CSET Spanish Subtest V

Alhambra

A palace and fortress built in Granada by the Muslims in the Middle Ages; Islamic and Christian architectural elements

Bracero program

1942, United States labor agreement, thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. 1942-1945 100,000 contracts

Rigoberta Menchu

1959 - Guatemalan woman who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1992 for her work toward civil rights for Guatemala's poor farmers Indigenous feminist

Chicano Movement

1960s, organized fight against discrimination faced by Latinos in education, employment and the legal system

Frida Kahlo

20th century Mexican Painter Surrealism Self portraits Feminine form

El Salvador Geography

2nd strongest economy in Central America, telecommunications, banking, textile industry; agriculture: coffee, cotton, sugar cane; no coastline to Caribbean Sea; Capital: San Salvador; Nahuatl prominently spoken throughout

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting crimes against the Church

Syncretism

A blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith Indigenous + Catholic

Popol Vuh

A book containing a version of the Mayan story of creation.

Peninsular War

A conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.

Mesitzos

A person of mixed Spanish/Eurpean and Native American heritage; mixed race; more than half of the Mexican population

Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

A series of riots that originated in Los Angeles between White soldiers stationed in the cities and Latinos.

Joan Miro

Abstract and surrealist Spanish painter

Brown berets

Activist youth group formed in 1967 in response to police treatment of Mexican Americans.

Paraguay Geography

Agricultural based economy: tea leaves, wood; Capital: Asuncion major port; Languages: Guarani and Spanish

Atzlan

Ancestral homeland of the Aztec Empire.

El Cantor Mio Cid

Anonymous, 114o Singing poem Takes place during the reconstruction

Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857

Exclusivity to Catholic Church as sole religion of Mexico, sparked bloody four year war between conservatives and liberals allied with moderates

Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca

Explored Florida, Mississippi, and northern Mexico

Jose Maria Sert

Famous Spanish painter for painting Don Quixote

El Prado

Famous museum in Spain, Madrid, 12th century European art to early 19th century based on former Spanish Royal Collection

Ejidos

Farmland owned collectively by members of a rural community Benefits citizens and economy

Generation of '27

Federico Garcia Lorca and Vicente Aleixandre were a member of this influential group of poets that experimented with avant-garde forms of art and poetry in the early 20th century.

Mayan

Flourished from 3rd century A.D. to 16th, occupied Yucatan, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, advanced in science, astronomy, mathematics, solar year calendar, invented number 0, system of writing and historical record keeping

Paraguay currency

Guarani

Amazonian Border Dispute

1941, Ecuador versus Peru, resulted in Peru annexing 200k kilometers of Ecuador's territory

(La) Celestina (also called, "Tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea")

"First" Spanish novel, dialogue, theatre and acts

Fidel Castro

"President" of Cuba from 1976 to 2008

Isabel y Fernando

"The Catholic Monarchs" Married 1469 Marriage unified Spain

El Siglo de Oro

"The Golden Century" Spanish art, literature, music 1500s and 1600s

Simon Bolivar

"The Liberator", led many independence movements, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia from Spanish

Alfonso X

"The wise" King of Castilla, prominent Spanish author in Middle Ages; topics focused on history and astronomy

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory (CA, NV, UT, AZ, NM)

Cristobal Colon

1492, Santo Domingo, first European colony

Mexico Independence

1821, from Spain

Mexican American War

1846 to 1848, U.S. versus General Antonio Lopez Santa Anna resulted in U.S. acquisition of Texas

Treaty of Paris

1898, Spanish American War, Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam

Effects of the Great Depression

1920 Anti-mex sentiment Mexican and MexAmericans accused of stealing American jobs U.S forcibly removed 2 million people of Mexican decent- 60 percent were American citizens Involuntary removal

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

Spanish Cinema

1930, Luis Bunuell, Carlos Saura, Pedro Almodovar

Lemon Grove Incident

1931, the school board of Lemon grove met to discuss the growing Mexican community. Principal stood at door, turned away Mexican students The idea was to create a separate school for the Mexicans.

