D. Hays: Assessment in Counseling, CH 9
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Fourth Edition (PPVT-IV)
10-15 minute screening test of listening comprehension and verbal ability. The examinee is given a word and is asked to point to one appropriate picture out of four on a card. Accommodations for individuals with motor impairments may be made.
Wonderlic Personnel Test and Scholastic Level Exam
12-minute, 50-item speeded test of mental ability for adults. Often used to determine whether individuals have the capacity to learn and solve problems. Has history of use in business and academic settings. Validity has been questioned when minorities obtaining lower scores on the instrument are screened out of various entry-level positions. It has been declared not legitimate in court cases when testing procedures resulted in denying fair opportunities to prospective minority employees but acceptable when test results can be demonstrated to be substantially related to the performance on specific jobs.
WISC-V Score Ranges (from 60 to 130+)
130 and higher (extremely high), 120-129 (very high), 110-119 (high average), 90-109 (average), 80-89 (low average), 70-79 (very low), and 60-69 (extremely low).
Shipley Institute of Living Scale-Revised
60-item (40 vocabulary, 20 abstract reasoning) intelligence test that takes approximately 20 minutes to administer and yields age-adjusted IQ and standard scores. Originally used to assess cognitive impairment, it is now used as a brief screening device for overall intellectual ability.
Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJ IV)
A series of 20 intelligence tests, with scales based on the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory of Intelligence. Yields three composite scores, seven factor scores (i.e. Comprehension-Knowledge, Fluid Reasoning, Short-Term Working Memory, Cognitive Processing Speed, Auditory Processing, Long-Term Retrieval, Visual Processing), and six narrow ability scores (i.e. Quantitative Reasoning, Auditory Memory Span, Number Facility, Perceptual Speed, Vocabulary, Cognitive Efficiency).
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to be adaptable and flexible in solving new problems, independent of previous knowledge; the capacity to learn and behave intelligently.
Crystallized Intelligence
Ability to solve problems and make decisions on the basis of acquired knowledge, experiences, and verbal conceptualizations; result of experiential and cultural learning throughout one's lifetime that can be mediated by fluid intelligence.
Louis Thurstone
Argued that several group factors described intelligence better than a single general ability.
Information subtest
Asks examinees to choose a picture from four options in response to an examiner's informational question or respond to general knowledge topics.
Picture Concepts subtest
Asks examinees to choose one picture per row from two or three rows to form a group.
Similarities subtest
Asks examinees to complete an incomplete sentence by identifying how concepts mentioned in the sentence are similar.
Object Assembly subtest
Asks examinees to fit puzzle pieces together to form a meaningful whole in 90 seconds.
Word Reasoning subtest
Asks examinees to identify a common concept among specific clues.
Picture Naming subtest
Asks examinees to name pictures.
Block Design subtest
Asks examinees to recreate a model or picture from a stimulus book using blocks.
Comprehension subtest
Asks examinees to respond to questions based on knowledge of general situations.
Bug Search subtest
Asks examinees to scan a search group (e.g., bugs) and indicate whether a target symbol matches any of the others in the search group.
Vocabulary subtest
Asks examinees to select a cited picture from a group of four or provide definitions to words read aloud.
Matrix Reasoning subtest
Asks examinees to select a missing portion of an incomplete matrix from several response options.
Picture Completion subtest
Asks examinees to view a picture and identify the missing part.
Charles Spearman
Asserted that intelligence consists of a single general (g) factor and several specific (s1, s2, ...) factors.
Limitations of the Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)
Because of its brevity, it is less accurate compared to other measures and should not be used when a more comprehensive measure is needed.
15 WAIS-IV Subtests
Block Design, Similarities, Digit Span, Matrix Reasoning, Vocabulary, Arithmetic, Symbol Search, Visual Puzzles, Information, Coding, Letter-Number Sequencing, Figure Weights, Comprehension, Cancellation, and Picture Completion.
Wide Range Intelligence Test (WRIT)
Brief, individually administered test of intellectual ability for ages 4 to 85. Contains four subtests that yield a verbal (crystallized) IQ and a visual (fluid) IQ. Was standardized on a sample of 2,285 U.S. individuals.
Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT)
Can be administered in 15-30 minutes and consists of a vocabulary (through pictures) portion and a matrices portion using pictures and abstract designs. Is useful when time constraints preclude the use of a longer measure.
