CSET Spanish Subtest V
Alhambra
A palace and fortress built in Granada by the Muslims in the Middle Ages; Islamic and Christian architectural elements
Bracero program
1942, United States labor agreement, thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. 1942-1945 100,000 contracts
Rigoberta Menchu
1959 - Guatemalan woman who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1992 for her work toward civil rights for Guatemala's poor farmers Indigenous feminist
Chicano Movement
1960s, organized fight against discrimination faced by Latinos in education, employment and the legal system
Frida Kahlo
20th century Mexican Painter Surrealism Self portraits Feminine form
El Salvador Geography
2nd strongest economy in Central America, telecommunications, banking, textile industry; agriculture: coffee, cotton, sugar cane; no coastline to Caribbean Sea; Capital: San Salvador; Nahuatl prominently spoken throughout
Inquisition
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting crimes against the Church
Syncretism
A blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith Indigenous + Catholic
Popol Vuh
A book containing a version of the Mayan story of creation.
Peninsular War
A conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.
Mesitzos
A person of mixed Spanish/Eurpean and Native American heritage; mixed race; more than half of the Mexican population
Zoot Suit Riots (1943)
A series of riots that originated in Los Angeles between White soldiers stationed in the cities and Latinos.
Joan Miro
Abstract and surrealist Spanish painter
Brown berets
Activist youth group formed in 1967 in response to police treatment of Mexican Americans.
Paraguay Geography
Agricultural based economy: tea leaves, wood; Capital: Asuncion major port; Languages: Guarani and Spanish
Atzlan
Ancestral homeland of the Aztec Empire.
El Cantor Mio Cid
Anonymous, 114o Singing poem Takes place during the reconstruction
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857
Exclusivity to Catholic Church as sole religion of Mexico, sparked bloody four year war between conservatives and liberals allied with moderates
Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca
Explored Florida, Mississippi, and northern Mexico
Jose Maria Sert
Famous Spanish painter for painting Don Quixote
El Prado
Famous museum in Spain, Madrid, 12th century European art to early 19th century based on former Spanish Royal Collection
Ejidos
Farmland owned collectively by members of a rural community Benefits citizens and economy
Generation of '27
Federico Garcia Lorca and Vicente Aleixandre were a member of this influential group of poets that experimented with avant-garde forms of art and poetry in the early 20th century.
Mayan
Flourished from 3rd century A.D. to 16th, occupied Yucatan, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, advanced in science, astronomy, mathematics, solar year calendar, invented number 0, system of writing and historical record keeping
Paraguay currency
Guarani
Amazonian Border Dispute
1941, Ecuador versus Peru, resulted in Peru annexing 200k kilometers of Ecuador's territory
(La) Celestina (also called, "Tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea")
"First" Spanish novel, dialogue, theatre and acts
Fidel Castro
"President" of Cuba from 1976 to 2008
Isabel y Fernando
"The Catholic Monarchs" Married 1469 Marriage unified Spain
El Siglo de Oro
"The Golden Century" Spanish art, literature, music 1500s and 1600s
Simon Bolivar
"The Liberator", led many independence movements, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia from Spanish
Alfonso X
"The wise" King of Castilla, prominent Spanish author in Middle Ages; topics focused on history and astronomy
Mexican-American War
(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory (CA, NV, UT, AZ, NM)
Cristobal Colon
1492, Santo Domingo, first European colony
Mexico Independence
1821, from Spain
Mexican American War
1846 to 1848, U.S. versus General Antonio Lopez Santa Anna resulted in U.S. acquisition of Texas
Treaty of Paris
1898, Spanish American War, Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam
Effects of the Great Depression
1920 Anti-mex sentiment Mexican and MexAmericans accused of stealing American jobs U.S forcibly removed 2 million people of Mexican decent- 60 percent were American citizens Involuntary removal
Cesar Chavez
1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.
Spanish Cinema
1930, Luis Bunuell, Carlos Saura, Pedro Almodovar
Lemon Grove Incident
1931, the school board of Lemon grove met to discuss the growing Mexican community. Principal stood at door, turned away Mexican students The idea was to create a separate school for the Mexicans.
