CompTIA Network+ exam Chapter 4

When a collision occurs on an Ethernet LAN, the following things happen:

- A jam signal informs all devices that a collision occurred. - The collision invokes a random backoff algorithm. - Each device on the Ethernet segment stops transmitting for a short time until the timers expire. - All hosts have equal priority to transmit after the timers have expired.

Wavelength beams of 1550nm are used by the ____ Ethernet standard.

10GBASE-ER

Bit Rate

Bit rate is a measure of the number of data bits (0s and 1s) transmitted in one second in either a digital or analog signal. A figure of 56,000 bits per second (bps) means 56,000 0s or 1s can be transmitted in one second, which we simply refer to as bps.

Half-duplex Ethernet

Half-duplex Ethernet shares a collision domain and provides a lower effective throughput than full-duplex Ethernet, which typically has a private collision domain and a higher effective throughput. When you run half duplex, you're using only one wire pair with a digital signal either transmitting or receiving.

Drag the maximum cable lengths supported by their networking technologies from the right onto their matching locations on the left.

Technologies Maximum Cable Lengths 1000BaseSX 550 meters 100BaseFX 2000 meters 100BaseTX 100 meters 1000BaseCX 25 meters 1000BaseT 100 meters

If you are using a cable medium called 10Base2, what does this mean?

That you are really old and using thinnet coax for your LAN medium 10Base2 was one of the very first Ethernet network physical mediums and is a thinnet coax.

What is the maximum cable segment length supported by a 10BASET network?

100 meters

Full-duplex Ethernet can be used in many situations

- With a connection from a switch to a host - With a connection from a switch to a switch - With a connection from a host to a host using a crossover cable - You can run full duplex with just about any device except a hub - Full-duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires at the same time for transmiting and receiving at the same time - There are no collisions in full-duplex mode. - A dedicated switch port is required for each full-duplex host. - The host network card and the switch port must be capable of operating in full-duplex mode.

How many wire pairs are used with half duplex?

1 With half duplex, you are using only one wire pair at a time, with a digital signal either transmitting or receiving.

You are designing a network. The conditions require Ethernet implementation over fiber. You decide to choose 100BASE-TF cables. What will be the maximum transmission speed supported by the 100BASE-TF cable?

100 Mbps

You are designing a TCP/IP-based network for Net Perfect Inc. The company's offices are in different buildings within local premises. You decide to use 100BASETX cabling to interconnect the offices. What is the maximum length of cable that you can use per segment?

100 meters

What is the maximum cable length in a 1000BaseT network?

100 meters (328 feet)

What is the maximum distance of 1000BaseT?

100 meters (328 feet) 100BaseT and 1000BaseT both have a maximum distance of 100 meters, or 328 feet.

Which of the following is the maximum segment length of a 10BASET Ethernet network?

100 meters per segment

What is the maximum transmission speed supported by a 1000BASE-CX network?

1000 Mbps

Drag the Fast Ethernet standards to match them with the maximum distances at which they can transmit data.

100BASE-TX 100 meters per network segment 100BASE-FX 400 meters for half-duplex 1000BASE-LX 5 km 1000BASE-LH 10 km

Drag the Ethernet standards to match them with their descriptions.

100BASE-TX: Runs over two pairs of twisted wires, one in each direction 100BASE-T4: Requires four pairs of twisted wires: one for transmission, one for reception, and the remaining two will switch directions as negotiated 100BASE-FX: Uses two strands, one for reception and one for transmission, and is not compatible with 10BASE-FL 100BASE-BX: Uses a single strand of SMF 100BASE-SX: Uses two strands of MMF, one for reception and one for transmission, and is a lower cost alternative to using 100BASE-FX

Which of the following can run full duplex and achieve 200Mbps with Cat 5e cable?

100BaseTX

Identify the IEEE 802.3 standard by clicking it.

100BaseTX is also known as Fast Ethernet and uses an RJ-45 connector with a physical star topology and a logical bus. Standard Description 10Base2 ==> A 10Mbps baseband technology, using coax up to 185 meters in length. It is known as thinnet. 10Base5 ==> A 10Mbps baseband technology, using coax up to 500 meters in length. It is known as thicknet. 10BaseT ==> Uses Category 3 UTP wiring. 100BaseTX ==> Also known as Fast Ethernet and uses an RJ-45 connector with a physical star topology and a logical bus. 100 BaseFX ==> Uses 62.5/125-micron multimode fiber cabling.

