colonies?

They geographically and culturally stood between the New England and southern colonies.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Irish immigrants by the start of the Civil War?

They had energized American trade unions.

Which of the following was a result of minstrel shows?

They helped perpetuate familiar stereotypes of African Americans.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the delegates who met at the Constitutional Convention?

They included many participants from the Revolution who engaged in active debate with one another.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of the religious revivals known as the Great Awakening?

They influenced the forces leading to the revolution against Great Britain, as did the Enlightenment in many ways.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania?

They killed and threatened peaceful Indians.

In which of the following ways were the Anasazis different from the Aztecs and Incas?

They lacked a rigid class structure.

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the Algonquians?

They lived in multifamily "longhouses" and were one of three major Eastern Woodlands groups

How would southern whites attempt to prevent slave rebellions?

They met any sign of resistance or rebellion with a brutal response.

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the role of women in the eighteenth-century American colonies?

They often remained confined to the domestic sphere or "women's work."

Which side did German immigrants tend to support during the Civil War and why?

They overwhelmingly supported the Union because the Confederacy reminded them of the suppression of democracy experienced in the German states from which they had fled.

Which of the following did the delegates at the Hartford Convention do?

They proposed a series of constitutional amendments to limit Republican influence in government.

Why might women be drawn to camp meetings?

They provided women with opportunities to participate as equals in public rituals.

What was one reason why the series of four major wars, beginning with King Williams War in 1689, were significant?

They reshaped the relationship between America and Britain, as Britain felt new pressure to use the colonies to help support the now-dominant British Empire.

Which of the following was true of advocates of "soft-money," or paper, currency?

They saw economic benefits in price inflation.

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the Germans who came to the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century?

They settled mainly in rural areas.

Why did southern whites who did not even own slaves support the system of slavery?

They still benefited from the social advantage of having a class of people beneath them.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the English Puritans?

They wanted to simplify religion to its most basic elements.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Working Men's parties?

They were concerned with the widening inequality of wealth and with the promotion of the interest of laborers.

Which of the following was true of Whig politicians?

They were economic nationalists who wanted the federal government to support a national bank.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Tories during the war?

They were found in all ranks of society and included roles as varied as governors and farmers.

Why did the Spanish establish missions in California?

They were intended to serve as places of religious conversion and economic productivity.

Which of the following is true of the state militia units that made up the initial American military force and later came to augment the Continental army?

They were largely civilians who often decided for themselves when to join or leave the fighting

Which of the following statements describes physicians in the early 1800s?

They were mostly self-taught or apprenticed with an experienced doctor.

Which of the following statements accurately describes audiences in theaters during the first half of the nineteenth century?

They were predominantly men but from all walks of life.

Who said, "We are all Republicans—we are all Federalists"?

Thomas Jefferson

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions argued that states could nullify federal laws. Who wrote the Resolutions and in response to what federal laws?

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wrote the resolutions against the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom was written by

Thomas Jefferson.

Which of the following statements accurately describes experiences of women pioneers who made the journey west?

Though initially men and women tended to maintain traditional roles, the demands of the western trails dissolved such neat distinctions.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the activity of Native American tribes during the Civil War?

Thousands of Native Americans fought on either side, including some who supported the Confederates because they, too, had enslaved African Americans.

In the early 1800s, the United States paid bribes to the Barbary pirate states of North Africa to leave American shipping alone. What led Jefferson to send warships and fight a naval war?

Tripoli insisted on higher payments to free captured American sailors.

What led to a civil war in England?

Under Charles I, tensions over the legitimate powers of the king and Parliament escalated into war.

Most carpetbaggers were

Union veterans

Which of the following battles led to the Confederates losing control of the Mississippi River, cutting the Confederacy in two?

Vicksburg

Which of the following were later Union victories that seemed to turn the tide against the Confederacy?

Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Chattanooga

The Old Southwest attracted thousands of settlers in the 1820s and 1830s with its low land prices and suitability for cotton production. Many of the settlers migrated from

Virginia and the Carolinas due to the exhaustion of the land from years of tobacco cultivation.

Why was Lyons Wakeman a significant figure during the Civil War?

Wakeman, like hundreds of soldiers on both sides, was a woman who disguised her gender to serve in the war.

Which of the following writers proved perhaps the most controversial American writer of the nineteenth century, was a political activist, wrote excitedly about industrial development, and penned the controversial, free-verse work Leaves of Grass?