Domincan Republic Geography
Agricultural economy: sugar cane, cocoa, coffee, plantains, corn, citrus, green veggies, pineapples, flowers; fishing; largest open pit gold mine; Capital: Santo Domingo
Ecuador Geography
Agriculture: bananas mostly, coffee, cacao, fine woods, flowers, shrimp, tuna; features: Capital: Quito; Guayaquil main port; Cuenca center for artisans: silver, gold, pottery.
Panama
Agriculture: bananas; banking and commerce; Colon free trade zone; Smallest Spanish speaking country in West; Capital Panama city; MELTING POT; 9% population Chinese
Colombia Geography
Agriculture: coffee Medellin center of industry, topsoil, bananas; petroleum, flowers, carbon, gold, silver, platinum, emeralds; Capital: Bogota
Costa Rica Geography
Agriculture: coffee, bananas, cocoa, sugar cane, potatoes, fruit; pharmaceuticals, electronics, financial outsourcing and software development; One of oldest democracies in Western Hemisphere; NO ARMY, civil guard only; 5% of world's bio diversity; Capital: San Jose; population mostly Caucasian; Spanish primary language, English secondary.
Honduras Geography
Agriculture: coffee, bananas, sugar; more recently textiles and shrimp; Capital: Tegucigalpa
Nicaragua Geography
Agriculture: corn, cotton, coffee, bananas, tobacco; raise cattle; 7% of world's bio diversity hence protected as biological reserve; Largest Central American country; Capital: Managua
Puerto Rico Geography
Agriculture: mostly sugar cane; petrochemical and pharmaceutical tech industries rising; mostly mountainous U.S. possession in 1898, known as commonwealth; U.S. citizenship since 1917; Discovered by Colombus in 1493; Capital: San Juan since 1508 by Ponce de Leon with ancient forts from Spanish Colonial era.
Cuba Geography
Agriculture: sugar cane, tobacco, rice; raise cattle, fish; rich in mineral deposits: nickel; pharmaceutical industry; Last surviving commuinist state in Latin America; First to be discovered by Colombus; Capital: Havana; Castle of el Morro used as fort to protect from pirates; Guantanamo U.S. naval base
Antonio Gaudi
Architect of the Sagrada Familia, Barcelona Gothic, romantic, modern, oriental Parc Guell Casa Batllo
Cesareo Bernaldo de Quiros
Argentinian impressionist painter, represented life of a gaucho, depicted the history of the Pampas
Julio Cortazar (1914-1984)
Argentinian writer stories, essays, and novels reality, fantasy and absurd surrealist images Works: Rayuela, Final de juego, Bestiario
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
Argentinian writer and politician President of Argentina from 1868 to 1874. Interested in education In 1845, he wrote his novel Civilización y barbarie: vida de Facundo Quiroga, also known as Facundo.
Jorge Luis Borges
Argentinian, short stories compounded philosophy with entire universe of its ideas, English Lit Professor, Death and the Compass
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA)
Armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization
Maria Isabel Peron
As vice president of Argentina, she assumed power after her husband, former dictator of Argentina, died, deposed by a military junta in 1976
Álvaro Obregón
Became president of Mexico in 1920 through 1924, assassinated in 1928
Venezuela currency
Bolivar
Bolivia currency
Boliviano
Uruguay Geography
Cattle major industry; agriculture: cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, soy bean, cement, lime, vegetable oils; Capital: Montevideo major port
Pablo Neruda
Chilean Poet on historical power of Latin America, reflected on its vitality and soul; Marxist; Nobel Prize in 1971
Roberto Matta
Chilean surrealist painter
Alejandro Obregon
Colombian abstract painter
Fernando Botero
Colombian figurative painter (Boteroismo)
Costa Rica currency
Colon costarricense
El Salvador currency
Colon salvadoreno
Nicaragua currency
Cordoba
Royal Spanish Academy
Created in 1713, responsible for regulating Spanish language. Motto: Limpia, fija y da esplendor. Linguistic planning, agreement, common standards among Spanish speaking regions.
