Computer Science - Chapter 1 Test Review
Each computer on the Internet has a unique ______________
IP address
in this IP address, every number is between 0 and 255 because each is composed of 2 bits
IPv4
in this IP address, each value represents 4 bits (hexadecimal); enables more possibilities of IP addresses to account for all computers on the Internet
IPv6
what is main memory synonymous for?
RAM (Random Access Memory)
What do the acronyms RAM and ROM stand for?
RAM - Random Access Memory (you can jump directly to any random point directly in the file) ROM - Read-Only Memory (e.g. music CDs, DVDs, etc.)
Within the CPU, __________ act as small storage areas.
Registers
provides long-term storage; e.g. hard disk, USB flash drive
Secondary Memory
uses embedded processor (its "brain") to perform read/write operations; uses less power but is more expensive; high reliability and quieter; also faster; NOT affected by magnetism
Solid State Drive (SDD)
software that manages Internet communication follows a suite of protocols called ___________________; these are standards so that things can interoperate/communicate
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol
what does an operating system (OS) do? give examples of OS
- controls all machine activities - provides the user interface to the computer - manages resources such as the CPU and memory - Windows 10, Mac OS, Linux
credited as the first programmer; wrote demonstrations for Analytical Engine
Ada Lovelace
Who proposed the Turing Test? When?
Alan Turing in 1950
credited as father of computers; proposed the computer machines called Difference Engine and Analytical Engine that possessed the core characteristics of today's computers
Charles Babbage
father of computers
Charles Babbage
dictates how messages are reassembled and handles lost information; when files are broken down into packets, they may take different paths/routers-- the purpose of this is to keep track of what is/is not received; this protocol makes absolute sure that every packet arrives directly
Transmission Control Protocol
True or False: In a point-to-point connection network, adding a new computer requires a new communication line for each computer already in the network
True
True or False: Input/Output devices facilitate user interaction
True
True or False: The Internet is a Wide-Area Network (WAN) that spans the planet
True
True or False: The higher the resolution, the greater the number of pixels
True
Imitation Game; method of testing an artificial intelligent / computer machine's ability to mimic/exhibit human behavior
Turing Test
connectionless protocol that is not characterized with overhaul; typically used for live streaming data; with this protocol you may risk not all of the packets being received
UDP (User Datagram Project)
Information on the web is found by using a ______________________________ which specifies a protocol (http), a domain, and possibly specific documents
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
this type of network connects two or more Local-Area Networks (LANs), often over long distances (e.g. the Internet)
Wide-Area Network (WAN)
chip that executes program commands from a computer's hardware and software; the "brain" of a computer
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
there are ______ permutations in N bits (where each permutation represents a unique item)
2^N; Therefore, N bits are needed to represent 2^N unique items.
How many bits does a memory cell typically store?
8 bits or 1 byte
what are the two main components of a computer?
CPU and main memory
what does the central processing unit do? (3 steps)
1) FETCHES instructions from the main memory (RAM) 2) DECODES and determines the instructions 3) EXECUTES: carries out the instructions
what are the two jobs of an operating system (OS)?
1) provides user interface 2) manages resources like CPU and memory
200 Mbps = ______ MBps
25 MBps
1 Kilobyte (KB) = ___ Bytes
2^10 = 1024 Bytes
1 Megabyte (MB) = ______ Bytes
2^20 Bytes
1 Gigabyte (GB) = _____ Bytes
2^30 Bytes
1 Terabyte (TB) = _____ Bytes
2^40 Bytes
1 Petabyte (PB) = ______ Bytes
2^50 Bytes
basic way to manage and store data; continuous, in direct proportion to the data represented
Analog (e.g. continuous clock, phone brightness, hose)
Order the CPU components
Arithemetic/Logic Unit --> Control Unit --> Registers
Within the CPU, all calculations and logic operations take place inside the ___________ .
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Who built the first modern-day computer?
Atanasoff and Berry of Iowa State University in the late 1930s
Within the CPU, the ________coordinates processing steps.
Control Unit
Compare and contrast a DVD and CD
DVDs and CDs are the same size but a DVD can store much more information bc of shorter pits/nonpits with tighter lines (packing more bits per square inch).
basic way to manage and store data; the information is broken down into pieces, and each piece is represented discretely
Digital (e.g. TV channels, treadmill, digital clocks, digital thermostat)
translates URL to IP Address
Domain Name System (DNS)
what was the purpose of the first completely electronic computer?