Walt Whitman

The Marquis de Lafayette served the American cause during the war as

Washington's most trusted aide.

The Webster-Hayne debate is best remembered for

Webster's eloquent defense of the union

The Republican party platform in 1860 supported a transcontinental railroad as well as

a higher protective tariff and free farms out west.

Life in the Old Southwest was characterized by

a lack of women

Which of the following best describes the Transcendental Club, which had its first meeting in the 1830s?

a loosely knit group of diverse, intellectually curious individualists who met to discuss philosophy, religion, and literature

Which of the following statements accurately describes attitudes freed slaves held toward the Yankees at the beginning of Reconstruction versus after the end of it?

Whereas freed slaves often thought of the Yankees as their saviors at the beginning of Reconstruction, some felt let down by the Yankees with the collapse of Reconstruction as they began to move backward in terms of civil rights.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the main goal of each side as the war started?

Whereas the Confederacy sought to prove itself in such a way that the United States and other countries would recognize its independence, the United States sought to restore the Union.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Middle Passage?

Widespread racist beliefs that viewed Africans as "Beast of burden" rather than human beings helped bring about and perpetuate the transatlantic voyage known as the Middle Passage.

In 1688

William and Mary were Protestant

Which of the following statements describe actions taken by Benjamin Franklin's son, William, and what do they suggest about the war?

William's loyalty to Britain demonstrates how the war was in many ways a civil war, with the need to choose sides dividing families and friends.

By 1860, one would MOST likely encounter Norwegian and Swedish immigrants in

Wisconsin and Minnesota.

What was the significance of the Creole incident?

With the help of the British, it proved the most successful slave revolt in American history and created an international crisis in which the Americans ultimately acquiesced to the British to avoid war and harm to the American economy.

A "writ of assistance" was

a blanket search warrant that did not need to specify a place and aided in catching smugglers.

The Panic of 1837 began with

a change in the policies of the Bank of England regarding loans, which led to a decline in the demand for U.S. cotton.

During 1780, the Revolutionary War had become

a contest of endurance in which Americans had the advantage.

The major impetus for the huge Irish immigration to the United States after 1845 was

a deadly potato famine.

During the Jacksonian era, and for the first time in American political history,

a president assumed his position to be superior to that of Congress.

The rules that governed virtually every aspect of slave life were known as

a slave code.

As the War of 1812 started, one strength of the United States was

a small but capable navy.

In the South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828), John C. Calhoun demonstrated that he had come to turn away from economic nationalism, declaring that

a state could nullify an act of Congress that it found unconstitutional, such as the Tariff of 1828.

The immediate cause of the Panic of 1819 was

a sudden collapse of cotton prices

Many colonists viewed the Royal Proclamation of 1763 as

a temporary barrier to American settlement west of the Appalachians

Alexander Hamilton's basic vision of America was to make it

a vibrant capitalist power

James Polk's plan to acquire California and New Mexico primarily entailed

a war big enough to acquire the land, but small enough to avoid creating a political rival.

The "cult of domesticity" was the idea that

a woman's place is in the home.

Enlightenment thinkers such as Isaac Newton stressed the

ability of reason to discover the laws of the universe.

Which of the following did the Liberty party advocate?

abolitionism

Most of those who traveled westward in wagon trains

actually walked and used the wagon to transport supplies.

The witch craze in Salem started when

adolescent girls began to exhibit strange afflictions.

By the 1820s, the right to vote had generally been extended to

adult white males regardless of property.

Polk settled the Oregon boundary dispute with the British by

agreeing to a border along the 49th parallel.

John Randolph became an "Old Republican" and supported

an agrarian society rooted in slavery and opposed any strengthening of the federal government at the expense of state power.

What was Brook Farm?

an attempt at cooperative living founded by transcendentalists that became America's first secular utopian community

For all their differences, the variety of reform movements that arose in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century had what in common?

an impulse to perfect people and society

What was the so-called "kitchen cabinet," and what was one reason why it proved significant?

an informal group of Jackson's close friends and supporters that convinced him to go back on his pledge to be a one-term president

Martin Van Buren's stance against annexing Texas

cost him his party's nomination in the election of 1844.

As southerners moved farther west and south between 1812 and 1860,

cotton production soared.

The first American factories produced

cotton textiles.

