drugs test #2
Why are CNS depressants problematic?
- usually not obtained illegally but prescribed under direction of a physician - can cause very alarming and even dangerous behavior if not monitored closely - drug interaction (especially with alcohol) with prescriptions or OTCs is dangerous
DEA reports that less than ____% of call depressant prescriptions in the united states are for barbituates
10
morphine was discovered in _______ by fredrick ______
1803, returner
___ mg of fentanyl can kill you
2
a single shot from heroin lasts _______ hours; after the effects wear off, addicts only have a few hours to find their next dose before ______ withdrawal symptoms begin
4-6, severe
over __% of IV heroin users have been exposed to ______
50, HIV
when heroin first enters the US, it may be _____% pure but by the time it's sold it may be 3-60% pure
95
in 1895, german drug company, _______ marketed diacetylmorphine as an OTC drug under the trademark heroin
Bayer
Benzodiazepines activate ______ receptors, have Z's in their name!
GABA
__________ was made a schedule I drug, liquid ecstasy, date rape drug, can be found as a sodium or potassium salt and dissolved into water; cause euphoria, disinhibition, enhanced sexual desire, leaves the system REALLY quickly
GHB
Morphine is a schedule ___ drug.
II
chronic effects of large consumption of alcohol increases the risk of type ____diabetes
II
codeine is schedule ______ and III, V drug
II
oxycodone is schedule __ and in 2018, sales exceeded ____ billion
II, 4.5
routes of administration for heroin
IV injection, smoking, suppository, snorting, oral/ingestion, shooting galleries
natural CNS depressants
Kava Kava Plant, Devil's Weed/Jimson Weed
oxycodone combined with acetometophin is a ________
Percocet
hydrocodone is often combined with acetametophin in _________ and _________
Vicodin, lortab
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) metabolizes alcohol to __________ _____________, a highly toxic substance and known carcinogen
acetyl aldehyde
____________ is a psychoactive drug that is a CNS depressant
alcohol
heroin is most frequently used with ____________
alcohol
until the 1800s, _________ was the most common depressant used to ease tension, cause relaxation and help forget problems
alcohol
major metabolizing enzymes by the liver which break down the alcohol molecule, making it possible to be eliminated by the body
alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase
____________ is the second most widely used and abuse of all psychoactive drugs, second leading cause of premature death in America, social psychologists refer to the perception of alcohol has a social __________
alcohol, lubricant
most common clinical use of opioid narcotics is as ___________ to relieve pain
analgesics
pain relivers are called
analgesics
anti-cough medications
antitussives
chronic effects of large consumption of alcohol can cause __________ of the testicles, resultin in lower sperm count
atrophy
_________ margin of safety is much wider than barbiturates, so they are safer; dependence occurs in about _______ of individuals who are treated for more than 4 weeks, large doses are rarely fatal unless combined with other drugs
banzodiazepines, 1/3
_______________ stimulate GABA receptors (basal ganlia, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex)
barbituates
dizziness, light-headedness, drowsiness and clumsiness are side effects of
barbituates
___________ make people very relaxed, calm, and sleepy; may become habit forming (not for everyday anxiety/tension or to treat sleeplessness over long periods) only available with physicians prescription; most are schedule _____
barbituates, II
__________________ increase chance of birth defects, prolonged labor, withdrawal effects in the baby; birth control pills may not work effectively when taken with barbituates
barbiturates
___________ replaced _________ in the early 1900s, they were initially heralded as __________
barbiturates, bromides, safe
__________although originally thought as safe had issues with tolerance, ___________ and safety and had a ________ therapeutic index
barbiturates, dependence, wide
_____________ (all 3) are used for anxiety, insomnia, seizures, alcohol withdrawal, medical procedures for relaxation/sleep and skeletal muscle relaxant
benzodiazepines
in 1950s, ___________ were marketed as substitutes for barbiturates and were relatively safe for ________ periods but long-term use caused ___________ and withdrawal problems
benzodiazepines, short, dependence
__________ were introduced to treat nervousness and anxiety in the 1800s; very ppopular but _______, therapeutic index was __________
bromides, toxic, narrow
______ fentanyl is used to sedate a large animal; 1 grain of salt of fentanyl is enough to kill a human being
car
chronic effects of large consumption of alcohol can use alcoholic ____________ which is when fat forms around the heart cuasing heart arrhythmia (holiday heart/alcohol around the holidays) and _____ when the heard doesnt conract as hard as it should
cardiomyopathy, CHF
why is there more abuse of heroin as of late?