How is the decimal value 10 represented in binary?

1010

Which of the following types of networks uses terminators?

10BASE2

Which of the following IEEE 802.3 standards support up to 30 workstations on a single segment?

10Base2 This is also known as thinnet and can support up to 30 workstations on a single segment. It uses 10Mbps of baseband technology, coax up to 185 meters in length, and a physical and logical bus with Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) connectors. The 10 means 10Mbps, and Base means baseband technology-a signaling method for communication on the network-and the 2 means almost 200 meters. 10Base2 Ethernet cards use BNC (British Naval Connector, Bayonet Neill-Concelman, or Bayonet Nut Connector) and T-connectors to connect to a network.

IEEE 802.3 standards

10Base2: This is also known as thinnet and can support up to 30 workstations on a single segment. It uses 10Mbps of baseband technology, coax up to 185 meters in length, and a physical and logical bus with Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) connectors. The 10 means 10Mbps, and Base means baseband technology-a signaling method for communication on the network-and the 2 means almost 200 meters. 10Base2 Ethernet cards use BNC (British Naval Connector, Bayonet Neill-Concelman, or Bayonet Nut Connector) and T-connectors to connect to a network. 10Base5: Also known as thicknet, 10Base5 uses a physical and logical bus with AUI connectors, 10Mbps baseband technology, and coax up to 500 meters in length. You can go up to 2,500 meters with repeaters and 1,024 users for all segments. 10BaseT: This is 10Mbps using Category 3 UTP wiring. Unlike on 10Base2 and 10Base5 networks, each device must connect into a hub or switch, and you can have only one host per segment or wire. It uses an RJ-45 connector (8-pin modular connector) with a physical star topology and a logical bus. 100BaseTX (IEEE 802.3u): 100BaseTX, most commonly known as Fast Ethernet, uses EIA/TIA Category 5 or 5e or 6 and UTP two-pair wiring. It allows for one user per segment up to 100 meters long (328 feet), and uses an RJ-45 connector with a physical star topology and a logical bus. 100BaseFX (IEEE 802.3u): Uses 62.5/125-micron multimode fiber cabling up to 412 meters long and point-to-point topology. It uses ST and SC connectors, which are mediainterface connectors. Note Ethernet's implementation over fiber can sometimes be referred to as 100BaseTF even though this isn't an actual standard. It just means that Ethernet technologies are being run over fiber cable. 1000BaseCX (IEEE 802.3z): Copper twisted-pair called twinax (a balanced coaxial pair) that can run only up to 25 meters and uses a special 9-pin connector known as the High- Speed Serial Data Connector (HSSDC). 1000BaseT (IEEE 802.3ab): Category 5, four-pair UTP wiring, and up to 100 meters long (328 feet). 1000BaseTX: Category 5, two-pair UTP wiring up to 100 meters long (328 feet). Not used, and has been replaced by Category 6 cabling. 1000BaseSX (IEEE 802.3z): The implementation of Gigabit Ethernet runs over multimode fiber-optic cable instead of copper twisted-pair cable and uses short wavelength laser. Multimode fiber (MMF), using 62.5- and 50-micron core, utilizes an 850 nanometer (nm) laser and can go up to 220 meters with 62.5-micron; 550 meters with 50-micron. 1000BaseLX (IEEE 802.3z): Single-mode fiber that uses a 9-micron core, 1,300 nm laser, and can go from 3 km up to 10 km. 10GBaseT: 10GBaseT is a standard created by the IEEE 802.3an committee to provide 10Gbps connections over conventional UTP cables (Category 5e, 6, or 7 cables). 10GBaseT allows the conventional RJ-45 used for Ethernet LANs. It can support signal transmission at the full 100-meter distance specified for LAN wiring. If you need to implement a 10Gbps link, this is the most economical way to go! 10GBaseSR: An implementation of 10 Gigabit Ethernet that uses short-wavelength lasers at 850 nm over multimode fiber. It has a maximum transmission distance of between 2 and 300 meters (990 feet), depending on the size and quality of the fiber. 10GBaseLR: An implementation of 10 Gigabit Ethernet that uses long-wavelength lasers at 1,310 nm over single-mode fiber. It also has a maximum transmission distance between 2 meters and 10 km, or 6 miles, depending on the size and quality of the fiber. 10GBaseER: An implementation of 10 Gigabit Ethernet running over single-mode fiber that uses extra-long-wavelength lasers at 1,550 nm. It has the longest transmission distances possible of all the 10 Gigabit technologies: anywhere from 2 meters up to 40 km, again depending on the size and quality of the fiber used. 10GBaseSW: 10GBaseSW, as defined by IEEE 802.3ae, is a mode of 10GBaseS for MMF with an 850 nm laser transceiver and a bandwidth of 10Gbps. It can support up to 300 meters of cable length. This media type is designed to connect to SONET equipment. 10GBase-LW: 10GBaseLW is a mode of 10GBaseL supporting a link length of 10 km on standard single-mode fiber (SMF) (G.652). This media type is also designed to connect to SONET equipment. 10GBaseEW: 10GBaseEW is a mode of 10GBaseE supporting a link length of up to 40 km on SMF based on G.652 using optical-wavelength 1,550 nm. This is another media type designed to connect to SONET equipment.

