Consciousness and Drugs

When a task requires a great deal of concentration, absorption in a visual task can produce _____, and absorption in an auditory task can produce _____.

inattentional deafness; inattentional blindness

A meditation training study in which participants learned to meditate in an eight-week course found that the new meditators showed gray-matter density

increases in several cortical areas.

During the 1920s, German psychiatrist Hans Berger advanced the scientific study of sleep when he:

invented the electroencephalograph.

Rona has a sleep disorder that involves sleepwalking to the kitchen and compulsively eating, with no memory of the behavior in the morning. Rona has a

parasomnia called sleep-related eating disorder.

A couple of times during the night, you awaken slightly. Each time you awaken, you're aware of vague mental images that reflect a conversation you and your boss had about resolving a problem at work. These bland, thoughtlike ruminations about real events are best described as:

sleep thinking.

During stage 4 NREM:

the sleeper's heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate drop to their lowest levels.

Sleep paralysis:

usually lasts for a few minutes

Caffeine produces its mentally stimulating effects, in part, by blocking _____ receptors in the brain.

Adenosine

Dan drinks three or four large cups of coffee a day and finds that the caffeine increases his mental alertness, vigilance, and wakefulness, and generally speeds up his thought processes. It produces its mentally stimulating effects by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain. Which of the following statements about adenosine is FALSE?

Adenosine levels gradually increase the longer a person is awake, and when they reach a certain level the person feels maximum mental alertness and arousal.

As you are lying in bed, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. During this short, transitional stage of sleep, you disengage from the routine sounds in your environment. This sleep stage is called:

Stage 1 NREM

When REM-on neurons are active and acetylcholine levels are high, the characteristic signs of REM sleep emerge.

True

Which of the following psychologists is associated with the neurocognitive model of dreaming?

William Domhoff

The famous American psychologist _____ described consciousness as being like a river or a stream.

William James

On average, a newborn infant sleeps about 16 hours per day. How much of this sleep time is spent in REM sleep?

about 50 percent of the sleep time

The attempt to use hypnosis to recall or reexperience an earlier developmental period is called:

age regression.

Brain-imaging studies of hypnotized people show that the hallucinations experienced under hypnosis are reflected in actual brain activity.

and while under hypnosis, people temporarily lose their sense of initiative and voluntarily follow the hypnotist's instructions, yet they cannot be forced to do something against their will.

In the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, what is activated?

brainstem circuits at the base of the brain that arouse more sophisticated brain areas, such as visual and auditory centers

In a now classic experiment, Simons and Levin (1998) had a research assistant ask a pedestrian for directions. During their conversation, two people carrying a door rudely walked between the assistant and the pedestrian. However, this was part of the experiment. While the door passed in front of the research assistant, another person took his place and continued the interaction after the door passed. Half of the pedestrians didn't even notice that it was not the same person asking for directions after the door had passed by. This phenomenon is known as:

change blindness.

What drug category includes a variety of designer drugs that are popular at all-night dance parties?

club drugs

As you are taking this test right now, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and different aspects of the surrounding environment. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as:

consciousness.

Sleep disorders involve:

consistently occurring abnormal sleep patterns that cause subjective distress and interfere with a person's daytime functioning.

Michael needs to cram for a series of comprehensive exams, so he asks a friend for several "white cross" tablets, a type of amphetamine, to help him stay awake so he can study without sleeping for three days. Michael will be able to stay awake, but he will most likely risk:

crashing and experiencing withdrawal symptoms of extreme fatigue and depression when he stops taking the pills.

The effects of PCP include

dissociation, depersonalization, and feelings of invulnerability.

Although it is an interesting phenomenon, the use of hypnosis does

does have practical or medical value.

Dreams that are most likely to be remembered are:

early morning dreams, which can last 40 minutes or longer.

The term hypermnesia refers to the:

enhancement of memory through hypnosis.

After as little as one night's sleep deprivation, research subjects develop what are called microsleeps:

episodes of sleep lasting only a few seconds that occur during wakefulness.

The emotional effects of MDMA (ecstasy) seem to be due to the fact that it:

floods the brain with serotonin.