Domincan Republic Geography

Agricultural economy: sugar cane, cocoa, coffee, plantains, corn, citrus, green veggies, pineapples, flowers; fishing; largest open pit gold mine; Capital: Santo Domingo

Ecuador Geography

Agriculture: bananas mostly, coffee, cacao, fine woods, flowers, shrimp, tuna; features: Capital: Quito; Guayaquil main port; Cuenca center for artisans: silver, gold, pottery.

Panama

Agriculture: bananas; banking and commerce; Colon free trade zone; Smallest Spanish speaking country in West; Capital Panama city; MELTING POT; 9% population Chinese

Colombia Geography

Agriculture: coffee Medellin center of industry, topsoil, bananas; petroleum, flowers, carbon, gold, silver, platinum, emeralds; Capital: Bogota

Costa Rica Geography

Agriculture: coffee, bananas, cocoa, sugar cane, potatoes, fruit; pharmaceuticals, electronics, financial outsourcing and software development; One of oldest democracies in Western Hemisphere; NO ARMY, civil guard only; 5% of world's bio diversity; Capital: San Jose; population mostly Caucasian; Spanish primary language, English secondary.

Honduras Geography

Agriculture: coffee, bananas, sugar; more recently textiles and shrimp; Capital: Tegucigalpa

Nicaragua Geography

Agriculture: corn, cotton, coffee, bananas, tobacco; raise cattle; 7% of world's bio diversity hence protected as biological reserve; Largest Central American country; Capital: Managua

Puerto Rico Geography

Agriculture: mostly sugar cane; petrochemical and pharmaceutical tech industries rising; mostly mountainous U.S. possession in 1898, known as commonwealth; U.S. citizenship since 1917; Discovered by Colombus in 1493; Capital: San Juan since 1508 by Ponce de Leon with ancient forts from Spanish Colonial era.

Cuba Geography

Agriculture: sugar cane, tobacco, rice; raise cattle, fish; rich in mineral deposits: nickel; pharmaceutical industry; Last surviving commuinist state in Latin America; First to be discovered by Colombus; Capital: Havana; Castle of el Morro used as fort to protect from pirates; Guantanamo U.S. naval base

Antonio Gaudi

Architect of the Sagrada Familia, Barcelona Gothic, romantic, modern, oriental Parc Guell Casa Batllo

Cesareo Bernaldo de Quiros

Argentinian impressionist painter, represented life of a gaucho, depicted the history of the Pampas

Julio Cortazar (1914-1984)

Argentinian writer stories, essays, and novels reality, fantasy and absurd surrealist images Works: Rayuela, Final de juego, Bestiario

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

Argentinian writer and politician President of Argentina from 1868 to 1874. Interested in education In 1845, he wrote his novel Civilización y barbarie: vida de Facundo Quiroga, also known as Facundo.

Jorge Luis Borges

Argentinian, short stories compounded philosophy with entire universe of its ideas, English Lit Professor, Death and the Compass

Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA)

Armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization

Maria Isabel Peron

As vice president of Argentina, she assumed power after her husband, former dictator of Argentina, died, deposed by a military junta in 1976

Álvaro Obregón

Became president of Mexico in 1920 through 1924, assassinated in 1928

Venezuela currency

Bolivar

Bolivia currency

Boliviano

Uruguay Geography

Cattle major industry; agriculture: cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, soy bean, cement, lime, vegetable oils; Capital: Montevideo major port

Pablo Neruda

Chilean Poet on historical power of Latin America, reflected on its vitality and soul; Marxist; Nobel Prize in 1971

Roberto Matta

Chilean surrealist painter

Alejandro Obregon

Colombian abstract painter

Fernando Botero

Colombian figurative painter (Boteroismo)

Costa Rica currency

Colon costarricense

El Salvador currency

Colon salvadoreno

Nicaragua currency

Cordoba

Royal Spanish Academy

Created in 1713, responsible for regulating Spanish language. Motto: Limpia, fija y da esplendor. Linguistic planning, agreement, common standards among Spanish speaking regions.