Which of the following Ethernet specifications can transmit data up to a distance of 500 meters?

10Base5 Also known as thicknet, 10Base5 uses a physical and logical bus with AUI connectors, 10Mbps baseband technology, and coax up to 500 meters in length. You can go up to 2,500 meters with repeaters and 1,024 users for all segments.

Which IEEE standard is used for Ethernet over Power Lines?

1901 In February 2011, the IEEE finally published a standard for Broadband over Power Line (BPL) called IEEE 1901; this is also referred to as Power Line Communication (PLC) or even Power Line Digital Subscriber Line (PDSL).

What is the decimal equivalent of this binary number: 11000000.10101000.00110000.11110000?

192.168.48.240

How many wire pairs are used with 100BaseT full duplex?

2 Full-duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires at the same time.

How many devices in a collision domain have to listen when a single host talks?

2 3 1 Answer: All When one device sends a packet out on a network segment, all other devices on the same physical network segment must wait and let it be transmitted.

What is the decimal value for the binary number 11101000?

232

What is the maximum distance of 10GBaseSR?

302 meters (990 feet)

How many bits is a MAC address?

48 A MAC, or hardware, address is a 48-bit (6-byte) address written in hexadecimal format.

How many bits are there in a MAC (Media Access Control) address?

48 bits MAC addresses are 6-byte (48-bits) in length, and are written in MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS format.

You work as a Network Administrator for Net World International. You are configuring a LAN (local area network) spanning various buildings in the company's premises. You decide to use a 1000BASE-SX network. What is the maximum length of the cable segment that can be used?

550 meters

What is the maximum distance of 10GBaseLR?

6 miles

High Speed Serial Data Connector used with 1000BASE-CX switch has ____ pins.

9

What is the decimal number 10 in hexadecimal?

A

MAC address

A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a numerical identifier that is unique for each network interface card (NIC). MAC addresses are 48-bit values expressed as twelve hexadecimal digits, usually divided into hyphen-separated pairs, for example, FF-00-F8-32-13-19. The MAC address consists of two parts. The first three pairs are collectively known as the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI). The remaining part is known as the device ID. The OUI is administered by IEEE. MAC addresses are also referred to as hardware addresses, Ethernet addresses, and universally administered addresses (UAAs).

Broadcast Domain

A broadcast domain refers to the set of all devices on a network segment that hear all the broadcasts sent on that segment. Even though a broadcast domain is typically a boundary delimited by physical media like switches and repeaters, it can also reference a logical division of a network segment where all hosts can reach each other via a Data Link layer (hardware address) broadcast.

What do you understand by baud rate?

A measure of signal changes per second

What does the Base mean in 100BaseTX?

Baseband The 100 means 100Mbps. The Base means baseband, which refers to baseband technology—a signaling method for communication on the network.

Baseband

Baseband is what all LANs use. This is where all the bandwidth of the physical media is used by only one signal. For example, Ethernet uses only one digital signal at a time, and requires all the available bandwidth. If multiple signals are sent from different hosts at the same time, we get collisions; same with wireless, except that uses only analog signaling.

Two ways to send analog and digital signals down a wire

Broadband and Baseband

What network access control method helps devices share the bandwidth evenly without having two devices transmit at the same time on the network medium?

CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) helps packets that are transmitted simultaneously from different hosts share bandwidth evenly.

Using 100BaseTX, which cable is used to connect a client workstation to a switch?

Category 5 straight cable

What is Crosstalk?

Crosstalk is the unwanted signal interference from adjacent pairs in the cable.