The Constitution addressed slavery by

counting slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of apportionment.

In which of the following battles did the Americans achieve a decisive victory when the Americans and British were, in a rare occurrence, evenly matched?

cowpens

President Jackson's attitude toward the Supreme Court's decision in Worcester v. Georgia (1832) was

defiance, as he refused to enforce it and claimed that he had no constitutional authority to intervene against the anti-Cherokee laws in Georgia.

Jackson's opponents called themselves Whigs to

denounce what they saw as Jackson's monarchical qualities

Because of its lack of infrastructure, Sam Houston said that the Lone Star Republic had two choices: either to be annexed by the United States or to

develop closer trade relations with Britain, which had begun buying cotton from Texas planters.

The British attack on Baltimore's Fort McHenry

did not force the fort's surrender.

The legal prohibition that denied slaves the right to marry

did not stop slaves from choosing partners and forging a family life.

By the early 1820s, Spain's influence in Latin America had

diminished to the point of losing most colonies.

Whereas a(n) ________ would have meant that citizens voted on all major decisions affecting them, the new United States after the Revolutionary War was technically a ________, in which property-holding white men elected representatives, or legislators, to make key decisions on their behalf.

direct democracy; representative democracy

John Tyler broke with the Democrats and joined with the Whigs because he

disagreed with Andrew Jackson's position on nullification.

After the arrival of Europeans, the greatest number of Indians died as a result of

disease.

Which of the following drove the diplomatic policy known as the Monroe Doctrine?

efforts to prevent any future European colonialism in the Western Hemisphere, which would in turn make the United States appear more dignified

Which of the following is characteristic of the Mississippian Indian culture?

elaborate burial mounds and towns built around plazas and temples

Food crops exported from the Americas

enabled a population explosion in Europe.

In addition to spurring a massive migration of gold seekers, the discovery of gold in California

encouraged American dreams of a Pacific commercial empire linked to Asia.

Jefferson's embargo in 1807 and the War of 1812

encouraged rapid growth in domestic American textile manufacturing.

The news of Yorktown inspired the British to

end the war.

What was the largest professional occupation for men in the United States by 1860?

engineering

The rapid expansion of the cotton belt in the South

ensured that the region became more dependent on enslaved black workers.

Jackson viewed the Bank of the United States as a(n)

entity to distrust, as it served the interests of a wealthy few.

The English Civil War affected the American colonies by

essentially causing the mother country to leave its colonies alone.

The war that erupted between the French and the British in North America in 1754

eventually spread across the globe to encompass battlefields on four continents.

Johnson's Proclamation of Amnesty excluded

everybody with taxable property above a certain amount.

John C. Calhoun accepted the Tariff of 1816 because he

expected the South would become a manufacturing center.

On his first voyage, Columbus

explored a number of Caribbean islands.

he Transcontinental Treaty of 1819

extended the boundary of Louisiana to the Pacific

The killing of Elijah Lovejoy showed the

fact that support of slavery extended into the North.

Jefferson's ending of the international slave trade

failed to stop the illegal importation from Africa of hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans.

Anti-Irish prejudice was especially based upon

fear of growing Catholic influence

A typical form of resistance pursued by slaves entailed

feigning illness and sabotage.

Most of the American settlers in Texas went there because of

fertile, inexpensive lands.

The stockholders who invested in the Virginia Company were motivated primarily by

financial profit.

Benjamin Franklin emphasized the Enlightenment in his

passion for science and experimentation.

Which of the following terms was related to land policy in New York?

patroonship

Some free blacks were

people of mixed ancestry called mulattoes

William and Gilbert Tennent were Irish-born Presbyterians who preached that

people should renounce their ministers and pursue salvation on their own.

One of John Quincy Adams's major shortcomings as president was his lack of

political skills.

Alexis de Tocqueville, a Frenchman traveling through the United States in the 1830s, claimed that "the only pleasure an American knows" was

politics

The most numerous white southerners were the yeoman farmers and they were

poor and illiterate.

Members of the Shaker community

practiced celibacy and owned everything in common

A central element of John Calvin's theology was his belief in

predestination.

The ultimate purpose of the slave codes was to

prevent runaways and rebellions by limiting the way slave owners could treat slaves.

In response to South Carolina's passage of an Ordinance of Nullification, Jackson

privately threatened to hang Calhoun.