Jose Marti

Cuban poet writer started Cuban Revolutionary Party sailed to Cuba to fight, died in 1895 during an invasion to Cuba

Wilfredo Lam

Cuban surrealist painter, Afro Cuban elements in works, some works displayed in Museum of Modern Art in NYC

Inca

Cuzco its capital, located in Andes, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, center was Peru, royal family, organized army and roads, spoke Quechua; Machu Pichu

Proceso de Reorganizacion Nacional

Deposed Maria Isabel Peron in 1976 from her position as Argentinian president, led by Jorge Rafael Videla

General Juan Peron

Dictator of Argentina after he won 1946 election until 1955, returned from exile in 1973, elected president for some reason and died a year later

General Juan Manuel de Rosas

Dictator of Argentina in 1835

General Francisco Franco

Dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975 when he died, assisted by Italy and Germany, fascist

Fray Vasquez de Coronado

Discovered Grand Canyon searching for seven cities of Cibola

Hernan Cortes

Discovered/conquered and destroyed Aztec empire, 1521

Ecuador currency

Dolar estadounidense

Puerto Rico currency

Dolar estadounidense

Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra

Don Quijote de la Mancha, satirical novel; conflict between idealism and materialism; captured by pirates for 5 years, Spaniard

Raul Alfonsin

Elected president of Argentina in 1983

Juan Ponce de Leon

Established Spanish colony in Puerto Rico in 1508; Discovered Florida in 1513 searching for the Fountain of Youth

Fray Junipero Serra

Evangelist that founded series of missions in CA

Miguel de Unamuno

Generation of 98 Philosopher and professor "The Tragic Sense of Life"

Bourbons

Great influence in Europe; Carlos II, Felipe V, Luis I, Fernando VI, Carlos III, Carlos IV

Mexican flag colors

Green- hope and victory White- purity of Mexican ideals Red- blood shed by nation's heroes

Guatemala Geography

Hot tropical climate; agriculture: coffee, bananas, sugar, north: lowlands; south: coastal; rest of country is mountainous; Mayan language in rural areas; Ciudad de Guatemala is capital

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

In 1936 the army revolted and civil war began- between the Rebels and Loyalists. Republicans were backed by most ordinary Spaniards and the Soviet Union. Rebels/Nationalist were backed by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. This ended in 1939 with a victory for the Rebels.

Cuban Revolution (1959)

In Cuba, the dictator Fulgencio Batista, gets overthrown by Fidel Castro (communist) Castro and USSR created fear

compadrazgo

In Mexico, a godparent relationship, kinship, become the compadre, or godparent, of a newborn child, particularly at its baptism

Mexico Geography

Mexico industrial power in telecommunication, natural gas, petroleum, electric, seaports, railroad; agriculture: corn, beans, cotton, potatoes; major producer of silver; Ciudad de Mexico Tenochititlan capital for Aztecs til 1521;

Chile Geography

Industry: copper, mineral ore; agriculture: grapevines, cereals; Patagonia adjoined to Antartica; Capital: Santiago

Muslims (Moors) in Spain

Invaded Spain in 711 B.C. and conquered the Iberian Peninsula; contributed architecture, art, irrigation system, mathematics, science, medicine

Spanish possessions

Islands belonging to Spain: the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands. The Balearic Islands are in the Mediterranean Sea, and include Mallorca, Menorca, and Ibiza. The Canary Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean, and include Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas. .

U.S.S. Maine

Its destruction used to justify U.S. intervention in Cuban independence against Spain and the annex of Guam, Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico (ie Spanish American War 1898)

Diego Velazquez

Leading Spanish artist of King Philip IV, portratist, Baroque period, painted historically and culturally significant scenes; famous work: Las Meninas (1656)

Anastasio Aquino

Led indigenous revolt against criollos and mestizos in 1832 in El Salvador, led to El Salvador becoming independent from the United Central American Provines

Honduras currency

Lempira

Benito Juarez

Liberal president after 1857 constitution bloody war debacle; reduced powers of Catholic church