What are the effects of having a CSMA/CD network that has sustained heavy collisions?

Delay Congestion Low throughput

What is tunneling?

Encapsulating a frame within a different type of frame is called tunneling.

What is the purpose of the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) in an Ethernet frame?

Error detection

Drag the maximum transmission speed supported by the types of Ethernet network from the right onto their matching locations on the left.

Ethernet 10Mbps Fast Ethernet 100Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 1000Mbps 10 Gigabit Ethernet 10Gbps

Ethernet Addressing

Ethernet addressing uses the Media Access Control (MAC) address burned into each and every Ethernet NIC. The MAC, or hardware, address is a 48-bit (6-byte) address written in a hexadecimal format. The organizationally unique identifier (OUI) is assigned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to an organization. It's composed of 24 bits, or 3 bytes. The organization, in turn, assigns a globally administered address (24 bits, or 3 bytes) that is unique to each and every adapter it manufactures. The Individual/Group (I/G) address bit is used to signify if the destination MAC address is a unicast or a multicast/broadcast Layer 2 address. If the bit is set to 0, then it is an Individual MAC address and is a unicast address. If the bit is set to 1, it is a Group address and is a multicast/broadcast address. The next bit is the Local/Global bit (L/G). This bit is used to tell if the MAC address is the burned-in-address (BIA) or a MAC address that has been changed locally. You'll see this happen when we get to IPv6 addressing. The low-order 24 bits of an Ethernet address represent a locally administered or manufacturer-assigned code. This portion commonly starts with 24 0s for the first card made and continues in order until there are 24 1s for the last (16,777,216th) card made. You'll find that many manufacturers use these same six hex digits as the last six characters of their serial number on the same card.

Which of the following uses an RJ-45 8-pin male connector?

Ethernet cable

Summarizes the cable types

Ethernet name => 10Base5 Cable type => Coax Maximum speed => 10 Mbps Maximum transmission distance => 500 meters per segment Notes => Also called thicknet, this cable type uses vampire taps to connect devices to cable. Ethernet name => 10Base2 Cable type => Coax Maximum speed => 10 Mbps Maximum transmission distance => 185 meters per segment Notes => Also called thinnet, a very popular implementation of Ethernet over coax. Ethernet name => 10BaseT Cable type => UTP Maximum speed => 10Mbps Maximum transmission distance => 100 meters per segment Notes => One of the most popular network cabling schemes. Ethernet name => 100BaseTX Cable type => UTP, STP Maximum speed => 100Mbps Maximum transmission distance => 100 meters per segment Notes => Two pairs of Category 5 UTP. Ethernet name => 10BaseFL Cable type => Fiber Maximum speed => 10Mbps Maximum transmission distance => Varies (ranges from 500 meters to 2,000 meters) Notes => Ethernet over fiber optics to the desktop. Ethernet name => 100BaseFX MMF Cable type => 100Mbps Maximum transmission distance => 2,000 meters Notes => 100Mbps Ethernet over fiber optics. Ethernet name => 1000BaseT Cable type => UTP Maximum speed => 1000Mbps Maximum transmission distance => 100 meters Four pairs of Category 5e or higher. Ethernet name => 1000BaseTX Cable type => UTP Maximum speed => 1000Mbps Maximum transmission distance => 100 meters Notes => Two pairs of Category 5e or higher. Ethernet name => 1000BaseSX Cable type => MMF Maximum speed => 1000Mbps Maximum transmission distance => 550 meters Notes => Uses SC fiber connectors. Max length depends on fiber size. Ethernet name => 1000BaseCX Cable type => Balanced, shielded copper Maximum speed => 1000Mbps Maximum transmission distance => 25 meters Notes => Uses a special connector, the HSSDC. Ethernet name => 1000BaseLX Cable type => MMF and SMF Maximum speed => 1000Mbps Maximum transmission distance => 550 meters multimode/2,000 meters single mode Notes => Uses longer wavelength laser than 1000BaseSX. Uses SC and LC connectors. Ethernet name => 10GBaseT Cable type => UTP Maximum speed => 10Gbps Maximum transmission distance => 100 meters Notes => Connects to the network like a Fast Ethernet link using UTP. Ethernet name => 10GBaseSR Cable type => MMF Maximum speed => 10Gbps Maximum transmission distance => 300 meters Notes => 850 nm laser. Max length depends on fiber size and quality. Ethernet name => 10GBaseLR Cable type => SMF Maximum speed => 10Gbps Maximum transmission distance => 10 kilometers Notes => 1,310 nm laser. Max length depends on fiber size and quality. Ethernet name => 10GBaseER Cable type => SMF Maximum speed => 10Gbps Maximum transmission distance => 40 kilometers Notes => 1,550 nm laser. Max length depends on fiber size and quality. Ethernet name => 10GBaseSW Cable type => MMF Maximum speed => 10Gbps Maximum transmission distance => 300 meters Notes => 850 nm laser transceiver. Ethernet name => 10GBaseLW Cable type => SMF Maximum speed => 10Gbps Maximum transmission distance => 10 kilometers Notes => Typically used with SONET. Ethernet name => 10GBaseEW Cable type => SMF Maximum speed => 10Gbps Maximum transmission distance => 40 kilometers Notes => 1,550 nm optical wavelength.

