Construction Engineering and Management Exam 2

Stipulated Sum/ Lump-Sum/ Fixed-Price Contract

Almost all risk falls on the contractor, used when clear/ complete plans and specs are available, when it's easy to precisely determine quantities, primarily used in building construction.

AASHTO

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

Advantages of competitive bidding?

Assures lowest 'bid' price (doesn't assure lowest 'final' price), All bidders are treated equally with no favorites

Time Extension Causes

Claims are typically due to one of two reasons, changes or errors in the design caused by the owner/their agents, or weather.

CCY

Compacted Cubic Yards [sqooshed, gets smaller]

CII

Construction Industry Institute

Items to be considered for equipment operating costs.

Consumables, Tires, High wear items (cutting edges, bucket teeth), Repair, Maintenance

Compaction Methods

1: Impact [HIT IT HARD] 2: Static Weight [put big thing on top and sit] 3: Vibration [BRRRRRR] 4: Kneading [I'm gonna manipulate your grains]

Portable Compactors

1: Rammers [BRRRRRRRR hammer] 2: Vibrating Plate [BRRRRRRR lawnmower thing]

Types of Drum (for Compaction stuff)

1: Smooth [no bumpy] 2: Sheep's foot [very bump, kind of stabby, have knob on end... like sheep's foot] 3: Pad Foot [They stole my break pads and glued them to a cylinder] 4: Tamping Foot [kind of like pad foot but more stabby and has holes that looks liek they'd leave shoe prints] 5: Pneumatic (Rubber-Tired) [Wheels that go BRRRRRR]

Change Order

A change in the work that contractors can't refuse if it is within the original project scope.

Cardinal Change

A change order that falls outside the original scope of a project such as an additional building wing.

Cost + Sliding Fee

A contractor receives his/her direct costs plus a fixed fee. A target price is established. There is then a sliding fee that allows not only a bonus for a cost underrun, but also penalizes the contractor for overrunning the target value.

Changed Condition (Differing Site Conditions)

A latent, usually subsurface, condition that reasonably could not be anticipated based on information provided to the constructor as well as from site visits during the bidding phase.

Contract

A promise that is enforceable at law.

Notice to Proceed (NTP)

A written notification of receipt of contract saying that the contractor can proceed with the work and serves as the 'acceptance' of the contractors proposal/offer thus establishing the 'beginning' of the project.

Mobile Cranes

a: Wheeled, it has wheels b: Tracked, it has tracks

Skid-Steer Loader

can also have tread instead of wheels

A + B Bidding

Cost-plus time bidding procedure that selects the low bidder based on a monetary combination of the contract bid items (A) and the time (B) needed to complete the project.

Clamshell Bucket

mmm grabby

Liquidated Damages

Failure to complete the project on time can cause financial damages to the owner. These PRECLUDE recovery of actual damages, you get one or the other. Courts will only enforce liquidated damages if they are reasonable and otherwise difficult to determine precisely.

Design-Bid-Build Contracts

Fast-Track: if it can start early (like procurement of materials as the design is engineered) it will be started early. Phased: design for each work package/phase is completed just prior to its construction.

FHWA

Federal Highway Administration

Track Loaders

It's a wheel loader with track/treads instead of wheels

LCY

Loose Cubic Yards [been dug, in truck, expands]

Negotiated Contracts

Most commonly used in the private sector, usually contractor is reimbursed for tis costs plus an additional amount for its fee ("Cost-Plus contract)

Disadvantages of competitive bidding?

Must complete plans and specifications before beginning the bid process.

Cost-Plus Contract

Often used when the plans and specifications are not available when the contract is signed because contractors won't bid a fixed price if they don't know all that is involved in the final project.