cheaper, youth believe it's safe if not injected
chronic effects of large consumption of alcohol causes ________ of the liver which causes scarring
cirrhosis
principal side effects of opioid narcotics besides their abuse potential include drowsiness, mental ___________, ____________, vomitting, constipation, inability to ___________, drop in ____
clouding, nausea, urinate, BP
when heroin is combined with _________ is is called "speed balling" which has a pain killer for euphoria and __________
cocaine, stimulant
for cough, diarrhea, mild to moderate pain, and narcolepsy are all medical uses of ________
codeine
most widely used and common narcotic due to its wide margin of safety (approx 8-12% strength of morphine)
codeine
second most predominant alkaloid (natural occuring compound) in opium
codeine
low dosages of oxycodone have been prescribed for temporary relief of ________ and _________
cough, diarhea
chronic effects of large consumption of alcohol causes _______ RBCS and WBCs and platelets which causes problems with _______ and __________ and can also cause anemia
decreased, clotting, immunity
_________ (valium) beinds to GABA receptors, side ffect is retrograde amnesia, paradoxial effect is excitement, rage, ___________ of seizures, fat soluble so pregnant women need to use carefully
diazepam, worsening
evaporation and subsequent collection of a liquid by condensation as a means of purification
distillation
fetal alcohol syndrome is _____ related and a safe lower level of alcohol consumption has not been established for pregnant women; no safe time during pregnancy to drink
dose
used for a buzz, fuel, antiseptic (antibacterial hand sanitizer gels, medical wipes) personal care products, deoderants, tinctures (medicines containing alcohol); OTC drugs with it: dimetapp, foruma 44 cough, night relief, pertussin, robitussin, vicks cough, vicks nyquil
ethanol
used as antifreeze, deicing fluid fo windshields and_________
ethelene alcohol, aircrafts
morphine recreational use is for _____________
euphoria
recreational use of __________ is for euphoria and it has had increasing numbers of abuse in the last few years
fentanyl
side effects of ____________ include nausea, constipatipn, confusion, hallucinations, hypoventilation, and lowers BP
fentanyl
__________ is approximately 100 times more potent than morphine, schedule __
fentanyl, II
_____________ is used for extreme pain and chronic pain management via transdermal patch; can be used orally, smoked, snorted, transdermal or _________
fentanyl, injected
anaerobic conversion of a sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast
fermentation
how is ethanol produced
fermentation and distillation
ways to treat overdose of CNS depressants: ___________ and ____________ get into your system from drinking and sits there for 15-20 min absorbing the drug then causes you to vomit; absorbs benzodiazepines so that you vomit it up
gastric lavage, activated charcoal
chronic effects of large consumption of alcohol can cause chronic ________ of the stomach when inflamed and can cause cancer along the digestive tract
gastritis
_______________ medical use as treatment for insomnia, moved to schedule II drug; for recreation when taking with codeine, enables the body to convert higher amounts of codeine to ____________ (street name for the combo is D's)
gluethimide, morphine
drugs with barbiturate-liked properties that are CNS depressants
glutethimide, methaqualone, GHB
third most ILLICITLY used drug of abuse in the US behind marijuana and cocaine
heroin
______________/diacetylmorphine is a schedule __ drug synthesized from ___________
heroin, I, morphine
___________ is more ____ soluble than morphine, so it can easily cross through _________ incluidng the brain (makes it extremely addictive)
heroin, fat, tissue
some heroin dealers mix fentanyl with _________ to increase _________ or compensate for low quality heorin and it is referred to as "bomb"
heroin, potency
____________ is used for moderate to severe pain and is an antitussive to treat cough
hydrocodone
_____________ was first synthesized in germany in 1920, and is schedule _____ (recently); always combined with _________ medication
hydrocodone, II, another
chronic effects of large consumption of alcohol caused increased ________ and high BP
hypertension
the __________ syringe was used extensively in the civil war to soldiers; many became addictive and was called the "soldier's disease" or "army disease", for ___________
hypodermic, morphine
krokadil is an __________ opioid with a high that lasts 2 hours; schedule ___ drug
injectable, I
krokadil literally kills you from the _________ ________ so it's called the "zombie drug"
inside out
AKA "mainlining" "slamming" "shooting up" and "banging"
intravenous injection of heroin
potassium bromide
is not approved by the FDA for use in humans but is used for animals and is used on humans in some countries
rubbing alcohol, cleaning solution (computers, phones, medical instruments); water drying agent use in medicines for swimmers ear, takes large amounts to cause toxicity
isopropyl alcohol
root of this plant ar legally available in many halth food stores; small amunts cause relaxation and sleep, larger doses may cause visual and auditory hallucinations that can last 1-2 hours
kava kava plant
____________ is used for severe pain and is schedule ___, side effects are nausea, hallucination, no effect on ______________ and _________________
ketamine, II, respirations, BP
chronic effects of large consumption of alcohol diminishes the ___________ability to process _________ properly
kidneys, blood
