Computer Science - Chapter 1 Test Review

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

Each computer on the Internet has a unique ______________

IP address

in this IP address, every number is between 0 and 255 because each is composed of 2 bits

IPv4

in this IP address, each value represents 4 bits (hexadecimal); enables more possibilities of IP addresses to account for all computers on the Internet

IPv6

what is main memory synonymous for?

RAM (Random Access Memory)

What do the acronyms RAM and ROM stand for?

RAM - Random Access Memory (you can jump directly to any random point directly in the file) ROM - Read-Only Memory (e.g. music CDs, DVDs, etc.)

Within the CPU, __________ act as small storage areas.

Registers

provides long-term storage; e.g. hard disk, USB flash drive

Secondary Memory

uses embedded processor (its "brain") to perform read/write operations; uses less power but is more expensive; high reliability and quieter; also faster; NOT affected by magnetism

Solid State Drive (SDD)

software that manages Internet communication follows a suite of protocols called ___________________; these are standards so that things can interoperate/communicate

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol

what does an operating system (OS) do? give examples of OS

- controls all machine activities - provides the user interface to the computer - manages resources such as the CPU and memory - Windows 10, Mac OS, Linux

credited as the first programmer; wrote demonstrations for Analytical Engine

Ada Lovelace

Who proposed the Turing Test? When?

Alan Turing in 1950

credited as father of computers; proposed the computer machines called Difference Engine and Analytical Engine that possessed the core characteristics of today's computers

Charles Babbage

father of computers

Charles Babbage

dictates how messages are reassembled and handles lost information; when files are broken down into packets, they may take different paths/routers-- the purpose of this is to keep track of what is/is not received; this protocol makes absolute sure that every packet arrives directly

Transmission Control Protocol

True or False: In a point-to-point connection network, adding a new computer requires a new communication line for each computer already in the network

True

True or False: Input/Output devices facilitate user interaction

True

True or False: The Internet is a Wide-Area Network (WAN) that spans the planet

True

True or False: The higher the resolution, the greater the number of pixels

True

Imitation Game; method of testing an artificial intelligent / computer machine's ability to mimic/exhibit human behavior

Turing Test

connectionless protocol that is not characterized with overhaul; typically used for live streaming data; with this protocol you may risk not all of the packets being received

UDP (User Datagram Project)

Information on the web is found by using a ______________________________ which specifies a protocol (http), a domain, and possibly specific documents

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

this type of network connects two or more Local-Area Networks (LANs), often over long distances (e.g. the Internet)

Wide-Area Network (WAN)

chip that executes program commands from a computer's hardware and software; the "brain" of a computer

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

there are ______ permutations in N bits (where each permutation represents a unique item)

2^N; Therefore, N bits are needed to represent 2^N unique items.

How many bits does a memory cell typically store?

8 bits or 1 byte

what are the two main components of a computer?

CPU and main memory

what does the central processing unit do? (3 steps)

1) FETCHES instructions from the main memory (RAM) 2) DECODES and determines the instructions 3) EXECUTES: carries out the instructions

what are the two jobs of an operating system (OS)?

1) provides user interface 2) manages resources like CPU and memory

200 Mbps = ______ MBps

25 MBps

1 Kilobyte (KB) = ___ Bytes

2^10 = 1024 Bytes

1 Megabyte (MB) = ______ Bytes

2^20 Bytes

1 Gigabyte (GB) = _____ Bytes

2^30 Bytes

1 Terabyte (TB) = _____ Bytes

2^40 Bytes

1 Petabyte (PB) = ______ Bytes

2^50 Bytes

basic way to manage and store data; continuous, in direct proportion to the data represented

Analog (e.g. continuous clock, phone brightness, hose)

Order the CPU components

Arithemetic/Logic Unit --> Control Unit --> Registers

Within the CPU, all calculations and logic operations take place inside the ___________ .

Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Who built the first modern-day computer?

Atanasoff and Berry of Iowa State University in the late 1930s

Within the CPU, the ________coordinates processing steps.

Control Unit

Compare and contrast a DVD and CD

DVDs and CDs are the same size but a DVD can store much more information bc of shorter pits/nonpits with tighter lines (packing more bits per square inch).

basic way to manage and store data; the information is broken down into pieces, and each piece is represented discretely

Digital (e.g. TV channels, treadmill, digital clocks, digital thermostat)

translates URL to IP Address

Domain Name System (DNS)

what was the purpose of the first completely electronic computer?