Jose Marti
Cuban poet writer started Cuban Revolutionary Party sailed to Cuba to fight, died in 1895 during an invasion to Cuba
Wilfredo Lam
Cuban surrealist painter, Afro Cuban elements in works, some works displayed in Museum of Modern Art in NYC
Inca
Cuzco its capital, located in Andes, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, center was Peru, royal family, organized army and roads, spoke Quechua; Machu Pichu
Proceso de Reorganizacion Nacional
Deposed Maria Isabel Peron in 1976 from her position as Argentinian president, led by Jorge Rafael Videla
General Juan Peron
Dictator of Argentina after he won 1946 election until 1955, returned from exile in 1973, elected president for some reason and died a year later
General Juan Manuel de Rosas
Dictator of Argentina in 1835
General Francisco Franco
Dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975 when he died, assisted by Italy and Germany, fascist
Fray Vasquez de Coronado
Discovered Grand Canyon searching for seven cities of Cibola
Hernan Cortes
Discovered/conquered and destroyed Aztec empire, 1521
Ecuador currency
Dolar estadounidense
Puerto Rico currency
Dolar estadounidense
Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra
Don Quijote de la Mancha, satirical novel; conflict between idealism and materialism; captured by pirates for 5 years, Spaniard
Raul Alfonsin
Elected president of Argentina in 1983
Juan Ponce de Leon
Established Spanish colony in Puerto Rico in 1508; Discovered Florida in 1513 searching for the Fountain of Youth
Fray Junipero Serra
Evangelist that founded series of missions in CA
Miguel de Unamuno
Generation of 98 Philosopher and professor "The Tragic Sense of Life"
Bourbons
Great influence in Europe; Carlos II, Felipe V, Luis I, Fernando VI, Carlos III, Carlos IV
Mexican flag colors
Green- hope and victory White- purity of Mexican ideals Red- blood shed by nation's heroes
Guatemala Geography
Hot tropical climate; agriculture: coffee, bananas, sugar, north: lowlands; south: coastal; rest of country is mountainous; Mayan language in rural areas; Ciudad de Guatemala is capital
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
In 1936 the army revolted and civil war began- between the Rebels and Loyalists. Republicans were backed by most ordinary Spaniards and the Soviet Union. Rebels/Nationalist were backed by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. This ended in 1939 with a victory for the Rebels.
Cuban Revolution (1959)
In Cuba, the dictator Fulgencio Batista, gets overthrown by Fidel Castro (communist) Castro and USSR created fear
compadrazgo
In Mexico, a godparent relationship, kinship, become the compadre, or godparent, of a newborn child, particularly at its baptism
Mexico Geography
Mexico industrial power in telecommunication, natural gas, petroleum, electric, seaports, railroad; agriculture: corn, beans, cotton, potatoes; major producer of silver; Ciudad de Mexico Tenochititlan capital for Aztecs til 1521;
Chile Geography
Industry: copper, mineral ore; agriculture: grapevines, cereals; Patagonia adjoined to Antartica; Capital: Santiago
Muslims (Moors) in Spain
Invaded Spain in 711 B.C. and conquered the Iberian Peninsula; contributed architecture, art, irrigation system, mathematics, science, medicine
Spanish possessions
Islands belonging to Spain: the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands. The Balearic Islands are in the Mediterranean Sea, and include Mallorca, Menorca, and Ibiza. The Canary Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean, and include Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas. .