Fred volunteered for a study in which he was deprived of all environmental time cues for a two-week period. It is very probable that:

his circadian rhythms and internal clock will drift to their natural, or intrinsic, rhythm of about 24.2 hours.

In obstructive sleep apnea the sleeper's airway becomes narrowed or blocked. This causes very shallow breathing or repeated pauses in breathing.

Sleep apnea episodes can occur 300 or more times over the course of a night.

Somnambulism is also called:

Sleepwalking

Which of the following sleep disorders is NOT a dyssomnia?

Sleepwalking

Sleepwalking typically takes place during _____ sleep.

Stage 4 NREM

Active sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____.

REM sleep; NREM sleep

On the average, each complete cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about:

90 minutes.

In a normal sleeper, a complete cycle of REM and NREM sleep is how long

90 minutes long.

During a normal night's sleep, a person typically experiences about _____ of NREM and REM sleep.

5 cycles

Which of the following is NOT classified as a stimulant?

Alcohol is NOT a stimulant

Angela has trouble falling asleep at night, hates getting up in the morning, and takes a long time to feel alert once she does get up.

All these strategies could help Angela

Attention is defined as your immediate awareness of thoughts, sensations, memories, and the world around you.

False

Which of the following statements about nicotine is FALSE?

Because the nicotine in cigarette smoke and other tobacco products produces relaxation, nicotine is technically classified as a depressant.

Which of the following drugs is NOT an example of a barbiturate?

OxyContin (Nembutol, Seconal and Quaaludes ARE)

The primary cause of REM sleep behavior disorder is excessive levels of melatonin.

FALSE

A parasomnia that involves abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during NREM stage 3 and 4 slow-wave sleep is called REM sleep behavior disorder.

False

Ecstasy is referred to as a "designer drug," which means that it was first popular among people in the fashion and cosmetic industry.

False

Kenyon was picked up by police after he became extremely violent and aggressive at a street party. After he attacked two of the police officers, they put handcuffs on him, but he seemed invulnerable to pain. Even after he was put in the back of the squad car, he was completely disoriented and seemed to have no idea where he was. Kenyon was probably under the influence of which of the following drugs?

PCP (phencyclidine)

Which of the following sleep problems is NOT more common in children than in adults?

REM sleep behavior disorder

During REM sleep, a dreamer tends to uncritically accept the seemingly illogical and occasionally bizarre details of his or her dreams. In terms of brain functioning, what seems to account for this?

REM sleep involves decreased activity in the frontal lobes, which are involved in rational thinking.

After your university gets a new PET scanner, you decide you want to do a PET scan study to confirm earlier research about how brain activity during REM sleep differs from brain activity during wakefulness. The results of your study reconfirm the earlier research and show that:

REM sleep involves less activity in the frontal lobes and primary visual cortex than wakefulness.

Dreaming usually takes place during _____ sleep and is typically accompanied by _____.

REM; physiological arousal and rapid movement of the eyes

Are Sex and sexual behaviors are the most common themes in dreams.

Sex and sexual behaviors are NOT the most common themes in dreams

Troubled by various psychological symptoms, Tanisha decides to ask her therapist to hypnotize her and take her back to her earliest memories to see if she experienced some kind of traumatic event that might explain her current problems. If Tanisha's therapist agrees to do so, what is likely to happen?

She is likely to produce pseudomemories rather than accurate memories.

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box "The Addicted Brain," what is the biological basis for drug tolerance?

The brain's dopamine system adapts to the high levels of dopamine produced by use of the addictive drug.

In an interesting approach to studying meditation, psychologists and neuroscientists have been conducting ongoing studies with:

Tibetan Buddhist monks.

It is believed that nightmares:

are not indicative of psychological or sleep disorders unless they occur frequently, cause difficulties returning to sleep, or cause daytime distress.

As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is generating _____ brain waves.

beta

Insomnia is characterized by

complaints about the quality or duration of sleep, difficulty going to sleep or staying asleep, or waking before it is time to get up.

The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph is called a(n):

electroencephalogram or EEG The electroencephalograph is the instrument that produces a graphic record of brain activity called an EEG, or electroencephalogram.

Observing a female research participant who is in REM sleep, a sleep researcher can conclude that all of the following are true of the participant EXCEPT:

her heart rate and blood pressure reach their lowest levels.