ENIAC I was built to do artillery fire calculations for the US

True or False: Point-to-point network connections are ideal for connecting a large amount of computers together

FALSE: this technique is NOT practical for more than a few close machines

True or False: a CD burner can be used to burn both CDs and DVDs

False: a DVD burner can be used to burn both a CD and DVD, but not conversely

True or False: a computer can run without an OS

False: a computer canNOT run without an OS, but is can technically be powered on

True or False: File sizes are measured in bits

False: bytes

A user-friendly, visual display on a computer's screen that allows you to interact with your computer more easily by clicking graphical elements; most operating systems and application programs have this

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

uses magnetized/non-magnetized locations on a rotating platter to represent binary numbers; read/write head floats above the spinning platter to read/write the data; cheap but uses lots of power; antiquated; affected by magnetism

Hard Drive Disk (HDD)

who built an electromechanical computer? what was it called?

Howard Aiken built the first electromechanical computer MARK I

Web documents are often designed using the _______________________

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) N.B. this is NOT a programming language

Moore's law was named after...

Intel co-founder Gordon Moore

determines the format of the information as it is transferred

Internet Protocol

this type of network covers a small distance and a small number of computers; it often connects the machines and computers in a single room

Local-Area Network (LAN)

branch of artificial intelligence that attempts to develop algorithms that use patterns to make predictions

Machine Learning (e.g. computer game players, ad recommendations, medical diagnosis, smart cars, etc.)

aka RAM (Random Access Memory); primary storage area for programs and data that are in ACTIVE use; short-term memory; usually volatile (when the computer is turner off/loss of power any data in the memory disappears)

Main Memory

the principle that the speed and capabilities of computers can be expected to double every two years as a result of increases in the number of transistors a microchip contains

Moore's Law

this software categories controls all machine activities, provides the user interface to the computer, manages resources such as the CPU and memory

Operating System (OS)

programs and data

software

what is a program?

a series of instructions for a computer

Main memory is divided into many memory locations (or cells). Each memory cell has a numeric __________, which uniquely identifies it.

address

What are the two basic ways to manage and store data?

analog and digital

generic term for any kind of software (besides OS)

application program

The ratio of monitor's width to its height is known as the:

aspect ratio

Once information has been digitized, it is represented and stored in memory using the ___________________________________.

binary number system

a single digit binary (0 or 1) is called a ____

bit

How is streaming measured? Units

bits per second (bps)

lowercase b = uppercase B =

bits; bytes

Most networks share a single communication line; this connection approach can be referred to as .....

bus network

Computers store all information ___________ (in binary numbers).

digitally

Both main memory (RAM) and disks are __________________ devices - information can be easily reached. This is different from a magnetic tape which is a __________________ device since its data is arranged in linear order - you must get by the other intervening data in order to access other information.

direct access; sequential access

taking something with higher resolution to lower resolution

downscaling

a network computer dedicated to storing programs and data that are shared among network users

file server

How is the speed of the CPU measured?

gigahertz N.B. faster processor speed means electric pulses generated from the system clock are arriving quicker

includes keyboards, monitors, disks, wires, chips, etc.

hardware

the physical tangible parts of a computer

hardware

how did Gordon Moore change Moore's Law?

in 1965 he said that the number of transistors on integrated circuits would double every 4 YEARS; in 1975 he revised his theory predicting a double every 2 years

the word Internet comes from the term ___________________

internetworking

what is RAM synonymous for?

main memory

How is the size of a monitor measured?

measured diagonally, like a TV screen

the CPU is located on a chip called a __________

microprocessor

CDs is a read-only memory (ROM) device that uses __________________________ to represent binary numbers.

microscopic pits

converts analog to digital and vice versa; this plays a large role in accessing web pages bc one has to access a server elsewhere in the world

modem

two or more computers that are connected so that data and resources (such as printers) can be shared

network

Each computer has its own _______________, which uniquely identifies it among the others

network address

To avoid having to take turns and delays associated with network traffic, often information is broken down in parts, called ______________, which are sent to receiving machines and reassembled

packets

type of connection where each computer in a network is directly connected to every other computer in the network

point-to-point connections

set of rules that determines how things communicate with each other

protocol

A monitor has a certain maximum _______________, indicating the number of picture elements, called ____________, that it can display

resolutions; pixels

A magnetic tape is a ___________________device since its data is arranged in linear order - you must get by the other intervening data in order to access other information

sequential access

how did the Internet start? what was it originally called?

started as a US government project sponsored by the Advanced Research Project Agencies (ARPA) and was originally called ARPANET

Each memory device has a ________________________, indicating the number of bytes it can hold.

storage capacity

this controls the speed of the CPU by generating electrical pulses at regular intervals that gives CPU instructions; measured in gigahertz

system clock

who built the first completely electronic computer? what was it called?

the first completely electronic computer ENIAC I was built by Mauchley and Eckert of UPenn

True or False: A computer requires both hardware and software

true

True or False: More RAM allows for more tabs/apps to be used simultaneously

true

True or False: the word "Web" comes from the fact that information is not organized in a linear fashion

true

taking something with lower resolution to higher resolution

upscaling

Main memory is _________, meaning stored information is lost if the electric power is removed. Secondary devices are conversely __________.

volatile; nonvolatile


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