Vasco Nuñez de Balboa

Located Pacific Ocean in 1513

Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Magical Realism meshing supernatural with everyday events, pioneer of Latin American "Boom," Nobel Prize in 1982, Cien Años de Soledad, Colombiano, wrote on Colombia's mosaic picture of daily life

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula,Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. Tikal and Chichen Itza

General Porfirio Diaz

Mexican dictator/president for 34 years, which led to the Mexican Revolution came after Benito Juarez. Mexico made tangible economic advances under him

Diego Rivera

Mexican muralist and painter, influenced by cubism, post impressionism, too, murals represented political and social themes; wall works painted in fresco; established Mexican Mural renaissance

Jose Clemente Orozco

Mexican muralist, depicted Mexican Revolution, painted frescos at Palace of the Arts in Mexico City, also found in US Dartmouth College

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

Mexican nun, scholar, lyric poet, affirmed women's strengths and individual rights

Miguel Covarrubias

Mexican painter of caricatures; drawings printed in magazines, famous in U.S. too

David Alfaro Siquieros

Mexican painter, murals, realism, idealism, arrested for political expressions

Octavio Paz

Mexican poet and writer, focus on union of civil liberty, nature, and its corresponding love; Mexico's most prestigious poet of 20th century, Nobel Prize in 1990

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican president (1823- 1836) who led an army against Texas

Juan Rulfo

Mexican writer Novel and short stories Magic realism

Mexican-American War Outcomes

Mexicans who stayed in US-Granted citizenship Emigration- Cheap labor for employers Anti-latino sentiment- discrimination Lynching

Peru Geography

Mining industry: copper, gold, etc; agriculture: corn, cotton, fruit trees; fishing; raise llamas, sheep, goats, Cebu cattle in Amazon climate; Capital: Lima, original fishing village; 2nd official language: Quechuais

Venezuela Geography

Minor agriculture: coffee, cocoa; major producer of petroleum; 7th largest oil reserve in world; Capital: Caracas

Benito Perez Galdos

Most important Spanish novelist of 19th century, violent critic of religious intolerance and social injustice , influenced by Dickens and Balzac

Archbishop Oscar Romero (El Salvador)

Murdered in 1980, had implored U.S. to cease aid to El Salvador's armed forces, spoke against poverty, social injustices, and assassinations; declared saint in 2018; murder led to new constituent assembly

corridos

Narrative song or verse, romances Popular during Mexican revolution (1910-1920)

Ruben Dario

Nicaraguan poet, aka Prince of Spanish Literature aka Father of Modernism, poems mix of traditionalism, romanticism, fusion of themes

Peru currency

Nuevo sol

United Farm Workers

Organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chavez

Revolucion Libertadora

Ousted Juan Peron in 1955 and placed a temporary government under General Eduardo Lonardi

Isabelle Allende

Peru/Chilean Writer Fantasy, realism, magic realism Influenced by Gabriela Garcia Marquez

Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)

Peruvian Novelist Realism/ Vulgar human nature Nobel Prize

Argentina currency

Peso argentino

Chile currency

Peso chileno

Colombia currency

Peso columbiano

Cuba currency

Peso cubano

Domincan Republic

Peso dominicano

Mexico currency

Peso mexicano

Uruguay currency

Peso uruguayo

Salvador Allende

President of Chile murdered or died by suicide after his government overthrown by military led by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte in 1973

Sergeant Fulgencio Batista

President of Cuba before Castro revolution. Pro-American

Pinche Pancho Vila

President of Mexico 1915, assassinated in 1923

Miguel Hidalgo

Priest under Virgin of Guadalupe banner led the Mexican Revolution, Sept. 16, 1810; executed in 1811

Guatemala currency

Quetzal

Bartolome Esteban Murrillo

Religious painter from Spain; painted Immacculate Conception, Assumption of the Virgin

Bolivia Geography

Rich in minerals: zinc, lead, sulfur, gold; natural gas; Capital: La Paz; Highest indigenous population in all America; Primary languages: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara equally recognized

"Hispanic" music

Salsa, Merengue, Calypso, Mambo, Cumbia, Vallenato, Mariachi, Ranchera, Musica Andina, Tango (Argentinian and Uruguayan folklore) range in mix of genres and classical and folkloric rhythms and melodies of Caribbean, Spanish, indigenous, western and European cultures.