John is blind and is therefore unable to detect the light that normally sets the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). If he is like most blind people:

his sleep-wake, body temperature, and melatonin circadian rhythms may become desynchronized.

Bill was riding his bike down the highway when a pickup truck sideswiped him, knocked him off his bicycle, and sped off without stopping. Bill was badly injured. He can't remember the truck's license plate number, although he knows he saw it when the truck sped off after hitting him. A police detective suggests that Bill try to recall the license plate number under hypnosis. If Bill were able to recall the truck's license plate number under hypnosis, this would be an example of a hypnotic phenomenon called:

hypermnesia.

Jack is experiencing feelings of detachment from his body, profound relaxation, and sensations of timelessness. It is most likely that Jack is:

hypnotized

Neurotransmitters produced exclusively by neurons in the hypothalamus during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness are called:

hypocretins (orexins)

In psychoanalytic theory, the disguised, symbolic meaning of dreams is called the:

latent content.

LSD and psilocybin:

mimic the neurotransmitter serotonin.

Tim suffers from overwhelming bouts of excessive daytime sleepiness and brief uncontrollable episodes of sleep, called microsleeps or sleep attacks. Tim has:

narcolepsy.

Color-coded MRI scans of chronic methamphetamine users showed that they experienced a sharp decrease in the number

of dopamine receptors and a sharp increase in the number of serotonin receptors.

Sleep disorders involving undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions are called:

parasomnias

Hypnosis can be a useful investigative tool. Even in the hands of a trained hypnotist

people cannot return to the scene of a crime and visually zoom in on details that they did not notice at the time. But while under hypnosis, people temporarily lose their sense of initiative and voluntarily follow the hypnotist's instructions, yet they cannot be forced to do something against their will.

REM is an acronym that stands for:

rapid eye movements

Sleepsex is also called:

sexsomnia.

Parasomnias are:

sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions and include sleep terrors, sleepsex, sleepwalking, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM-sleep behavior disorder.

A couple of times during the night, you awaken slightly. Each time you awaken, you're aware of vague mental images that reflect a conversation you and your boss had about resolving a problem at work. These bland, thoughtlike ruminations about real events are best described as

sleep mentation.

A parasomnia that involves abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during NREM stage 3 and 4 slow-wave sleep, such as masturbation, sleepsex talking, groping or fondling a bed partner's genitals, or sexual intercourse, is called:

sleepsex.

According to the imaginative suggestibility explanation of hypnosis:

some people are highly responsive to suggestions whether they are formally hypnotized or not.

Carlotta is a research assistant in the college sleep lab. As she monitors the EEG recording of a sleeping research participant in the lab, she notes the presence of theta brain waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes. Carlotta concludes that the subject is experiencing:

stage 2 NREM.

Sleep terrors typically occur during which stage and last how long

stage 3 or 4 NREM sleep and last only a few seconds

As you are being monitored by sleep researchers, almost all of your brain activity comprises delta brain waves. This is a clear sign that you are in:

stage 4 NREM

Lazaro goes to bed at 10 P.M. and quickly falls asleep. He sleeps soundly until 6 A.M. the next morning. During the first four hours of sleep, Lazaro will most likely experience:

stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep

Dr. Castro is at a faculty party, attentively listening to Dr. Chavez talk about her latest research on selective attention, when he suddenly becomes aware of someone else mentioning his name on the other side of the room. This phenomenon is known as:

the cocktail party effect.

A meditation training study in which participants learned to meditate over the course of eight weeks found that:

the new meditators showed gray-matter density increases in several cortical areas.

Freud believed that dream images of sticks, swords, and other elongated objects were representations of _____, and that dream images of cupboards, boxes, and ovens symbolized _____.

the penis; the vagina

The neodissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that the hypnotized person experiences:

the splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.

Neuroscientists conducting research on what happens in the brain during REM and NREM sleep are likely to find that levels of certain neurotransmitters surge while levels of other neurotransmitters recede. According to Focus on Neuroscience: The Dreaming Brain, which of the following happens during REM sleep?

these happen during REM sleep.

People cannot eventually adapt to sleeping for as little as four or five hours per night ...

with little or no cognitive impairment.