President Grant's attitude toward Native Americans is best described as

progressive because Grant believed that the best policy was one of conciliation and that the root of the problem was actually "bad whites."

Charles Finney successfully preached in Rochester, New York, during the winter of 1830-1831. Who did his audiences tend to attract in contrast to camp-meetings?

prosperous higher-class groups

The Tariff of 1816 was intended to

protect American industry from cheap English imports.

Which of the following was a task of the Freedmen's Bureau?

providing formerly enslaved African Americans with food, clothing, and legal assistance and setting up schools

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was intended to

provoke slave insurrections.

Polk's order that Zachary Taylor move his troops to the disputed territory north of the Rio Grande

provoked a Mexican attack as part of a scheme to justify the beginning of a war with Mexico and, ultimately, to gain New Mexico and California.

The purpose of the Coercive Acts was to

punish Boston for the Tea Party

Most of the utopian communities of the early nineteenth century

quickly became failures

Which of the following did Unitarianism stress?

reason and conscience

The rise of Romanticism indicated

recognition of the limits of science and reason

One of the chief objectives of policy under George Grenville was to

reduce Britain's enormous debt after the French and Indian War.

Madison decided to support Hamilton's debt proposals in return for an agreement to

relocate the nation's capital southward.

In 1766, in response to American protests, Parliament

repealed the Stamp Act

The introduction of horses to Plains tribes

replaced dogs as beasts of burden.

Which of the following was an 1828 campaign promise of Andrew Jackson?

restoring the government to "the people"

The convention, which assembled in May 1787, was supposed to

revise the Articles of Confederation.

What was the MOST profitable form of agriculture in the South prior to the rise of cotton?

rice

In this new political era, Jackson had a tremendous advantage because of his

rise from common origins.

Of the 8 million people in the South's white population, how many owned slaves?

roughly 400,000 of them, as only a fraction of whites qualified as planters

The Bill og Rights was written to

safeguard freedoms such as press, speech, and assembly

On the question of women's rights, the proposed Constitution

said nothing.

As a result of the South's emphasis on agriculture, the population of the South

saw very little immigration and was primarily native-born.

In April 1775, the British marched to Concord, Massachusetts, in an effort to

seize the resistance's gunpowder.

As a leader of the transcendentalist movement, Ralph Waldo Emerson believed that

self-knowledge opened the doors to self-improvement and self-realization.

When Massachusetts leader John Winthrop spoke of "a city upon a hill," he was referring to the colony's desire to

serve as a model Christian community.

The new Bank of the United States, created in 1816

served as a depository for federal funds

Pontiac's Rebellion was in response to

shock that Native American lands in the west were ceded to the British

One serious economic problem under the Articles of Confederation was

shortage of "hard money."

Prime Minister Robert Walpole's relaxed policy toward the colonies was based on his belief that the colonies

should be allowed to export needed raw materials and import finished goods from the mother country.

Martin Van Buren was known as the "Great Magician" due to his

skill as a professional politician exploiting his connections.

Early labor organizations were popular with which of the following groups?

skilled craftsman

Jackson's attempt to censor the mail revolved around which issue?

slavery

By the 1830s, John C. Calhoun was arguing that

slavery was a "great good"

The Missouri Compromise stipulated that in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36° 30´,

slavery would be excluded.

Free blacks in the South

sometimes owned slaves

The focus on cotton and other cash crops has overshadowed the reality that

southern farmers also contributed food to their own tables through livestock.

The frequency of dueling in the South was probably caused by

southerners' exalted sense of pride.

Conditions at Washington's winter camp at Valley Forge were

spartan, as food and proper clothing was in short supply.

The greatest support for the declaration of war in 1812 came from

the agricultural regions from Pennsylvania southward and westward.

Which of the following did the Union Congress accomplish during the Civil War?

the approval of the transcontinental railroad and the raising of tariff rates to encourage economic development

The "corrupt bargain" in the election of 1824 referred to

the belief that Clay supported Adams in return for becoming secretary of state.

Which of the following notable developments took place in Ohio between 1811 and 1818?

the building of the first interstate roadway financed by the federal government

The British invasion of the mid-Atlantic coast in 1814 resulted in

the capture and burning of Washington, D.C.

Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was a victory for

the concept of popular sovereignty.

Western settlers and politicians believed war with Britain might enable

the conquest of Canada.

