Drugs and Society Quiz 2
A former drug-dependent individual is advised to avoid surroundings associated with his / her drug-taking behavior because it may provoke psychological effects opposite to the drug effect through their association with prior drug taking behavior. This type of tolerance is called:
behavioral tolerance
According to the sociologist Robert Merton, what are the five adaptations as they relate to cultural goals through acceptable means?
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion
On the sole basis of gender, what types of crime is Jane more likely to commit than Frank?
crime against the public order
Developing a tolerance for a drug's effect resulting in tolerance from the effects of another drug never taken is known as:
cross tolerance
George has taken a barbiturate for weeks. Unfortunately, he has developed a tolerance to this drug, and also developed a tolerance to another barbiturate that he has never taken. What is this type of reaction called?
cross tolerance
As rates of heroin abuse rise, what happens to the incidence of crimes against individuals?
declines
When one's attitudes and beliefs favoring drug use exceed one's attitudes and beliefs against drug use, the likelihood increases that drug use will occur. This is a principle of:
differential association theory
The rewarding or reinforcing effects of amphetamines, cocaine, and heroin have been associated with the effect on which major neurotransmitter?
dopamine
What kind of procedure is conducted when the individual receiving the drug and the person administering the drug are unaware of whether a drug or a placebo is being given?
double blind experiment
The operational design of an illicit drug business can be divided into four stages of production and distribution: cultivation, importation, wholesale distribution and ________ distribution.
retail
What natural chemical in the body, when altered, is related to hallucinatory effects of such drugs as LSD and psilocybin?
serotonin
Which two major neurotransmitters are considered responsible for establishing appropriate levels of mood?
serotonin and norepinephrine
In social control theory, what are attachment and involvement identified as?
social bonds
Anomie theory is sometimes referred to as what other theory?
strain theory
What historical figure was accredited with psychoanalytic explanations of drug abuse?
Sigmund Freud
According to labeling theory, at what point does an individual who is experimenting with drugs begin perceiving herself as a drug user?
when the drug use becomes public knowledge and the person is seen in a new light
The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 requires that financial institutions in the United States report cash transactions of ________ or more to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and these institutions must identify the depositors and the sources of the money.
10,000
The loss of dopamine receptors caused by chronic cocaine abuse is equivalent to:
40 years' decline in dopamine receptors in a drug-free brain
What is the U.S. Justice Department's (ADAM) Program, an acronym for?
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring
This Act required financial institutions in the United States to report cash transactions of $10,000 or more to the IRS.
Bank Secrecy Act of 1970
Most of the absorption process is accomplished within how many minutes after ingestion?
Between five and thirty minutes
Psychoactive drugs affect our behavior and experience through their effects on the functioning of the ________.
Brain
What have longitudinal studies shown for the majority of drug users?
Initial involvement in criminal activity began prior to drug experimentation.
Which single theory best represents our current understanding of why some people are more prone to drug abuse than others?
There is no one accepted theory
Major obstacles to recovery from drug abuse are conditioned cues, such as:
a former cigarette smoker wanting a smoke when drinking alcohol
According to the moral model of drug abuse, drug taking behavior is:
a matter of personal choice
A transdermal patch works through the principle of what route of administration?
absorption through the skin
Which reason is not adduced in the text as contributing to the increase in incarceration rates of drug offenders?
additional prosecution penalties for drug activity related to organized crime groups
When the combination of two drugs result in an acute effect that is equivalent to the sum of the effects of either drug administered separately, the effect is known as:
additive
This street gang sold crack cocaine near housing projects and small corner stores in the mid-1980s.
african american gangs
What types of crimes are females more likely than males to commit?
against public order
What psychoactive drug has the most definitive link to violent behavior?
alcohol
Violations of the laws that prohibit the possession, use, distribution or manufacture of illegal drugs are characterized as
drug derived
The capacity of a drug dose to have a gradually diminished effect on the user as it is taken repeatedly is known as:
drug tolerance
What type of crime is committed by a drug abuser to obtain money to buy drugs?
economically associative crime
From a differential association perspective, the process of learning to use drugs includes not only learning the techniques of drug use but also learning to do what?
enjoy the experience
Individuals motivated by the positive rewards of the drug experience are sometimes referred to as:
euphoria seekers
The larger the quantity of a drug the ________ the body tries to get rid of it.
faster
What kind of retail drug distribution model is where independent individuals work together without a previous relationship, not a part of any large-scale drug organization, use a "cash only" business, and drug price is negotiated at the time of the buy?
freelance model
Anomie" can be translated into English as:
frustration and alienation
Biological theories of drug abuse focus primarily on what 3 principles?
genetic, physiological, and neurochemical factors
The rate of elimination of a particular drug can be determined by an index called:
half life
The sociologist Robert Merton believed that in many developed countries individuals aspire to reach the primary cultural goal through the acceptable social norm of:
hard work
If the combined effect is equivalent to 11, what is the combined drug effect called?
hyperadditive
The more violent the crime, the greater the probability that the perpetrator was:
intoxicated by alcohol
Which of the following forms of drug administration is the fastest?
intravenous
An interval of time during which the blood levels of a drug are not yet sufficient for a drug effect to be observed is called:
latency period
Social control theory holds that all human beings are, by nature:
liable to break rules
The ADAM statistics show ________ to be the most commonly used drug among adult male arrestees and ________ to be the second most common.
marijuana, cocaine
What is the theoretical basis for methadone maintenance treatment programs?
metabolic-defect theory
After the metabolic ( chemical breakdown) and urinary excretion called biotransformation through enzymes in the liver, what are the end-products of this process called?
metabolites
What nonreligious philosophy states that drug-taking behavior is personal choice, not biological defect, a psychological dysfunction, or sociological circumstances?
moral model of drug abuse
Today, what percent of all federal prison inmates are serving time for drug-defined offenses, more than for any other type of criminal offense?
more than 50%
A region of the brain considered to be responsible for the reinforcing effects of several drugs of abuse is known as:
nucleus accumbens
What is the correct list of routes for administration of drugs?
oral, injection, inhalation, absorption
The four principle routes through which drugs can be delivered into the body are all of the following EXCEPT:
osmosis
What violent acts are believed to be caused by the influence of a psychoactive drugs?
pharmacological violence
If there is a very strong effect when two drugs are taken in combination, even though one of the drugs by itself has no effect and the other by itself has only a weak effect, then what is the combination effect called?
potentiation
What factor(s) provide(s) the basis for someone to have stronger resistance against the temptations of drugs, and to have resilience against engaging in a drug-taking life-style?
protective factors
Behavioral theories emphasizes the role of learning through what factor(s)?
reinforcement
William is prescribed a drug from his doctor, and then prescribed a different drug from his dentist. He did not tell either doctor about the other prescription. Unfortunately, when taken together, drug one cancels out drug two, so the secondary drug has no effect. This type of drug effect is:
synergistic
Violence that arises from the activities of drug dealing is characterized as:
systemic violence
Interactional circumstances is a U.S. Department of Justice term for the idea that:
the relationship between drug use and crime is an indirect one
What is the most common means of drug elimination through excretion?
urine
Psychoactive stimulants such as methamphetamine and cocaine or the hallucinogen PCP (known as "angel dust") produce an on-edge frame of mind and a social paranoia that can potentially lead to:
violent behavior
According to the labeling theory, when does primary deviance convert into secondary deviance?
when occasional users are labeled as "dope heads"