CSMA/CD

Ethernet networking uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/ CD), a media access control method that helps devices share the bandwidth evenly without having two devices transmit at the same time on the network medium. CSMA/ CD was created to overcome the problem of those collisions that occur when packets are transmitted simultaneously from different hosts.

Identify the OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) in the given MAC address. FF-28-3E-AA-A1-26

FF-28-3E The first three pairs of a MAC address are collectively known as the Organizational Unique Identifier.

While designing a network, you choose 100BASE-TX over 100BASE-FX. Which of the following are likely reasons for your decision?

Flexibility of cables Ease of installation 100BaseFX is a Fast Ethernet standard implemented on fiber-optic cabling. It is more expensive and more difficult to install than 100BaseTX, which uses twisted-pair cabling. Both standards have a maximum speed of 100Mbps; however, 100BaseFX can be used over greater distance than 100BaseTX.

What device can you not use full-duplex communication with?

Hub Full-duplex communication cannot be used with a hub because a hub is a halfduplex single communication device. A host, switch, and router have the ability to process traffic (frames), whereas a hub is a multiport repeater.

In the network diagram below, identify the device that is most prone to packet collision by clicking it.

Hubs repeat all frames to all ports and do not create a separate collision domain for each interface. Hence, hubs are prone to packet collision. The routers, switches, and bridges create a separate collision domain for each interface. This makes them less prone to packet collision.

Which of the following is the IEEE standard for Fast Ethernet?

IEEE 802.3u

Baud Rate

In the 1970s and 1980s, we used the term baud rate a lot, but that was replaced by bps because it was more accurate. Baud was a term of measurement named after a French engineer, Jean-Maurice-Emile Baudot, because he used it to measure the speed of telegraph transmissions. One baud is one electronic state change per second-for example, from 0.2 volts to 3 volts or from binary 0 to 1. However, since a single state change can involve more than a single bit of data, the bps unit of measurement has replaced it as a more accurate definition of how much data you're transmitting or receiving.

Broadband

It allows us to have both our analog voice and digital data carried on the same network cable or physical medium. Broadband allows us to send multiple frequencies of different signals down the same wire at the same time (called frequency-division multiplexing), and to send both analog and digital signals.

On an Ethernet switched network, what address does one host computer use to communicate with another?

MAC address On an Ethernet network, the MAC address (hardware address) is used for one host to communicate with another.

Which of the following cables is used in a 1000BASE-SX network environment?

Multimode fiber

"It is a state of the network when network packets collide with one another. It occurs when two or more stations attempt to transmit a packet across the network at the same time." What is this phenomenon called?

Packet collision

Drag the fields of 802.3 and Ethernet frame types to match them with their descriptions.

Preamble ==> An alternating 1,0 pattern that provides a 5MHz clock at the start of each packet. Start frame delimiter (SFD)/synch ==> One octet, where the last pair of 1s allows the receiver to come into the alternating 1,0 pattern somewhere in the middle and still synch up and detect the beginning of the data. Destination Address ==> Used by receiving stations to determine whether an incoming packet is addressed to a particular host. Source Address ==> A 48-bit MAC address used to identify the transmitting device. Type ==> Used to identify the network layer protocol. Frame Check Sequence ==> At the end of the frame and is used to store the CRC. Data ==> A packet sent down to the Data Link layer from the Network layer.

