Digestion

Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?

liver

Gastrin secretion leads to all of the following except

relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.

Adult humans have the dental formula 2 1 2 3 over 2 1 2 3, the second 2 in both sets of numbers represent the .

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on one side of the upper mouth.

Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on cotransporter proteins in the apical membrane of the epithelial cell. higher sodium ion concentration in the lumen than in the epithelial cell. the sodium-potassium pump in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell. A and B only A, B, and C

A, B, and C

Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because ________.

they act only in the lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins

Ketosis results from

utilizing fatty acids as a primary energy source

Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?

Protease

Which of the following is NOT a protective feature of the gastric mucosa HCl secretion alkaline mucous tight junctions High mitotic division rate All of the above are protective features of the gastric mucosa

all are protective functions

Digestion of carbohydrates within the small intestine involves enzymes that come from the a: mouth. b: stomach. c: pancreas. d: lining of the small intestine.

c, d

Lacteals

carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system.

Pepsinogen is produced by ________ and is activated by ________, which is secreted by ________.

chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells

Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called ________.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Most of the NADH is produced in

citric acid cycle

Glycolysis is best defined as the:

conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas include

lipase, amylase, chymatrypsin, thypsin protein,

Liver damage would most affect the digestion of

lipids

Lipase digests steroids triglycerides cholesterol fatty acids more than one of the above

more than one above

Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor. mucus. hydrochloric acid. pepsinogen. more than one of the above.

more than one above

"Segmentation" is to bring chyme into contact with the intestinal walls to mix chyme with glandular secretions to move the chyme from one part of the GI tract to another the division of function from one part of the small intestine to another more than one of the above

more than one of the above

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during glycolysis. the Kreb's cycle. pyruvate oxidation. the formation of water. more than one of the above.

more than one of the above

Protein digestion begins in the

mouth

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ________, whereas protein digestion begins in the ________.

mouth; stomach

The organ that produces enzymes capable of digesting all the macromolecule classes is the

pancreas

Identify the salivary gland that secretes primarily a watery mixture rich in salivary amylase, lysozymes, and IgA antibodies.

parotid

The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is

riboflavin.

In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

rich in enzymes.

Protein digestion is initiated in the

stomach

If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and fructose, this carbohydrate is probably

surcose

The muscle tone of the ________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called ________.

taeniae coli; haustra

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas include trypsin (as trypsinogen). amylase. maltase. A and B only A, B, and C

A and B only

________ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing.

Canines

The presence of fatty chyme in the small intestine stimulates it to release ________, which causes the ________.

CCK; gallbladder to release bile

Of the five types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen?

Chief cells

Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

Emulsify lipids

Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?

Triglycerides

During glycolysis

a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid NAD+ is reduced to NADH

Functions of the stomach include all of the following, except

absorption of dipeptides.

Which of the following is not a function of saliva

digestion of maltose

If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably

lactose

The three most abundant classes of nutrients are ________.

fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

Bile is stored in the

gallbladder

Glucose is stored as the carbohydrate __________________ in the liver and skeletal muscle.

glycogen

The acid secretions from an ulcer in the stomach damaging the underlying connective tissue will lead to increased __________ production.

hydrochloric acid

Increased activity of the parietal cells will result in

increase histamin release?

Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, ________ is/are secreted by ________ cells.

intrinsic factor; parietal

Most amino acids are absorbed via

secondary active symport

he absorption of amino acids in the small intestine involves

secondary active symport with Na+..

Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the ________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the ________.

small intestine; small intestine

Amylase from saliva digests

starch.