Three Types of Intelligence in Triarchic Theory
Componential intelligence, experiential intelligence, and contextual intelligence.
Advantages of group intelligence tests
Considerably more cost effective to administer and score than individual tests; offer more normative information because it is easier to collect using group tests;
Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT)
Consists of six core subtests and four additional subtests and is normed for ages 11 to 85. Yields scores on both fluid and crystallized intelligence and a composite IQ score.
Test of Cognitive Skills
Contemporary form of the California Test of Mental Maturity-Short Form intended to be the group-test equivalent of the Stanford-Binet. Four test areas are associated with this instrument: Sequences, Analogies, Memory, and Verbal Reasoning. Consists of six levels, each designed for two grade levels, from Grade 2 to Grade 12.
Weschler Bellevue Intelligence Scale (1939)
Created because it was believed an intelligence scale more suited to adults was needed and also included focus on nonverbal intelligence.
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV).
Developed as a downward extension of the WISC and can be used for ages 2.6 to 7.7. Provides a full-scale IQ (FSIQ) score, primary index scores, and ancillary index scores. Primary index scales vary by age subgroup and may include: Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, Working Memory, Fluid Reasoning, and Processing Speed. Ancillary index scores also vary by age subgroup but may include: Vocabulary Acquisition, Nonverbal, and General Ability.
Multidimensional Aptitude Battery-II (MAB-II)
Developed as a group-test to yield results similar to the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Contains five tests on the verbal scale and five tests on the performance scale, which involve very similar tasks to the subtests of the WAIS but in paper-and-pencil format. Relatively easy to administer and score, and does not require a highly trained examiner. However, it does not yield the observational data obtained in individual assessments and, thus, should not be used in high-stakes testing situations, such as the determination of intellectual disability.
Raymond Cattell and John Horn
Divided intelligence into two types: fluid and crystallized.
Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Downward extension of the Weschler Bellevue Intelligence Scale for use in children ages 6 to 16 and 11 months.
John Carroll
Expanded the notion of fluid and crystallized intelligence.
Scores provided by the WAIS-IV
Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ), General Ability Index (GAI), and index scores for each factor, each with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15.
Cognitive Abilities Test, Form 6 (CogAT-6)
Has a Primary edition for kindergarten through Grade 2 and a Multilevel edition for grades 3 through 12. Composed of three batteries assessing verbal, quantitative, and nonverbal abilities, with each battery consisting of three tests with a composite score. Nonverbal section uses geometric figures rather than words or numbers.
Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, 8th edition (OLSAT8)
Has seven levels, ranging from kindergarten to Grade 12. Yields verbal and nonverbal scores based on 36-item subtests and a total IQ score.
The WISC-V Framework
Includes five primary index scales, five ancillary index scales, and three complementary index scales. Yields a FSIQ (full-scale IQ) score in addition to five primary index and three ancillary index scores.
Das Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System
Instrument developed to provide a broader measure of children's cognitive abilities. Consists of 13 subtests (only 12 are used in any assessment) and yields four scales, each corresponding to part of the PASS model, in addition to a full-scale score. Planning and Attention scales assess concepts not found on traditional intelligence tests.
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II)
Is composed of 18 subtests, 10 of which are administered depending on participant age. Separates processing scores from crystallized scores and is considered to be more cross-culturally fair than other comparable measures of intelligence.
These three WAIS-IV subtests are only suitable for examinees between ages 16 and 69...
Letter-Number Sequencing, Figure Weights, and Cancellation.
s factor
Measure of intelligence specific to a test or subtest or specific area of intelligence.
g factor
More influential to understanding intelligence than s factors and can be surmised from a broad range of cognitive tests. A general measure of intelligence.
WISC-V (2014)
Most recent revision of the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), standardized on a sample of 2,200 youths, stratified by race/ethnicity, parent education level, and geographic region. Includes score ranges for special populations, such as those with intellectual disability, AD/HD, autism spectrum disorder, and the gifted.
Torrance Tests of Creativity
Most widely used tests to assess creativity. Consist of verbal and nonverbal forms assessing four creative abilities: fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. The nonverbal form consists of drawing activities, and the verbal form consists of generating questions or suggesting alternative uses for an object. Each activity is timed and scored on the first three abilities, while the verbal section is also scored on elaboration. One study has shown a link between scores and achievement in adulthood.