U.S.S. Maine
Its destruction used to justify U.S. intervention in Cuban independence against Spain and the annex of Guam, Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico (ie Spanish American War 1898)
Diego Velazquez
Leading Spanish artist of King Philip IV, portratist, Baroque period, painted historically and culturally significant scenes; famous work: Las Meninas (1656)
Anastasio Aquino
Led indigenous revolt against criollos and mestizos in 1832 in El Salvador, led to El Salvador becoming independent from the United Central American Provines
Honduras currency
Lempira
Benito Juarez
Liberal president after 1857 constitution bloody war debacle; reduced powers of Catholic church
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
Located Pacific Ocean in 1513
Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Magical Realism meshing supernatural with everyday events, pioneer of Latin American "Boom," Nobel Prize in 1982, Cien Años de Soledad, Colombiano, wrote on Colombia's mosaic picture of daily life
Maya
Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula,Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. Tikal and Chichen Itza
General Porfirio Diaz
Mexican dictator/president for 34 years, which led to the Mexican Revolution came after Benito Juarez. Mexico made tangible economic advances under him
Diego Rivera
Mexican muralist and painter, influenced by cubism, post impressionism, too, murals represented political and social themes; wall works painted in fresco; established Mexican Mural renaissance
Jose Clemente Orozco
Mexican muralist, depicted Mexican Revolution, painted frescos at Palace of the Arts in Mexico City, also found in US Dartmouth College
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
Mexican nun, scholar, lyric poet, affirmed women's strengths and individual rights
Miguel Covarrubias
Mexican painter of caricatures; drawings printed in magazines, famous in U.S. too
David Alfaro Siquieros
Mexican painter, murals, realism, idealism, arrested for political expressions
Octavio Paz
Mexican poet and writer, focus on union of civil liberty, nature, and its corresponding love; Mexico's most prestigious poet of 20th century, Nobel Prize in 1990
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Mexican president (1823- 1836) who led an army against Texas
Juan Rulfo
Mexican writer Novel and short stories Magic realism
Mexican-American War Outcomes
Mexicans who stayed in US-Granted citizenship Emigration- Cheap labor for employers Anti-latino sentiment- discrimination Lynching
Peru Geography
Mining industry: copper, gold, etc; agriculture: corn, cotton, fruit trees; fishing; raise llamas, sheep, goats, Cebu cattle in Amazon climate; Capital: Lima, original fishing village; 2nd official language: Quechuais
Venezuela Geography
Minor agriculture: coffee, cocoa; major producer of petroleum; 7th largest oil reserve in world; Capital: Caracas
Benito Perez Galdos
Most important Spanish novelist of 19th century, violent critic of religious intolerance and social injustice , influenced by Dickens and Balzac
Archbishop Oscar Romero (El Salvador)
Murdered in 1980, had implored U.S. to cease aid to El Salvador's armed forces, spoke against poverty, social injustices, and assassinations; declared saint in 2018; murder led to new constituent assembly
corridos
Narrative song or verse, romances Popular during Mexican revolution (1910-1920)
Ruben Dario
Nicaraguan poet, aka Prince of Spanish Literature aka Father of Modernism, poems mix of traditionalism, romanticism, fusion of themes
Peru currency
Nuevo sol
United Farm Workers
Organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chavez
Revolucion Libertadora
Ousted Juan Peron in 1955 and placed a temporary government under General Eduardo Lonardi
Isabelle Allende
Peru/Chilean Writer Fantasy, realism, magic realism Influenced by Gabriela Garcia Marquez
Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)
Peruvian Novelist Realism/ Vulgar human nature Nobel Prize
Argentina currency
Peso argentino
Chile currency
Peso chileno
Colombia currency
Peso columbiano
Cuba currency
Peso cubano
Domincan Republic
Peso dominicano
Mexico currency
Peso mexicano
Uruguay currency
Peso uruguayo
Salvador Allende
President of Chile murdered or died by suicide after his government overthrown by military led by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte in 1973
Sergeant Fulgencio Batista
President of Cuba before Castro revolution. Pro-American
Pinche Pancho Vila
President of Mexico 1915, assassinated in 1923
Miguel Hidalgo
Priest under Virgin of Guadalupe banner led the Mexican Revolution, Sept. 16, 1810; executed in 1811
Guatemala currency
Quetzal
Bartolome Esteban Murrillo
Religious painter from Spain; painted Immacculate Conception, Assumption of the Virgin
Bolivia Geography
Rich in minerals: zinc, lead, sulfur, gold; natural gas; Capital: La Paz; Highest indigenous population in all America; Primary languages: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara equally recognized
"Hispanic" music
Salsa, Merengue, Calypso, Mambo, Cumbia, Vallenato, Mariachi, Ranchera, Musica Andina, Tango (Argentinian and Uruguayan folklore) range in mix of genres and classical and folkloric rhythms and melodies of Caribbean, Spanish, indigenous, western and European cultures.