small amounts of codeine is converted to morphine in the _____
liver
alcohol is principally inactivated by _________ metabolism (95%) at a slow and constant rate and is unaffected by the amount ingested; lethal level of alcohol is between ___ and ____ % by volume in the blood
liver, .4, .6
____________ (Ativan) bind to GABA receptors, realtively high addictive potentials of Benzos, same use as diazepam plus sedation of __________ patients, long term side effects may affect memory and cognitive function negatively
lorazepam, aggressive
hydrocodone can be combined with aspirin in ____________
lortab ASA
__________ can be a frequent and extremely serious consequence of sever alcoholism, "drunkorexia", alcohol calories are empty
malnutrition
alcohol poisoning has to do with the ____________ ______________
medulla oblangata
___________ is frequently used to help treat narcotic addicts; it blocks withdrawal symtpms and is almost as effective when administred orally as by ___________
methadone, injection
medical use to treat ____________ and a muscle relaxant, most often called "quaaludes" in pill or liquid, causes euphoria, drowsiness, slurred speech, phtophoabia
methaqualone, insomnia
also known as methanol and wood alcohol; 10 ml can cause blindness and 30 ml is toxic; used as antifreeze, or in _________ treatment plants as a food resource of carbon for gentrifying bacteria
methyl alcohol, water
________ (versed) binds to GABA receptors, same use a diazepam, paradoxical effects happen frequently in __________; fat soluble
midazolam, children
hydrocodone + ibuprofen =
miroprofen
severe pain probably calls for ___________ and not codeine
morphine
side ffects of __________ and _____________ are constipation, addiction, tolerance, and overdose
morphine, codeine
"M", 13, happy powder, white nurse, red cross, first line, mojo, vitamin M, monkey dust and ________ _______ are all street names for
morphine, needle candy
chronic effects of large consumption of alcohol includes increased risk of cancer for _______, __________, and _____________ and is ___x higher if the person is a smoker
mouth, trachea, esophagus, 15
morphine is use for any pain (from __________ ___________, sickle cell patients, trauma, cancer, cough, or diarrhea
myocardial infarction
this is a narcotic antagonist used for overdoses and works for any narcotic
naloxone (narcan)
currently refers to naturally occuring substances derived from the opium poppy and their synthetic substitutes; referred to as opioid narcotics because of their association with opium
narcotics
potassium bromide has a very _____________ threapeutic index
narrow
opioid narcotics relieve pain by activating _________ receptors
opioid
method that involves taking heroin but it does not provide a "rush" and is less potent
oral/ingestion
___________ is a semi-synthetic opioid developed in Germany in attempt to improve existing opioids
oxycodone
euphoria is a side effect of _________
oxycodone
_____________ is an oral medication generally prescribed for relief of moderate to ___________ pain
oxycodone, severe
activation of opioid receptors blocks ransmission of _______ through the spinal cord or brainstem (much like endorphins)
pain
medical uses for narcotics
pain relief, anti-cough, diarrhea treatment
chronic effects of large consumption of alcohol can cause ___________ of the pancreas
pancreatitis
FDA approved human use for treatment of seizures and preoperative sedation (not used as much recently) and used for _________ _________
pentobarbital, death row
_________________ for short-term treatment of sleeplessness, relief of anxiety, tension, and the treatment of certain types of __________ (most common prescribed barbiturate)
phenobarbital, seizures
heroin used in pregnancy can lead to _________ dependence of heroin in the newborn and _________ symptoms in the newborn afterbirth
physical, withdrawal
inorganic salt that was widely used as an _______________ (first effective medication for epilepsy) and a sedative in the late 1800s and early 1900s
potassium bromide, ________________
strength of alcohol, double the percentage
proof
non medical use of __________ have reported effect of mild euphoria and hallucinations (mainly abuse by medical staff)
propofol
_____________ is used for general anesthesia and sedation for mechanically ventilated adults; "milk of amnesia" causes loss of__________
propofol, memory
krokadil comes from ________ and is cheaper than heroin
russia
locations that serve as gathering places for addicts shooting heroin
shooting galleries
_____________ consumption effects of alcohol affect the blood by decreasing HDL, decreasing ___________ (blood clotting), reduced artery __________ from stress, increase coronary blood flow
small to moderate, thrombosis, spasm
commonly done in glass pipes or off of aluminum foil which is heated under a flame, called "chasing the dragon"
smoking heroin
method that involves absorbing through the soft tissue in the mucous membrane of the sinus cavity and straight into the bloodstream
snorting
moderate to excessive drinking during pregnancy can result in ____________ ____________ and damage to the fetus FAS
spontaneous abortion
involves anal or vaginal insertion; commonly done with an oral syringe
suppository administration of heroin
creative methods for consuming alcohol
vaporzing alcohol, eyeball shots, hand sanitizer, enemas, tampons
important landmark for heroin use in the United States; estimated that as many as __% of the US soldiers used heroin
vietnam war, 40
pure heroin is a _____ powder, so if its not it probably has been ___ (having had other things added to it)
white, cut