C/T-spine (chapter 8)

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abnormal anterior concavity of the lumbar spine:

lordosis

SID for flexion/extension views of the c-spine?

72 inches

what SID is used for an erect lateral c-spine?

72 inches

what type of CR angle is required for the anterior oblique positions of the c-spine?

15-20 degrees caudal

the zygapophyseal joints for the typical cervical vertebra lie at an angle of _______ in relation to the midsagittal plane

90 degrees

avulsion fx of the spinous process of C7

Clay shoveler's fx

fracture through the pedicles and anterior arch of C2 with forward displacement upon C3

Hangman's fracture

a form of rheumatoid arthritis

ankylosing spondylitis

in swimmers position, which arm is extended above the head?

arm closest to the IR

a lateral radiograph of the c-spine will best visualize the ________________ joints

zygapophyseal joints

articular process

zygapophyses

when doing an odontoid view, its important to position the head properly. if the head and neck are extended too much, what will happen?

the base of the skull will superimpose C1 and C2

the Fuchs method to demonstrate the dens should not be used if:

there is a possible fracture

all __________ vertebrae have at least one _____ for rib articulation

thoracic facet

process extending laterally from the pedicle-lamina junction

transverse process

in the routine lateral projection of the thoracic spine, which vertebrae are not well visualized?

upper 3-4 thoracic vertebrae

which 2 bony landmarks must be aligned for the AP open-mouth projection of the c-spine?

upper incisors mastoid process

what will help enhance the visibility of the vertebral bodies during a lateral projection of the thoracic spine?

use a breathing technique

which thoracic vertebrae possess no facets for costrotransverse joints? why?

T11-T12 only articulate at the costovertebral joints because of angle and reduction in rib length

on an AP thoracic spine, where should the IR be centered?

T7

comminuted fx of the vertebral body with posterior fragments displaced into the spinal canal

Teardrop burst fx

produces a "bow tie" sign

Unilateral subluxation

flexion/extension views are ordered for:

1. ruling out whiplash injury 2. follow up after spinal fusion surgery 3. determine vertebral mobility

3 unique characteristics of the cervical vertebrae

1. transverse foramina 2. bifid spinous process tips 3. overlapping vertical bodies

where should the top border of the IR be positioned for the AP projection of the thoracic vertebrae?

1.5 inches above the top of the shoulders

how much CR angulation is required for the AP axial projection for the cervical spine?

15-20 degrees cephalad

what type of CR angle is required for the posterior oblique (LPO/RPO) positions of the c-spine?

15-20 degrees cephalic

on average, how many separate bones make up the adult vertebral column?

26

in the "swimmer's" position, what can be used to further separate the shoulder shadows in reference to the CR

3-5 degree caudal angle

how many degrees is the body oblique for the oblique views of the c-spine

45 degrees

how many cervical vertebrae should be seen on a good lateral radiograph

7

the zygapophyseal joints for the thoracic spine lie at an angle of _________ in relation to the midsagittal plane

70-75 degrees

there is no vertebral body at:

C1

the AP projection of the cervical spine demonstrates:

C3-C7

where is the CR directed on an oblique c-spine projection?

C4

where is the CR directed perpendicularly to for a shoot-thru lateral c-spine?

C4

which cervical vertebrae should be the centering point for the CR on an AP axial projection?

C4

in order to completely demonstrate the structures in the swimmers lateral position, the IR is centered to level of?

C7, T1

"swimmer's" position is used to demonstrate what region of the vertebral column?

C7-T1 cervicothoracic region

in the lateral flexion view of the c-spine, the ____________ are elevated and widely separated

spinous processes

impact fx from axial loading of the anterior and posterior arch of C1

Jefferson fracture

which position will best demonstrate the left zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine?

RPO

inflammation of the vertebrae

Spondylitis

the most prominent aspect of the thyroid cartilage is what? it corresponds to the vertebral level of?

adam's apple C4-C5

the Fuchs and Judd method both demonstrate the dense projected within the shadow of the ?

foramen magnum

purpose of using a long exposure time for an Ottonello View of the c-spine?

blur out the mandible to see the upper region of the c-spine

solid anterior part of a vertebra

body

due to the anode heel effect, the intensity of the x-ray beam is greatest along the:

cathode end of the beam

transitional zone (region) between the c-spine and t-spine

cervicothoracic region

lateral cervical spine should be taken on inspiration or expiration? why?

expiration - to depress shoulders

how must the head be positioned to demonstrate the atlas and axis (C1 and C2) in the AP projection?

extend chin until mastoid process and upper incisors are on the same transverse plane

T or F? the posterior cervical oblique projections demonstrate the intervertebral foramina and pedicles on the side closest to the IR?

false

on a supine AP projection, what should be done to reduce the normal thoracic kyphosis of the PT?

flex the patients hips and knees

abnormal condition characterized by increased convexity of the thoracic spine curvature

kyphosis

connects the transverse process with the spinous process

laminae

which projection best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine?

lateral

on a PT with a severe neck injury, which projection should be done first? why?

lateral c-spine shoot-through: rule out fractures

PT is in a right posterior oblique position. which intervertebral foramina will be visualized?

left; side away

process extending laterally and posteriorly from the body, form most of the sides of the vertebral arch

pedicles

mild form of scoliosis and kyphosis developing during adolescence

scheuermann disease

abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine:

scoliosis

process extending posteriorly from the junction of both laminae

spinous process


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