Cycle 13 Study Guide

Dreyfus Affair

A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.

Berlin Conference of 1884-85

A meeting of European leaders held in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa.

How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?

A small minority of British women tried especially to improve the lives of Indian women, both Hindu and Muslim, promoting education and legislation to move them closer to the better conditions they believed western women had attained (white women's burden).

Most important of the great reforms in Russia

Abolition of serfdom.

How did the Boers, or Afrikaners, seek to avoid domination by the British?

-The Boers moved to the interior -they claimed their political independence -defended themselves against British Armies -Numerical superiority over British to take over political power

Quinine

A drug used to combat malaria

After the Franco-Prussian war, Prussia imposed what on France?

A generous peace

Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?

Because the U.S. military was beginning to pressure Japan.

Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf

Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878, resulting from Pius IX's declaration of papal infallibility.

How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?

Cavour's allies in the moderate nationalist movement salvaged his plans for Italian unification. Pro-Sardinian nationalists in Tuscany and central Italy encouraged popular revolt that topple their ruling princes. Using this popular enthusiasm, middle class nationalist leaders in central Italy called for fusion with Sardinia. The people of central Italy voted overwhelmingly to join an enlarged kingdom of Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel, which created a northern Italian State

What was crucial to the success of Count Camille Benso do Cavour's plan to unify northern Italy?

Consolidating Sardinia into a liberal constitutional state capable of leading northern Italy; increasing support for Sardinia. A powerful ally was needed to drive Austria out of the north, so Cavour established a secret alliance with France. This alliance proved helpful at first as the allies were victorious against Austria in 1859, but Napoleon did an about-face shortly after their victory because supporting the pope's enemy angered French Catholics.

How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of a liberal, progressive state?

Emmanuel retained a liberal constitution that combined a strong monarchy with a fair degree of civil liberties and parliamentary government, though deputies were elected by a limited group based on income.

The typical European immigrant was

Energetic small farmers or skilled artisans

Zollverein

German custom's unit formed to remove tariffs and trade barriers from inside the german confederation in the 19th cent.

What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule?

Human dignity, economic emancipation and political independence were all incompatible with foreign rule. The West imposed the very ideals of liberalism, civil liberties and political self-determination at home, yet denied those very principles to its colonies. Also, they were attracted to nationalism, which asserted that people had the right to control its own destiny.

How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?

Railroad lines connected cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.

The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism

Represents a unique stage of capitalism. Quantity has transformed into quality.

In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia?

Sergei Witte, tough Russian finance minister (1892-1903), believed that industrial backwardness threatened Russia's greatness. Under his leadership, the government doubled the network of state-owned railways, established high protective tariffs to support Russian industry, and he put the country on the gold standard to strengthen Russian finances. His greatest idea was to use Westerners to catch up with the West. He encouraged foreigners to build factories in Russia.

How did the British obtain the opium that they smuggled into China?

The British obtained the opium from British-occupied India where opium could be grown legally. They then smuggled it illegally into China.

Treaty of Nanking (1842)

The Imperial government of China was forced to cede Hong Kong to Britain, pay $100 Million, and open four large cities to foreign trade w/ low tariffs -- allowed opium trade to flourish in China

What was the goal of the new imperialism of the late nineteenth century?

The goal of the new imperialism was to create vast political empires abroad. To plant the flag over as many people and as much territory as possible. The new imperialism aimed primarily at Asia and Africa.

Red Shirts

The guerrilla army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry.

What was the all important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration?

The immediate goal of the new government was to meet the foreign threat. They tried to harness western industrialization and political reform to protect their country and catch up with Europe. The overriding concern was always to maintain a powerful state and strong military.

October Manifesto

The result of a paralyzingly general strike in October 1905, a Russian decree that granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected Duma (parliament) with real legislative power.

Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?

Two provinces, Schleswig-Holstein, belonged to Denmark but were members of the German Confederation. In 1864 the Danish king tried to unite these two provinces in a more centralized Danish state against the will of the German Confederation. Prussia and Austria were victorious over Denmark.

Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden"

a poem about the Philippine-American War (1899-1902), which invites the U.S. to assume colonial control of that country

Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy

his government prevented the information of labor unions or laws permitting labor strikes.

Why were Jewish immigrants in the nineteenth century unlikely to return to their native land?

most Jews faced discrimination in Russia and were forced to live in the Pale of Settlement. Also, non-Jews owned most of the property. It was basically a once-and-for-all departure for Jews as they were in search of opportunities to escape pogroms (organized killings of innocent people because of their race/religion).

Theodore Herzl

• Austrian Jew • Founder of Zionism—political solution to anti-semitism • Wrote The Jewish State in 1896 in which he concluded that Jews must have a state of their own in Palestine

What did Otto von Bismarck hope to achieve in the war with France?

He saw war with France as an opportunity to bring the South German states into unity with the Prussian-led North German Confederation and build a strong German Empire.

Why did Louis Napoleon, who had no previous political experience, win election as president of France in 1848?

The voters elected Louis Napoleon because of his beliefs that government should represent the people and help them economically. He also made promises for better housing and public facilities.