Hexadecimal Conversion

So suppose you have something like this: 0x6A. (Some manufacturers put 0x in front of characters so you know that they're a hex value, while others just give you an h. It doesn't have any other special meaning.) What are the binary and decimal values? To correctly answer that question, all you have to remember is that each hex character is one nibble and two hex characters together make a byte. To figure out the binary value, first put the hex characters into two nibbles and then put them together into a byte. 6 = 0110 and A (which is 10 in hex) = 1010, so the complete byte is 01101010. To convert from binary to hex, just take the byte and break it into nibbles. Here's how you do that: Say you have the binary number 01010101. First, break it into nibbles-0101 and 0101-with the value of each nibble being 5 because the 1 and 4 bits are on. This makes the hex answer 0x55. And in decimal format, the binary number is 01010101, which converts to 64 + 16 + 4 + 1 = 85. Okay, now try another binary number: 11001100 Our answer is 1100 = 12 and 1100 = 12 (therefore, it's converted to CC in hex). The decimal conversion answer is 128 + 64 + 8 + 4 = 204.

Ethernet Frames

The Data Link layer is responsible for combining bits into bytes and bytes into frames. Frames are used at the Data Link layer to encapsulate packets handed down from the Network layer for transmission on a type of physical media access. The function of Ethernet stations is to pass data frames between each other using a group of bits known as a MAC frame format. This provides error detection from a cyclic redundancy check (CRC). But remember-this is error detection, not error correction.

Ethernet at the Physical Layer

The Electronic Industries Association and the newer Telecommunications Industry Alliance (EIA/TIA) together form the standards body that creates the Physical layer specifications for Ethernet. The EIA/TIA specifies that Ethernet use a registered jack (RJ) connector on unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cabling (RJ-45). However, the industry is calling this just an 8-pin modular connector. Each Ethernet cable type that is specified by the EIA/TIA has something known as inherent attenuation, which is defined as the loss of signal strength as it travels the length of a cable and is measured in decibels (dB). The cabling used in corporate and home markets is measured in categories. A higher-quality cable will have a higher-rated category and lower attenuation. For example, Category 5 is better than Category 3 because Category 5 cables have more wire twists per foot and therefore less crosstalk.

What happens when a collision occurs on an Ethernet LAN?

The collision invokes a random backoff algorithm. Each device stops transmitting for a short time.

Identify the OUI portion of the MAC address by clicking it. FF:12:22:2D:EF:A9

The first three pairs of a MAC address are collectively known as the Organizational Unique Identifier. FF:12:22

Identify the Device ID portion of the MAC address by clicking it.

The last three pairs of a MAC address are collectively known as the Device ID FF:12:22

You are designing a network for Perfect Wear Inc. You need to make a choice between 100BASE-FX and 100BASE-TX. What are the two prime differences between 100BASE-FX and 100BASE-TX?

The maximum segment length of 100Base-FX is larger than 100Base-TX. 100Base-FX is fiber-based whereas 100Base-TX is copper-based.

You work as a Network Administrator for McNeil Inc. The company has a TCP/IP-based network that uses a 10BaseT cable. Workstation A is unable to communicate with the server in the network. A part of the network is shown in the figure below: Required result: Enable Workstation A to communicate with the server. Optional result 1: Improve overall performance. Optional result 2: Reduce network downtime. Suggested solution: Replace cable c with a 7-meter cable. Which of the following results does the suggested solution produce?

The suggested solution produces the required result. The figure clearly shows that the cable connecting Workstation A and the hub is 103 meters long. The maximum cable length supported by a 10BaseT network is 100 meters. This is why Workstation A is unable to communicate with the server in the network. Replacing cable c with a 7-meter cable will make the total length of the cable from Workstation A to the hub to 100 meters. This will enable Workstation A to communicate with the server. As nothing has been done to improve performance or reduce downtime, none of the optional results is fulfilled.

Collision domain

The term collision domain is an Ethernet term that refers to a particular network scenario wherein one device sends a packet out on a network segment and thereby forces every other device on that same physical network segment to pay attention to it. This is bad because if two devices on one physical segment transmit at the same time, a collision event-a situation where each device's digital signals interfere with another on the wire-occurs and forces the devices to retransmit later. It is typically found in a hub environment where each host segment connects to a hub that represents only one collision domain and one broadcast domain. A collision domain is a set of network interface cards (NICs) in which frames sent by different NICs of the same set might result in a collision.

What is the effective total throughput increase with a full-duplex connection?

Twice as much Double up! You can get 20Mbps with a 10Mbps Ethernet running full duplex or 200Mbps for Fast Ethernet.