CST Midterm True/False

Foraging societies are characterized by collective ownership of the primary means of production and higher rates of social domination.

False

Foucault argues for histories that advance toward a definite goal, such as Christianity and Marxism.

False

Foucault believed that during the 18th century, social mechanisms of control shifted from the soul to the body

False

Foucault's thinking is anti-essentialist, meaning that he believes a core of truth resides within each human being.

False

Hall and his colleagues saw that people from Ecuador were immigrating to the United Kingdom and disrupting English culture.

False

Hall argues that media representations of Blackness are often the source of stereotypes and exclusively negatiave imagery

False

Hall maintains that the formation of racism in Great Britain is equivalent to that in the United States

False

Halloween is an example of balanced reciprocity.

False

Humans master the basics of language by the age of 5 or 6

False

Ideological State Apparatuses refer to the police, the army, the FBI and the like.

False

In horticulturalist societies, produce is sold for profit.

False

In spoken American English, men are more likely to use a direct, eye-to-eye gaze than women.

False

Ironically, Julio's Puerto Rican mother has a legal job in New York's garment industry.

False

Julio realized he was the victim of structural transformation of the New York economy.

False

Labov argued that all humans share a universal grammar.

False

Language changes and variations over time occur because of the following influences: settlement patterns, language contact, social class, group reference, region, and knowledge of "correct" grammar

False

Malthus argued that foraging communities were the original affluent society.

False

Most English speakers recognize the phonetic contrast between the [ph] in pin and the [p] in spin

False

National cultural identities are coterminous with state borders

False

Old English is quite similar to English spoken today

False

Pidgin language varieties develop from creoles.

False

Pronunciation of language varieties, unlike the languages themselves, can be classified as correct or incorrect.

False

Saussure argued that language is a naming process

False

Saussure was fascinated by how meaning is made possible through a historical, diachronic point of view

False

Saussure was responsible for extending his semiotic theory into the area of binary oppositions.

False

Shame and gossip are the only methods of social control in band-level societies

False

Since bands lack formalized law, they have no means of settling disputes.

False

Some dialects are inferior versions of their mother language.

False

The Centre of Contemporary Cultural Studies was started at the University of Birmingham in Alabama.

False

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that speakers of simple languages are unable to think in sophisticated ways

False

The anthropological approach that contextualizes economic relations within state structures,political processes, social structures, and cultural values is called political ecology.

False

The collection of taxes by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States, with theobjective to disburse tax refunds and invest into infrastructure and federal services can best beseen as a form of commodification.

False

The fact that small-scale, semi-subsistence farmers - such as the indigenous coffee farmers ofCentral America and Mexico - own their own land, organize along a kin-based system, and alsoproduce a commodity for the global market demonstrates that capitalism is slowly replacing the traditional ways of life of indigenous farmers around the world, who now can no longer rely on kin-based methods.

False

The goal of the Ithaca, New York HOURS program is to decrease the number of hours that community members need to work in order to make a good living.

False

The invention of pottery was the technological breakthrough needed to boil corn and bring it into the human diet in Central America.

False

The process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service is called redistribution

False

The salaula (secondhand clothes market system) of Zambia is an example of a wholesale clothing economy that replicates a Western capitalist economic model.

False

The streets in El Barrio were controlled by Puerto Rican drug dealers from the Bronx.

False

There are no matrilineal societies.

False

Tributary production is characterized by subsistence food-getting, egalitarianism, and labor organized on the basis of kinship relations

False

Warfare doesn't take place in band societies

False

Althusser argues that the material practices of everyday life (washing dishes, going to school) imply larger ideological structures.

True

Althusser drew on Saussure's structuralism to show how ideology is an unconscious structure of ideas given to us through language and which sustains the status quo.

True

Althusser stressed that we are "subjects" of ideology, i.e., subjected to ideology, but E.P. Thompson believed that we are also "subjects" with agency not totally bound by ideology.

True

An age set is an example of a sodality.

True

Anthropologists believe that the development of agriculture led to a division of labor, enabling people to specialize and make technological advancements in various areas.

True

Because of their subordinate status, the young Puerto Rican men adopt resistance behavor in their service sector jobs

True

Before colonialism, the Tiv people of Nigeria had a unique economic system characterized by three distinct spheres of exchange, each with their own form of money.

True

Binary oppositions are part of what Saussure referred to as "langue."

True

Bourgois complains that other ethnographers mainly record the daily suffering of the people they study, missing the structural economic changes that propel people into poverty.

True

Capitalism is the most recent mode of production.

True

Darjeeling tea companies are marketing their product with labeling practices that appeal to Western consumers. Meanwhile, the workers who pick tea leaves in Darjeeling, India still work within a highly unequal system in which they rely on plantation owners for pay, food, housing, and medical care.

True

Even foragers have influenced the natural environment.

True

For Foucault, Truth is not the product of objectivity.

True

Foucault argues that Social Darwinism resulted from reasoned arguments.

True

Foucault argues that the production of knowledge enables the power of social control.

True

Foucault believes that since the 18th century Western society has not actually repressed certain kinds of sexuality, but in fact, discursively produced them.

True

Gifts that are given without agreeing upon the exact value of the gift, nor the time frame withinwhich it should be returned, demonstrates generalized reciprocity.

True

Hall maintains that Cultural Studies examines the "symptoms" or invisible, forgotten and repressed aspects of cultures and cultural phenomenon.

True

Hall points out that one's sense of superiority is dependent on the mental/linguistic binary construction of an "other" who is weaker, less moral, and inferior.