Garcilaso de la Vega
Soldier and poet represented Renaissance in Spain; introduced sonnet into Spain
War of 1898 and the Generation of '98
Spain lost rest of colonial empire, Spanish American War; sparked the rise of intellectuals who called themselves the Generation of '98
Flamenco
Spain's folkloric music dancing, from Andalucia, mix of Arab, gypsy, Jewish music of 14th century, guitar
Salvador Dali
Spanish Catalan surrealist, creativity of subconscious mind, influenced by Renaissance; known for The Persistency of Memory (1931); worked in film, sculpture, painting, photography
Domenico Theotocopoulos "El Greco"
Spanish expressionistic painter known as El Greco, born in Crete, lived in Toledo, work has religious undertones by way he lengthens his figures
Retablos
Spanish for "altarpiece". The screen placed behind an altar. Often very large, having many painted or carved panels. Santos/ holy figures
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
Spanish lyrical poet, rimas
Zarzuela
Spanish music known for its combo of music, song, spoken dialogue, choruses, dance; Francisco Ansenjo Barbieri and Tomas Breton famous composers of zarzuela
Juan Gris
Spanish painter, cubism, bright colors
Pablo Picasso
Spanish painter, cubism, rejecting traditional perspectives; famous works: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) and Guernica (1937), latter portrayed German bombing of Guernica during Spanish Civil War
Francisco de Goya
Spanish painter, painted what he wanted, not told, romantic, last of Old Masters and first of moderns, painter for Spanish Crown, subversive, imaginative, bold; influenced Mane and Picasso
Francisco de Quevado y Villegas
Spanish poet, politics, conceptismo
Federico Garcia Lorca
Spanish poet/musician; Generacion de 27; realist; assassinated for being communist
Felix Lope de Vega
Spanish writer; creator of the National Theater of Spain, 3-act comedies
The Spanish Armada
Strong fleet, 130 ships, destroyed in 1588 by England Queen Elizabeth I, marked the end to Spain's expansion into external territories
Emilia Pardo Bazam
The Countess Spanish novelist Tried to introduce naturalism First woman to graduate form the university
Reconquista
The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492.
Argentina Geography
Traditional middle class economy; livestock, grains, wines, meats, textiles, leather goods, chemicals; Capital: Buenos Aires with most active seaports; Rosario also major city; German Spanish, Italian are majority of population; native Indians are small population; Largest Jewish population in Latin America
Panama currency
US Dollar
End of Reconquista
Unification of Castile and Argon, Catholic forces took over
Horacio Quiroga
Uruguayan Writer Short stories Influenced by Edgar Allan Poe
Jose Enrique Rodo
Uruguayan writer who wrote modernistic essays The best modernistic prose writer Central themes: democracy, morality, and idealism "Ariel" and "Los motivos de proteo"
Spanish Architecture
Varied and reflects its history. It had a significant Roman influence from when it was a part of the Roman Empire. It then incorporated Arab features, especially in the area of Córdoba, under the Moors domination. Romanesque and gothic elements were later integrated. The 20th century brought Modernism to architecture, with Antoní Gaudi and Barcelona as its center. Contemporary Spanish architects are internationally recognized, among them Rafael Moneo, and Santiago Calatraca.
Ruben Salazar
Was a Mexican-American journalist for LA TIMES killed by a Los Angeles County Sheriff's deputy during the National Chicano Moratorium March/Protest
Ernesto Sabato
Writer from Argentina Scientific books, literature, science, metaphysics, and politics
Aztec
central Mexico from 12th century to 16th, conquered virtually all the tribes and still increasing their territory when Spain invaded, large city states, mandatory education for all no matter social status, capital Tenochtitlan
Phoenicians
introduced writing, metal works, currency into Spain
Carlos Fuentes was a famous Mexican ______.
writer