The success of rice as a perfect crop for South Carolina was helped by

the creation of irrigation systems that allowed laborers to flood and drain the fields.

The 800-mile journey known as the Trail of Tears resulted in

the death of thousands of Indians who made the journey.

The English attempt to establish a colony on Roanoke Island resulted in

the disappearance of the colonists.

As the first half of the nineteenth century progressed, southern slave owners acquired additional slaves from

the domestic slave trade.

One undebatable fact about the Jacksonian era is

the dramatic increase in voter participation by 1840

How did the colony of Jamestown manage to survive?

the dynamic leadership of John Smith and his bargaining with the Native Americans

Which of the following did Garrison correctly predict would be unavoidable?

the eventual separation between the free and slave states

As president, which of the following did Polk support?

the federal government's management of government funds through a National Treasury

Jackson's efforts to kill the bank resulted in

the first assassination attempt of a sitting president in American history.

One significant factor that inspired the Second Great Awakening was

the formation of the Methodist denomination.

What developments led to the rise of the Cotton Kingdom during the first half of the nineteenth century?

the growth of British textile mills due to advancements in mechanical production and American Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin

Jonathan Edwards's famous sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," described

the gruesome reality of hell.

One Characteristic of Jamestown in its initial years was

the high mortality rate among its settlers

One characteristic of Jamestown in its initial years was

the high mortality rate among its settlers.

The covenant theory from which the Puritans drew their ideas led to

the idea of people joining to form governments, much as they formed congregations.

In the 1856 election, which of the following did the Democrats support?

the idea that Congress should refuse to interfere with slavery in the states or territories

Which of the following did the Donner party come to represent?

the immense desperation some pioneers faced on the trail, placing survival before all else

The Eaton affair revealed

the influence that the personal opinions of Washington elite can have on federal politics.

Around 1500 B.C.E., which group in Middle America (Mesoamerica) began developing large cities, including gigantic pyramids?

the mayas

To what does "plain white folk" refer?

the middling, yeoman farmers who were often illiterate and scraped by

In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Marshall court struck down that state's ability to tax

the national bank.

By the eighteenth century, mestizos made up a majority of the population in Mexico and New Mexico. Who were they?

the offspring of Spanish and Native American parents

What was the MOST significant enduring legacy of Reconstruction?

the passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments

Which of the following was associated with the Second Great Awakening?

the popularity of camp meetings as a social outlet for isolated rural people

During Jackson's presidency, southern slave owners feared

the possibility that democracy would cause the demise of slavery.

Which of the following spurred shipbuilding in New England?

the region's extensive forests

The Articles of Confederation failed to give the federal government

the right to levy taxes on trade and commerce without unanimous approval from the states.

One of Jackson's greatest personal vulnerabilities in the 1828 campaign was

the scandal surrounding his marriage.

The Federalist essays argued that

the size and diversity of the large new country would make it impossible for any one faction to control the government.

Which of the following was the outcome of Hood's attack at Franklin?

the slaughter of Hood's army

Bartolomé de Las Casas spoke out against

the system of native slavery adopted by Spain.

Which of the following characterized the events along the Kansas-Missouri border during the Civil War?

the transformation of the conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the 1850s into brutal guerrilla warfare

What did the "Anaconda" Plan's main offensive aspect involve?

the use of the major river systems of the South by invading Union forces as a means of slowly trapping the southern resistance

The MOST popular form of indoor entertainment in the first half of the nineteenth century was

theater

The British defeat at New Orleans is best explained by

their attack upon a strong defensive position.

One striking aspect of the Lowell factories was

their employment of young single women

Many former Confederates resented the new state constitutions imposed by Radical Republicans because

their provisions allowed for black voting rights.

Slaves living in southern cities had a much different experience from those on farms because

they were able to interact with an extended interracial community.

President Jackson's removal policy toward Native Americans

was based on his belief that Native Americans were barbarians who were to be treated as "subjects."

Who or what were known as contrabands during the Civil War?

thousands of slaves who showed up in Union army camps and sought protection and freedom as the war expanded, thereby helping push the issue of emancipation

How, in part, did Hernán Cortés conquer the Aztec Empire?

through capitalizing on conflict between Native American peoples and Spanish advantages in military technology

The Articles of Confederation were fully ratified and became effective

to essentially legalize the way things had been operating since independence had been declared.

