Drugs and Society Quiz 2

A former drug-dependent individual is advised to avoid surroundings associated with his / her drug-taking behavior because it may provoke psychological effects opposite to the drug effect through their association with prior drug taking behavior. This type of tolerance is called:

behavioral tolerance

According to the sociologist Robert Merton, what are the five adaptations as they relate to cultural goals through acceptable means?

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion

On the sole basis of gender, what types of crime is Jane more likely to commit than Frank?

crime against the public order

Developing a tolerance for a drug's effect resulting in tolerance from the effects of another drug never taken is known as:

cross tolerance

George has taken a barbiturate for weeks. Unfortunately, he has developed a tolerance to this drug, and also developed a tolerance to another barbiturate that he has never taken. What is this type of reaction called?

cross tolerance

As rates of heroin abuse rise, what happens to the incidence of crimes against individuals?

declines

When one's attitudes and beliefs favoring drug use exceed one's attitudes and beliefs against drug use, the likelihood increases that drug use will occur. This is a principle of:

differential association theory

The rewarding or reinforcing effects of amphetamines, cocaine, and heroin have been associated with the effect on which major neurotransmitter?

dopamine

What kind of procedure is conducted when the individual receiving the drug and the person administering the drug are unaware of whether a drug or a placebo is being given?

double blind experiment

The operational design of an illicit drug business can be divided into four stages of production and distribution: cultivation, importation, wholesale distribution and ________ distribution.

retail

What natural chemical in the body, when altered, is related to hallucinatory effects of such drugs as LSD and psilocybin?

serotonin

Which two major neurotransmitters are considered responsible for establishing appropriate levels of mood?

serotonin and norepinephrine

In social control theory, what are attachment and involvement identified as?

social bonds

Anomie theory is sometimes referred to as what other theory?

strain theory

What historical figure was accredited with psychoanalytic explanations of drug abuse?

Sigmund Freud

According to labeling theory, at what point does an individual who is experimenting with drugs begin perceiving herself as a drug user?

when the drug use becomes public knowledge and the person is seen in a new light

The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 requires that financial institutions in the United States report cash transactions of ________ or more to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and these institutions must identify the depositors and the sources of the money.

10,000

The loss of dopamine receptors caused by chronic cocaine abuse is equivalent to:

40 years' decline in dopamine receptors in a drug-free brain

What is the U.S. Justice Department's (ADAM) Program, an acronym for?

Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring

This Act required financial institutions in the United States to report cash transactions of $10,000 or more to the IRS.

Bank Secrecy Act of 1970

Most of the absorption process is accomplished within how many minutes after ingestion?

Between five and thirty minutes

Psychoactive drugs affect our behavior and experience through their effects on the functioning of the ________.

Brain

What have longitudinal studies shown for the majority of drug users?

Initial involvement in criminal activity began prior to drug experimentation.

Which single theory best represents our current understanding of why some people are more prone to drug abuse than others?

There is no one accepted theory

Major obstacles to recovery from drug abuse are conditioned cues, such as:

a former cigarette smoker wanting a smoke when drinking alcohol

According to the moral model of drug abuse, drug taking behavior is:

a matter of personal choice

A transdermal patch works through the principle of what route of administration?

absorption through the skin

Which reason is not adduced in the text as contributing to the increase in incarceration rates of drug offenders?

additional prosecution penalties for drug activity related to organized crime groups

When the combination of two drugs result in an acute effect that is equivalent to the sum of the effects of either drug administered separately, the effect is known as:

additive

This street gang sold crack cocaine near housing projects and small corner stores in the mid-1980s.

african american gangs

What types of crimes are females more likely than males to commit?

against public order

What psychoactive drug has the most definitive link to violent behavior?

alcohol

Violations of the laws that prohibit the possession, use, distribution or manufacture of illegal drugs are characterized as

drug derived

The capacity of a drug dose to have a gradually diminished effect on the user as it is taken repeatedly is known as:

drug tolerance

What type of crime is committed by a drug abuser to obtain money to buy drugs?

economically associative crime

From a differential association perspective, the process of learning to use drugs includes not only learning the techniques of drug use but also learning to do what?

enjoy the experience

Individuals motivated by the positive rewards of the drug experience are sometimes referred to as:

euphoria seekers

The larger the quantity of a drug the ________ the body tries to get rid of it.

faster

What kind of retail drug distribution model is where independent individuals work together without a previous relationship, not a part of any large-scale drug organization, use a "cash only" business, and drug price is negotiated at the time of the buy?

freelance model

Anomie" can be translated into English as:

frustration and alienation

Biological theories of drug abuse focus primarily on what 3 principles?

genetic, physiological, and neurochemical factors

The rate of elimination of a particular drug can be determined by an index called:

half life

The sociologist Robert Merton believed that in many developed countries individuals aspire to reach the primary cultural goal through the acceptable social norm of:

hard work

If the combined effect is equivalent to 11, what is the combined drug effect called?

hyperadditive

The more violent the crime, the greater the probability that the perpetrator was:

intoxicated by alcohol

Which of the following forms of drug administration is the fastest?

intravenous

An interval of time during which the blood levels of a drug are not yet sufficient for a drug effect to be observed is called:

latency period

Social control theory holds that all human beings are, by nature:

liable to break rules

The ADAM statistics show ________ to be the most commonly used drug among adult male arrestees and ________ to be the second most common.

marijuana, cocaine

What is the theoretical basis for methadone maintenance treatment programs?

metabolic-defect theory

After the metabolic ( chemical breakdown) and urinary excretion called biotransformation through enzymes in the liver, what are the end-products of this process called?

metabolites

What nonreligious philosophy states that drug-taking behavior is personal choice, not biological defect, a psychological dysfunction, or sociological circumstances?

moral model of drug abuse

Today, what percent of all federal prison inmates are serving time for drug-defined offenses, more than for any other type of criminal offense?

more than 50%

A region of the brain considered to be responsible for the reinforcing effects of several drugs of abuse is known as:

nucleus accumbens

What is the correct list of routes for administration of drugs?

oral, injection, inhalation, absorption

The four principle routes through which drugs can be delivered into the body are all of the following EXCEPT:

osmosis

What violent acts are believed to be caused by the influence of a psychoactive drugs?

pharmacological violence

If there is a very strong effect when two drugs are taken in combination, even though one of the drugs by itself has no effect and the other by itself has only a weak effect, then what is the combination effect called?

potentiation

What factor(s) provide(s) the basis for someone to have stronger resistance against the temptations of drugs, and to have resilience against engaging in a drug-taking life-style?

protective factors

Behavioral theories emphasizes the role of learning through what factor(s)?

reinforcement

William is prescribed a drug from his doctor, and then prescribed a different drug from his dentist. He did not tell either doctor about the other prescription. Unfortunately, when taken together, drug one cancels out drug two, so the secondary drug has no effect. This type of drug effect is:

synergistic

Violence that arises from the activities of drug dealing is characterized as:

systemic violence

Interactional circumstances is a U.S. Department of Justice term for the idea that:

the relationship between drug use and crime is an indirect one

What is the most common means of drug elimination through excretion?

urine

Psychoactive stimulants such as methamphetamine and cocaine or the hallucinogen PCP (known as "angel dust") produce an on-edge frame of mind and a social paranoia that can potentially lead to:

violent behavior

According to the labeling theory, when does primary deviance convert into secondary deviance?

when occasional users are labeled as "dope heads"