WISC-V Complementary Scales
Naming Speed, Symbol Translation, and Storage and Retrieval.
Luria's Neuropsychological Theory of Intelligence or PASS model
Planning (selecting a strategy to efficiently solve a problem), Attention (selectively attending to a stimulus and inhibiting competing stimuli), Simultaneous (integrating several stimuli into a single whole), and Successive (working with things in a specific serial order).
Advantages of individual intelligence tests
Provide aspects of a clinical interview as well as a standardized test; because several types of IQ scores are provided, counselors can pay particular attention to clients for whom the score difference is substantial; and may help identify areas of dysfunction.
WISC-V Ancillary Scales
Quantitative Reasoning, Auditory Working Memory, Nonverbal, General Ability, and Cognitive Proficiency.
Need to classify over 2 million army recruits during WWI
Reason group tests were developed
Disadvantages of individual intelligence tests
Require a highly trained examiner; research has shown differential diagnoses based on these tests to be questionable; because subtests vary in reliability, difference scores obtained among subtests can be particularly unreliable; and resources needed to administer (i.e. time and money).
Two weaknesses of the WAIS-IV
Scoring is labor-intensive, and the test focuses more on "left-brain" intelligences typically acquired in school or work settings.
WISC-V Subtests (primary indexes in parentheses)
Similarities, Vocabulary, Information, Comprehension (Verbal Comprehension); Block Design, Visual Puzzles (Visual Spatial); Matrix Reasoning, Figure Weights, Picture Concepts, Arithmetic (Fluid Reasoning); Digit Span, Picture Span, Letter-Number Sequence (Working Memory); Coding, Symbol Search, and Cancellation (Processing Speed).
Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)
Takes only 15 to 30 minutes to administer and can be used for ages 6 to 89.
WAIS-IV (2008)
The most recent version of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, which includes 15 subtests.
Flynn Effect
Trend in which mean IQ scores increase over time.
Army Beta (Beta III)
Used widely when assessing non-English-speaking or illiterate individuals for whom a verbal test would not be appropriate.
5 WISC-V Primary Index Scales
Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed.
The WAIS-IV loads on these four factors...
Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.
The Stanford-Binet
became the gold standard of intelligence testing against which all other intelligence tests were validated.
5 Common Traits of Giftedness
creative thinking, excitability or hyperarousal, high sensitivity to others, possession of multiple perceptions or intuition, and motivation or inner strength.
Howard Gardner
critiqued in his model the traditional view of intelligence and intelligence testing and theorized that there are multiple intelligences.
Robert Sternberg
developed the triarchic theory of intelligence, which assumes intelligence is based on how well individuals process information.
10 Broad Abilities in Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory
fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, quantitative reasoning, reading and writing ability, short-term memory, long-term storage and retrieval, visual processing, auditory processing, processing speed, and reaction time.
The Standford-Binet Intelligence Scales
follows the Cattell-Horn-Carroll hierarchical model of cognitive abilities, takes between 45 and 75 minutes to administer, and can be administered to examinees from 2 to over 85 years old.
Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory
has had a significant impact on many of the tests constructed or revised since 1990.
Contextual Intelligence
involves one's actions toward the environment, including selecting, adapting to, and influencing one's surroundings.
Multiple Intelligences
musical intelligence (performance and composition of music), bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (control of body movements), logical-mathematical intelligence (problem-solving ability), linguistic intelligence (use of language), spatial intelligence (ability to work with 3D objects), interpersonal intelligence (interaction with and understanding of others), intrapersonal intelligence (self-awareness), and naturalistic intelligence (knowledge and understanding of nature).
Componential Intelligence
refers to the internal components or mechanisms, including executive function, performance, and knowledge-acquisition components.
Experiential Intelligence
results from behaviors and experiences; past experiences allow one to address new experiences, as well as automatize others.
Primary Mental Abilities
verbal comprehension (e.g., vocabulary, reading comprehension), word fluency (e.g., anagrams, naming words based on some similarity), numerical ability (e.g., speed and accuracy of arithmetic ability), spatial visualization (e.g., mentally "seeing" a three-dimensional object being rotated), associative memory (e.g., pair association), perceptual speed (e.g., comparing visual details of objects), and reasoning (e.g., series completion tests).
Stanford-Binet Battery
yields a Full-Scale IQ score, Nonverbal and Verbal IQs, and five Factor Indices: Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory.