ENIAC I was built to do artillery fire calculations for the US
True or False: Point-to-point network connections are ideal for connecting a large amount of computers together
FALSE: this technique is NOT practical for more than a few close machines
True or False: a CD burner can be used to burn both CDs and DVDs
False: a DVD burner can be used to burn both a CD and DVD, but not conversely
True or False: a computer can run without an OS
False: a computer canNOT run without an OS, but is can technically be powered on
True or False: File sizes are measured in bits
False: bytes
A user-friendly, visual display on a computer's screen that allows you to interact with your computer more easily by clicking graphical elements; most operating systems and application programs have this
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
uses magnetized/non-magnetized locations on a rotating platter to represent binary numbers; read/write head floats above the spinning platter to read/write the data; cheap but uses lots of power; antiquated; affected by magnetism
Hard Drive Disk (HDD)
who built an electromechanical computer? what was it called?
Howard Aiken built the first electromechanical computer MARK I
Web documents are often designed using the _______________________
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) N.B. this is NOT a programming language
Moore's law was named after...
Intel co-founder Gordon Moore
determines the format of the information as it is transferred
Internet Protocol
this type of network covers a small distance and a small number of computers; it often connects the machines and computers in a single room
Local-Area Network (LAN)
branch of artificial intelligence that attempts to develop algorithms that use patterns to make predictions
Machine Learning (e.g. computer game players, ad recommendations, medical diagnosis, smart cars, etc.)
aka RAM (Random Access Memory); primary storage area for programs and data that are in ACTIVE use; short-term memory; usually volatile (when the computer is turner off/loss of power any data in the memory disappears)
Main Memory
the principle that the speed and capabilities of computers can be expected to double every two years as a result of increases in the number of transistors a microchip contains
Moore's Law
this software categories controls all machine activities, provides the user interface to the computer, manages resources such as the CPU and memory
Operating System (OS)
programs and data
software
what is a program?
a series of instructions for a computer
Main memory is divided into many memory locations (or cells). Each memory cell has a numeric __________, which uniquely identifies it.
address
What are the two basic ways to manage and store data?
analog and digital
generic term for any kind of software (besides OS)
application program
The ratio of monitor's width to its height is known as the:
aspect ratio
Once information has been digitized, it is represented and stored in memory using the ___________________________________.
binary number system
a single digit binary (0 or 1) is called a ____
bit
How is streaming measured? Units
bits per second (bps)
lowercase b = uppercase B =
bits; bytes
Most networks share a single communication line; this connection approach can be referred to as .....
bus network
Computers store all information ___________ (in binary numbers).
digitally
Both main memory (RAM) and disks are __________________ devices - information can be easily reached. This is different from a magnetic tape which is a __________________ device since its data is arranged in linear order - you must get by the other intervening data in order to access other information.
direct access; sequential access
taking something with higher resolution to lower resolution
downscaling
a network computer dedicated to storing programs and data that are shared among network users
file server
How is the speed of the CPU measured?
gigahertz N.B. faster processor speed means electric pulses generated from the system clock are arriving quicker
includes keyboards, monitors, disks, wires, chips, etc.
hardware
the physical tangible parts of a computer
hardware
how did Gordon Moore change Moore's Law?
in 1965 he said that the number of transistors on integrated circuits would double every 4 YEARS; in 1975 he revised his theory predicting a double every 2 years
the word Internet comes from the term ___________________
internetworking
what is RAM synonymous for?
main memory
How is the size of a monitor measured?
measured diagonally, like a TV screen
the CPU is located on a chip called a __________
microprocessor
CDs is a read-only memory (ROM) device that uses __________________________ to represent binary numbers.
microscopic pits
converts analog to digital and vice versa; this plays a large role in accessing web pages bc one has to access a server elsewhere in the world
modem
two or more computers that are connected so that data and resources (such as printers) can be shared
network
Each computer has its own _______________, which uniquely identifies it among the others
network address
To avoid having to take turns and delays associated with network traffic, often information is broken down in parts, called ______________, which are sent to receiving machines and reassembled
packets
type of connection where each computer in a network is directly connected to every other computer in the network
point-to-point connections
set of rules that determines how things communicate with each other
protocol
A monitor has a certain maximum _______________, indicating the number of picture elements, called ____________, that it can display
resolutions; pixels
A magnetic tape is a ___________________device since its data is arranged in linear order - you must get by the other intervening data in order to access other information
sequential access
how did the Internet start? what was it originally called?
started as a US government project sponsored by the Advanced Research Project Agencies (ARPA) and was originally called ARPANET
Each memory device has a ________________________, indicating the number of bytes it can hold.
storage capacity
this controls the speed of the CPU by generating electrical pulses at regular intervals that gives CPU instructions; measured in gigahertz
system clock
who built the first completely electronic computer? what was it called?
the first completely electronic computer ENIAC I was built by Mauchley and Eckert of UPenn
True or False: A computer requires both hardware and software
true
True or False: More RAM allows for more tabs/apps to be used simultaneously
true
True or False: the word "Web" comes from the fact that information is not organized in a linear fashion
true
taking something with lower resolution to higher resolution
upscaling
Main memory is _________, meaning stored information is lost if the electric power is removed. Secondary devices are conversely __________.
volatile; nonvolatile
