dual credit government exam 2

Which of the following is an interest group more likely to champion than a political party?

a controversial issue

In 20th-century American history, the most important minor parties were ________ parties.

factional

A general belief about the role and purpose of government is called

ideology

Democrats and Republicans have endured as the two major U.S. parties primarily due to

their ability to adapt to changing circumstances.

The most embarrassing Gallup poll failure in predicting a presidential election was

1948 Truman-Dewey.

Which of the following is a reason that Americans are more likely to work for a political campaign than are citizens in Europe?

America's federal system provides more campaign opportunities.

Friedrich Engels believed that communism would not take root in the United States because

American workers lacked sufficient class consciousness.

Which of the following is true of Americans' pride in their democracy?

Americans' pride in their democracy has decreased rapidly in recent decades, largely as a result of increasing partisanship.

The largest number of PACs are those associated with

business

Which of the following statements has been shown by scholarly research to be true?

Network journalists tend to be negative.

During the early 20th century, which newspaper developed a reputation as the country's best newspaper?

New York Times

Students are most likely to hear stories about America's heroes and greatness when they are in

elementary school.

Staunch conservatives are most likely to pay regular attention to

fox news

A sustained action taken by citizens disenchanted with government in order to express their opposition and work to bring about social or political change is a

political movement.

Americans who attend religious services at least once a week are most likely to vote for which political party?

Republican

Scholars estimate that turnout would be roughly ________ percentage points higher in the United States if the U.S. had European-style registration.

10

The election of ________ was a realigning election.

1932

Television first appeared as a tool for campaign ads during the

1950

Ticket splitting was most recently prominent during which decade?

1970s

A properly drawn sample of one thousand individuals has a sampling error of roughly plus or minus

3 percent.

What percentage of states hold their gubernatorial elections in nonpresidential years?

75 percent

The issue of slavery gave birth to the ________ Party as a major political party.

Republican

Early American newspapers

could not have survived without political party support.

The media perform the signaling role by

informing the public of breaking events and new developments.

An informal grouping of officials, lobbyists, and policy specialists who come together temporarily around a policy problem is a(n)

iron triangle

The chief obstacle to Americans' participation in community activities is the

lack of personal motivation to get involved.

Historically, dramatic change in party identification is uncommon and is almost always a consequence of

major upheaval.

Scholarly research has shown that, overall, the traditional media

may have a slight liberal bias, and it depends on the outlet.

Compared with U.S. citizens of higher incomes, those of lower incomes are

much less likely to vote in elections.

National party organizations can dictate the day-to-day decisions of

neither local nor state party organizations.

What term do scholars use for a purported opinion offered by a respondent who is unfamiliar with the specific issue?

nonopinion

The process of political socialization in the United States is

normally cumulative; political beliefs attained earlier in life tend to be retained to a substantial degree.

Negative television campaign ads

now constitute the largest share of political ads.

When the nation was founded, who was eligible to vote?

only males who owned property

The Tea Party's key initial issue was

opposition to high taxes.

As an agent of political socialization, the American family will likely have its greatest effect on an individual's

party identification.

The main reason for the high cost of American political campaigns is the cost of

paying for television ads.

Which of the following is NOT a primary socializing agent?

peers

The process by which individuals acquire their political opinions is called

political socialization.

A person who favors government intervention in both social and economic affairs is a(n)

populist.

The Watergate scandal illustrates the

power of the media to serve as watchdog to safeguard against abuses of power.

Grassroots lobbying is based on the assumption that officials will respond to

pressure from constituents.

Which of the following was NOT part of the Democratic Party platform in the 2018 midterm elections?

privatizing social security

The term framing is used to describe the

process of selecting certain aspects of reality and then crafting news stories around those aspects.

The FCC's requirement for radio stations relating to equal airtime

prohibited broadcasters from selling or giving time to political candidates without offering the same to their opponents.

At the state level the central committees

provide only general guidance for the state organizations.

Effective inside lobbying is based upon

providing useful and persuasive information to key officials.

The most powerful religious force in contemporary American society is the

religious right.

The accuracy of a poll is usually expressed in terms of

sampling error.

In general, public opinion

sets limits on government action.

Agenda-setting is an action that falls under which of the major roles played by the press?

signaling

The first American political parties emerged from the conflict between

small farmers and states' rights advocates, and those favoring commercial and wealthy interests.

Volunteer activity in the United States is LOWEST in the

south

Regarding state party organizations, the day-to-day operation is usually the responsibility of the

state chairperson.

Regular voters tend to be characterized by a

strong sense of civic duty.

According to a recent Pew Research Center poll, young adults are substantially more likely than senior citizens to support

stronger environmental regulations.

In recent decades, lobbyists in Washington, D.C., have increasingly

targeted the executive branch in their efforts to influence policy decisions.

