C/T-spine (chapter 8)
abnormal anterior concavity of the lumbar spine:
lordosis
SID for flexion/extension views of the c-spine?
72 inches
what SID is used for an erect lateral c-spine?
72 inches
what type of CR angle is required for the anterior oblique positions of the c-spine?
15-20 degrees caudal
the zygapophyseal joints for the typical cervical vertebra lie at an angle of _______ in relation to the midsagittal plane
90 degrees
avulsion fx of the spinous process of C7
Clay shoveler's fx
fracture through the pedicles and anterior arch of C2 with forward displacement upon C3
Hangman's fracture
a form of rheumatoid arthritis
ankylosing spondylitis
in swimmers position, which arm is extended above the head?
arm closest to the IR
a lateral radiograph of the c-spine will best visualize the ________________ joints
zygapophyseal joints
articular process
zygapophyses
when doing an odontoid view, its important to position the head properly. if the head and neck are extended too much, what will happen?
the base of the skull will superimpose C1 and C2
the Fuchs method to demonstrate the dens should not be used if:
there is a possible fracture
all __________ vertebrae have at least one _____ for rib articulation
thoracic facet
process extending laterally from the pedicle-lamina junction
transverse process
in the routine lateral projection of the thoracic spine, which vertebrae are not well visualized?
upper 3-4 thoracic vertebrae
which 2 bony landmarks must be aligned for the AP open-mouth projection of the c-spine?
upper incisors mastoid process
what will help enhance the visibility of the vertebral bodies during a lateral projection of the thoracic spine?
use a breathing technique
which thoracic vertebrae possess no facets for costrotransverse joints? why?
T11-T12 only articulate at the costovertebral joints because of angle and reduction in rib length
on an AP thoracic spine, where should the IR be centered?
T7
comminuted fx of the vertebral body with posterior fragments displaced into the spinal canal
Teardrop burst fx
produces a "bow tie" sign
Unilateral subluxation
flexion/extension views are ordered for:
1. ruling out whiplash injury 2. follow up after spinal fusion surgery 3. determine vertebral mobility
3 unique characteristics of the cervical vertebrae
1. transverse foramina 2. bifid spinous process tips 3. overlapping vertical bodies
where should the top border of the IR be positioned for the AP projection of the thoracic vertebrae?
1.5 inches above the top of the shoulders
how much CR angulation is required for the AP axial projection for the cervical spine?
15-20 degrees cephalad
what type of CR angle is required for the posterior oblique (LPO/RPO) positions of the c-spine?
15-20 degrees cephalic
on average, how many separate bones make up the adult vertebral column?
26
in the "swimmer's" position, what can be used to further separate the shoulder shadows in reference to the CR
3-5 degree caudal angle
how many degrees is the body oblique for the oblique views of the c-spine
45 degrees
how many cervical vertebrae should be seen on a good lateral radiograph
7
the zygapophyseal joints for the thoracic spine lie at an angle of _________ in relation to the midsagittal plane
70-75 degrees
there is no vertebral body at:
C1
the AP projection of the cervical spine demonstrates:
C3-C7
where is the CR directed on an oblique c-spine projection?
C4
where is the CR directed perpendicularly to for a shoot-thru lateral c-spine?
C4
which cervical vertebrae should be the centering point for the CR on an AP axial projection?
C4
in order to completely demonstrate the structures in the swimmers lateral position, the IR is centered to level of?
C7, T1
"swimmer's" position is used to demonstrate what region of the vertebral column?
C7-T1 cervicothoracic region
in the lateral flexion view of the c-spine, the ____________ are elevated and widely separated
spinous processes
impact fx from axial loading of the anterior and posterior arch of C1
Jefferson fracture
which position will best demonstrate the left zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine?
RPO
inflammation of the vertebrae
Spondylitis
the most prominent aspect of the thyroid cartilage is what? it corresponds to the vertebral level of?
adam's apple C4-C5
the Fuchs and Judd method both demonstrate the dense projected within the shadow of the ?
foramen magnum
purpose of using a long exposure time for an Ottonello View of the c-spine?
blur out the mandible to see the upper region of the c-spine
solid anterior part of a vertebra
body
due to the anode heel effect, the intensity of the x-ray beam is greatest along the:
cathode end of the beam
transitional zone (region) between the c-spine and t-spine
cervicothoracic region
lateral cervical spine should be taken on inspiration or expiration? why?
expiration - to depress shoulders
how must the head be positioned to demonstrate the atlas and axis (C1 and C2) in the AP projection?
extend chin until mastoid process and upper incisors are on the same transverse plane
T or F? the posterior cervical oblique projections demonstrate the intervertebral foramina and pedicles on the side closest to the IR?
false
on a supine AP projection, what should be done to reduce the normal thoracic kyphosis of the PT?
flex the patients hips and knees
abnormal condition characterized by increased convexity of the thoracic spine curvature
kyphosis
connects the transverse process with the spinous process
laminae
which projection best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine?
lateral
on a PT with a severe neck injury, which projection should be done first? why?
lateral c-spine shoot-through: rule out fractures
PT is in a right posterior oblique position. which intervertebral foramina will be visualized?
left; side away
process extending laterally and posteriorly from the body, form most of the sides of the vertebral arch
pedicles
mild form of scoliosis and kyphosis developing during adolescence
scheuermann disease
abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine:
scoliosis
process extending posteriorly from the junction of both laminae
spinous process