True

Hall writes that racism is maintained by the fear of difference combined with power in the hands and minds of people and institutions upholding the status quo.

True

If a minority dialect speaker doesn't feel respected by the standard dialect speakers, they will be less inclined to adopt the standard dialect or language.

True

In spite of his belief that people had internalized a strict regulation of their behavior which actually kept them largely exploited, Foucault did maintain that where there is power there is resistance.

True

In the working class ideology of the time, the dignity of "hard work" often prevailed over education.

True

In tribal societies, the village head leads by example and through persuasion; he lacks the ability to force people to do things.

True

Indigenous peoples within nation-states are often constructed as diasporic.

True

Karl Marx theorized that human consciousness is determined by humanwork.

True

Language can be understood as a hegemonic force shoring up the status quo.

True

Language is transmitted through enculturation.

True

Many societies all over the world developed agricultural at the same time perhaps due to climate change.

True

Marx revealed how classical economists formulated their defense of capitalism by denying workers' humanity and their resulting talents and needs.

True

McDowell differentiates between a nation and a state.

True

Most Hindus are vegetarians

True

Most of the street dealers interviewed by Bourgois had begun working in legal venues earlier than most Americans

True

Most service sector entry level jobs require cultural capital.

True

Much language process is done on the left side of the human brain.

True

Narratives of nationhood commonly stress a foundational myth of collective origin which produces a linkage between national identity and a pure, original people.

True

National identity is a political concept that refers to an administrative apparatus given sovereignty over a specific space or territory.

True

No language variety or dialect is inherently more correct or better than any other

True

One must learn standard English because it is no one's true first language.

True

Pastoralism is not an egalitarian subsistence system.

True

Saussure thought that his theories were "scientific," and thus he was able to make objective statements about language

True

Signifieds are defined not by their positive content, but by their relations with other terms.

True

States are complex systems of sociopolitical organization that aim to control and administer everything from conflict resolution to fiscal systems to population movements.

True

Syntax refers to the rules that dictate the order of words in a language.

True

The US tax system is redistributive.

True

The accumulation of goods and services by a person or institution for the purpose of dispersal ata later date is called redistribution.

True

The first known system of codified law came about in ancient Iraq.

True

The public sector breakdown and economic restructuring Bourgois writes about is today referred to a neoliberalism.

True

The signified is not an object, but a concept.

True

The social relations through which human labor is used to transform energy from nature usingtools, skills, organization, and knowledge, is called the mode of production.

True

The three modes of exchange are reciprocity, market exchange, and redistribution.

True

Varying aspects of paralanguage can completely change the meaning of the same sentence or utterance.

True

Hall was disturbed by the "unsayable" absences and symptoms regarding race which had been left out of the knowledges about the English nation.

True.

For Althusser, individuals (or subjects) can understand their role in society because they have a one-to-one relationship with an objective world they apprehend through language.

False

For Foucault, power is not exercised through people.

False

For Saussure, word order or syntax falls on the paradigmatic axis.

False

For the most part, because culture shapes how we interact with the environment, different societies have adapted to similar environments in similar ways.

False

"Overdetermination" refers to an idea, event or cultural artifact that has been caused by one over-riding factor

False

"Population control" in states refers to police and military forces.

False

A form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing themfrom meeting their basic needs is called economic violence.

False

A form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing themfrom meeting their basic needs is called structural politics.

False

A nation-state is a form of imaginative identification with the symbols and discourses of the nation-state.

False

A national identity is a naturally occurring phenomena.

False

A standard language variety is the most grammatically correct in a given location.

False

According to Eric Wolf's typology, the three distinct modes of production are domestic, capitalist, and exchange.

False

According to Hall, Cultural Studies includes the study of "whole ways of life" except for contemporary phenomena

False

After Haiti's 7.0 magnitude earthquake in 2010, structural violence prevented people from getting their most basic needs met largely due to the fact that the earthquake destroyed most roads and bridges, making it impossible for aid to reach the people who needed it most.

False

All societies except bands must exercise some social control over their members.

False

Althusser believes that most subjects can avoid the "interpellation" of capitalist ideology.

False

Anderson argues that people speaking a common, vernacular language led to the development of nation-states.

False

Anthropologists focus on three phases of economic production: production, exchange, and acquisition.

False

Band leaders occupy official offices and are able to force other band members to obey their commands

False

Because of our unconscious, socially-produced sense of identity that we are born into, we have "essential," selves which derive from the core of our being.

False

Benedict Anderson posited that the nation is an imagined community that no one is willing to die for.

False

Big men are found in tribes, chiefdoms, and archaic states.

False

Binaries are not culturally constructed.

False

Bourgois warns that the process of impoverishment experienced by these Puerto Rican immigrants does not apply to other marginalized groups.

False

Calling race "media mediated," Hall points out that media merely reflects the reality of racism.

False

Children in foraging societies play an important role in gathering edible nuts and plants to eat.

False

Commodities retain the same value and meaning for their owners from production toconsumption.

False

Different classes, ethnic groups and genders all perceive their national identities in the same way.

False

Discourses of knowledge are free from power and social control.

False

A capitalist mode of production has three central features: private property is owned by abusiness class; workers sell their labor power to survive; and surpluses of wealth are produced.

True

A pastoralist lifestyle requires more work than subsistence by foraging.

True

A person's attempt to take advantage of another person economically is called negative reciprocity.

True

A pidgin language has no native speakers.

True

According to Althusser, individuals believe they are free but are actually performing the gestures and actions of their subjection.

True

According to Stuart Hall, nations are unified by the exercise of different forms of cultural power.

True

All human languages and hence cultures change over time.

True