Design-Build Contracts

One large firm provides both design and construction services. -Provides owner with a single source for project delivery -Should lead to fewer disputes between the design team and the construction force -Allows design and construction to be done concurrently, allowing time savings from fast-track or phased construction -DB contracts have become common practice in industrial construction -In industrial construction, this is also called EPC "Engineering, Procurement, Construction"

Production

Product of (Units/Cycle) and (Cycles/time period)

Competitively Bid Contracts

Required by law on most public sector and awarded to lowest responsive and responsible bidder.

Tower Crane

Shown is "cat head/A Frame" but there's also flat "Flat top/Topless" that looks the same but minus the triangle

Construction Management at-Risk Contract

The CM assumes the same risk that a construction contractor in the DBB format would assume for the successful completion of the project. -Owner still signs design and other pre-construction contracts -CM at risk signs all contracts related to the construction phase of the work.

Cost + Fixed Fee

The contractor receives his/her direct costs plus a fixed fee determined in advance from the scope of work and estimated costs -no incentive to increase costs -some incentive to finish quickly -no great incentive for the contractor to economize -requires more scope definition than Cost + %

Cost + Fixed Fee + Profit Sharing (Possibly with a guaranteed max price {GMP})

The contractor receives his/her direct costs plus a fixed fee determined in advance from the scope of work and the estimated cost. A target prices for the total contract is established. Any savings are shared and GMP means the contractor will absorb any overrun of the guaranteed max price.

Cost + Percent of cost

The contractor receives his/her direct costs plus a percentage of those costs for overhead and profit (problem with incentive for contractor to increase their costs to increase their fee)

What does the cost-influence curve show?

The earlier an improvement is made, the greater its potential for cost savings.

Constructability Analysis

The effective and timely integrations of construction knowledge into the conceptual planning, design, construction, and field operations of a project to achieve the overall project objectives in the best possible time and accuracy at the most cost-effective levels.

Value Engineering

The name for constructability analysis in the public sector (VE)

Backhoe Loaders

The swiss army knife of equipment, lots of attachments

Time Extensions

There provisions for requesting and granting time extensions in the general conditions.

Motor Graders

This thing, it can tilt, alot

Incentive-Type Contracts

Various types of bonus and penalty provisions can be applied to provide an incentive for the contractor to achieve the owner's objectives.

What determines the amount of material carried?

Volume Capacity: [Struck-> leveled like measuring cup] [Heaped -> little mountain] Weight Capacity: [Recommended operating weight]

Hydraulic Hoe

Best when excavating below track level [like trenches]

Hydraulic Shovel

Best when working above track level

Unbalanced Bid

Bidding some items at inflated prices and compensating by bidding other items at below-cost prices. That is, taking money out of pay item and putting it into another pay item. Most common reason for this is early money payout for the contractor (bad for owner)

What are the "Fatal Four"?

'Falls', 'Struck by', 'Caught in/between', 'Electrocution'

Payment for material hauled is based on...

"Bank" (BCY) volume [Volume that has not been disturbed]

Scrapers

1. Pusher-loaded conventional scrapers a. Single Engine [Engine->attachment] b. Twin Engine [Engine->attachment->engine] 2. Loading without a Pusher a. Push-pull with twin engine scrapers [Engine->attachment {pushing/pulling} -> engine -> attachment] b. Elevating scrapers [standard scraper that kind of has a built in holding place that a shovel conveyer belt thing carries dirt to]

BCY

Bank Cubic Yards [just sitting there, not disturbed]

Unit-Price Contracts

Based on estimated quantities of well-defined work items and the cost per unit for each of the work items.

Construction Management (CM) Contracts

Selected by QBS "Quality Based Selection" While SM coordinates all efforts on behalf of the owner, all design and construction contracts are signed by the owner. That is, the CM is not "at risk." The CM acts as the owner's agent. Sometimes called agency construction management (CMa)

Substantial Completeion

The contract completion date is typically based on the time at which the owner can occupy or utilize the work for its intended use.

Ripper

Tips, Shank Guard, Spiker in the ground are called shanks