Garcilaso de la Vega

Soldier and poet represented Renaissance in Spain; introduced sonnet into Spain

War of 1898 and the Generation of '98

Spain lost rest of colonial empire, Spanish American War; sparked the rise of intellectuals who called themselves the Generation of '98

Flamenco

Spain's folkloric music dancing, from Andalucia, mix of Arab, gypsy, Jewish music of 14th century, guitar

Salvador Dali

Spanish Catalan surrealist, creativity of subconscious mind, influenced by Renaissance; known for The Persistency of Memory (1931); worked in film, sculpture, painting, photography

Domenico Theotocopoulos "El Greco"

Spanish expressionistic painter known as El Greco, born in Crete, lived in Toledo, work has religious undertones by way he lengthens his figures

Retablos

Spanish for "altarpiece". The screen placed behind an altar. Often very large, having many painted or carved panels. Santos/ holy figures

Gustavo Adolfo Becquer

Spanish lyrical poet, rimas

Zarzuela

Spanish music known for its combo of music, song, spoken dialogue, choruses, dance; Francisco Ansenjo Barbieri and Tomas Breton famous composers of zarzuela

Juan Gris

Spanish painter, cubism, bright colors

Pablo Picasso

Spanish painter, cubism, rejecting traditional perspectives; famous works: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) and Guernica (1937), latter portrayed German bombing of Guernica during Spanish Civil War

Francisco de Goya

Spanish painter, painted what he wanted, not told, romantic, last of Old Masters and first of moderns, painter for Spanish Crown, subversive, imaginative, bold; influenced Mane and Picasso

Francisco de Quevado y Villegas

Spanish poet, politics, conceptismo

Federico Garcia Lorca

Spanish poet/musician; Generacion de 27; realist; assassinated for being communist

Felix Lope de Vega

Spanish writer; creator of the National Theater of Spain, 3-act comedies

The Spanish Armada

Strong fleet, 130 ships, destroyed in 1588 by England Queen Elizabeth I, marked the end to Spain's expansion into external territories

Emilia Pardo Bazam

The Countess Spanish novelist Tried to introduce naturalism First woman to graduate form the university

Reconquista

The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492.

Argentina Geography

Traditional middle class economy; livestock, grains, wines, meats, textiles, leather goods, chemicals; Capital: Buenos Aires with most active seaports; Rosario also major city; German Spanish, Italian are majority of population; native Indians are small population; Largest Jewish population in Latin America

Panama currency

US Dollar

End of Reconquista

Unification of Castile and Argon, Catholic forces took over

Horacio Quiroga

Uruguayan Writer Short stories Influenced by Edgar Allan Poe

Jose Enrique Rodo

Uruguayan writer who wrote modernistic essays The best modernistic prose writer Central themes: democracy, morality, and idealism "Ariel" and "Los motivos de proteo"

Spanish Architecture

Varied and reflects its history. It had a significant Roman influence from when it was a part of the Roman Empire. It then incorporated Arab features, especially in the area of Córdoba, under the Moors domination. Romanesque and gothic elements were later integrated. The 20th century brought Modernism to architecture, with Antoní Gaudi and Barcelona as its center. Contemporary Spanish architects are internationally recognized, among them Rafael Moneo, and Santiago Calatraca.

Ruben Salazar

Was a Mexican-American journalist for LA TIMES killed by a Los Angeles County Sheriff's deputy during the National Chicano Moratorium March/Protest

Ernesto Sabato

Writer from Argentina Scientific books, literature, science, metaphysics, and politics

Aztec

central Mexico from 12th century to 16th, conquered virtually all the tribes and still increasing their territory when Spain invaded, large city states, mandatory education for all no matter social status, capital Tenochtitlan

Phoenicians

introduced writing, metal works, currency into Spain

Carlos Fuentes was a famous Mexican ______.

writer