Which of the following did Aaron Burr and General James Wilkinson plan?

to foment revolt in the West and declare the Louisiana Territory as an independent republic

What did the Crittenden Compromise propose?

to guarantee continuance of slavery in the states where it then existed

Why did Cromwell initially create the Navigation Act of 1651?

to hurt the Dutch economy because Dutch ships carried English goods to and from America at much cheaper prices

Why did some Federalists attempt to elect Aaron Burr as governor of New York?

to link New York to New England politically, out of fear the Louisiana Territory would be dominated by Jeffersonian Republicans

Why was the National Trades' Union formed?

to organize local trade unions into a stronger national association

What was the purpose behind the Townshend duties?

to pay the royal governors' salaries and make them independent of colonial legislatures

What was a key reason why some reformers advocated for a public-school system?

to prepare the next generation to become good citizens

Why did congressional Republicans write the Wade-Davis Manifesto?

to protest Lincoln's veto of the Wade-Davis Bill and accuse Lincoln of exceeding his constitutional authority

What was the primary reason for pioneers' movement West?

to seek to improve their lot economically, such as by farming, mining, and hunting

In the seventeenth century, the cash crop that was the basis of the economy in Virginia and Maryland was

tobacco.

To uphold standards of quality and maintain decent wage levels, craftsman at first formed

trade associations.

European exploration of the Americas was greatly assisted by the

transformation in Europe away from feudal societies.

In a decision that would result in talk of his impeachment, Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act by

trying to remove one of his cabinet members without Senate permission.

In the case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court decided that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was

unconstitutional, because the Constitution only specified that the Court should have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign ambassadors or nations.

Slaves who lived in northern colonies

usually lived and worked in cities and towns.

Education in the colonies was

usually seen as the responsibility of family and church.

According to the Constitution, the president has the authority to

veto acts of Congress

President Johnson fully broke with Congress in 1866 when he

vetoed the Civil Rights Act.

The 1828 presidential campaign was dominated by

vicious personal attacks

Although Jackson remained a hero to most Americans following his travels to Spanish Florida, he

violated international law by establishing a provisional American government in Pensacola, the Spanish capital.

Which of the following came to be Grant's strategy as a commander?

waging a relentless war of attrition such as by confiscating or destroying civilian property

Under President Adams, a war between the United States and France

was an undeclared naval conflict.

As royal governor of the Dominion of New England, Sir Edmund Andros

was deposed as a result of the Glorious Revolution.

The original Spanish settlement of New Mexico

was led by Juan de Oñate who forced Native Americans to pay taxes to Spanish authorities.

By late in the war, food in the Confederacy

was outrageously expensive

The idea of federal support for internal improvements

was represented by the construction of the National Road.

William Henry Harrison

was respected for having defeated the Shawnees at Tippecanoe.

The German migration to the United States

was sometimes temporary, as a significant percentage of Germans returned to their native land.

In 1624, the Virginia Company declared bankruptcy and

was taken over by the crown and made a royal colony.

The British army under Cornwallis at Yorktown

was too small and weak to escape from a trap by combined French and American forces.

The American attack on the city of York

was used to justify the burning of Washington, D.C.

At the end of the war, New Orleans and all of the French lands west of the Mississippi

went to Spain

In regard to religion, white women in the American colonies

were more likely to be churchgoers than men.

The "black codes" enacted by southern legislatures

were part of an effort to restore white supremacy.

During the nineteenth century, major slave rebellions

were rare.

Which of the following foods did Europeans introduce to the "New" World?

wheat

The events in Colfax, Louisiana, on Easter Sunday in 1873 are evidence of the

willingness of ex-Confederates and Klansmen to murder blacks.

In late December 1776, George Washington was able to reverse American fortunes by

winning battles at Trenton and Princeton.

President Zachary Taylor wanted to admit California as a state immediately because he

wished to bypass the divisive issue of slavery in the territories.

After his reelection, Jackson moved to destroy the Bank of the United States by

withdrawing its federal deposits.

According to the textbook, the MOST controversial element of the Great Awakening was

women who rose to speak during religious services.

The Shawnee leader Tecumseh

worked to unite Indians in a vast confederacy

Which of the following did the public generally consider acceptable activities for women outside the home?

working in religious and social service realms

Frederick Douglass

wrote a famous account of his life as a slave.