What technology led editors to substitute news reports for partisan commentary?

telegraph

The principal medium for election politics is

television

The reason the news product is designed to fascinate as well as to inform is

that news organizations are fundamentally businesses and must obtain revenue to survive.

What was the primary cause for an increase in the public's support for a military invasion of Iraq during the six-month period leading to the start of the war?

the Bush administration's efforts to press the case for war

Literacy tests were used to

disenfranchise African Americans in the South.

Education and income affect voter turnout

more in the United States than in Europe.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a secondary socializing agent?

church

The air we breathe is an example of a

collective good.

Which of the following groups is most closely aligned with the Democratic Party, voting more than 80 percent Democratic in presidential elections?

African Americans

When democratic governments came into existence, tax and food riots and other forms of protest greatly diminished. Why?

Citizens had less-disruptive ways to express themselves.

The Democratic Party's long-time regional stronghold, "the Solid South," stemmed from a realignment during which historical period?

Civil War era

Which of the following statements about party identification is true?

Currently, more people identify as Democrats than as Republicans.

What did political scientist Larry Bartels demonstrate in his book Unequal Democracy?

Elected officials are substantially more responsive to the concerns of their more affluent constituents than to those of their poorer constituents.

African American men technically gained suffrage with passage of the ________ Amendment.

Fifteenth

Which of the following states is a competitive state, meaning that it could potentially vote either Democratic or Republican?

Florida

Which of the following statements is true?

George W. Bush attempted to privatize aspects of Social Security, only to back down in the face of determined resistance.

________ warned Americans of the "baneful effects" of factions (political parties) in his 1797 farewell address.

George Washington

Political parties in the United States originated partly as a political feud between

Hamilton and Jefferson.

Which of the following states had its voter ID law upheld by the Supreme Court despite the Court's admission that the law was created with partisan intentions?

Indiana

Which of the following is true of the relationship between public opinion and shifts in major government policies?

On highly salient and emotional issues in particular, public opinion tends to affect policy to a greater degree than policymakers' agendas affect public opinion.

What are the two distinguishing characteristics of political socialization?

Political socialization is cumulative, and it is most heavily developed during childhood.

Which of the following is true about public opinion polling?

Polls can be erroneous at times. Sampling error decreases as the size of the sample increases. Opinion polls are the most relied-upon method of measuring public opinion. Polling accuracy diminishes when respondents are unfamiliar with the issues in question.

What was especially unusual about the "Era of Good Feeling"?

President Monroe ran unopposed in 1820.

Voter identification cards find the most support among

Republicans.

Which region of the country overall has the LOWEST connectivity to the Internet?

South

________ does NOT have a competitive multiparty system.

The United States

The most recent party realignment had a realigning election in ________.

The most recent party realignment had no single realigning election.

Which of the following statements would NOT be accepted by supporters of the pluralist view of interest groups?

The opinion of the majority should always prevail, in a policy dispute, over the opinion of a more intense and directly affected minority.

Which of the following is true of letter writers and demonstrators?

Their opinions tend to be more extreme than those of the population as whole.

Eighteen-, nineteen-, and twenty-year-old Americans were granted the right to vote by the passage of the ________ Amendment.

Twenty-Sixth

Citizens in which of the following countries are most likely to talk to people about politics?

United States

In which of the following countries are rates of protest the LOWEST?

United States

Which of the following countries had the LOWEST estimated voter turnout in major national elections in recent decades?

United States

Which of the following states is solidly Democratic?

Washington

As distinct from alienation, apathy is

a general lack of interest in politics.

Party identification refers to

a person's sense of loyalty to a political party.

Historically, the American press has shifted from

a political to a journalistic orientation.

A member of Congress who wants to act on what the majority of his or her constituency thinks on a particular issue would be advised to respond to which of the following indicators?

a poll based on a random selection sample of constituents

The term iron triangle refers to

a small and informal but relatively stable set of bureaucrats, legislators, and lobbyists who are concerned with promoting a particular interest.

Which of the following is NOT an interest group function?

addressing a broad and diverse range of public issues

Partisan talk radio got its start

after the abolition of the Fairness Doctrine.

One consequence of today's high-choice media system is

an increase in the number of people who use partisan outlets as their primary news source.

Local party organizations

are still important, but their role in congressional, statewide, or presidential campaigns is secondary to that of candidates.

Voter registration in the United States

began as a way of preventing voters from casting more than one ballot on election day.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has regulatory oversight over which of the following?

broadcast radio

The most numerous economic groups are

business groups.

James Carville and Roger Ailes are both examples of

campaign strategists who have earned legendary reputations.

Some groups pursue collective goods. A collective good is one that

cannot be selectively granted or denied to individuals; it belongs to all.

Prospective voting is characterized by

choices based on what candidates promise to do if elected.

Voting

does not offer as full an opportunity for political participation as some other activities. provides citizens with a regular way to express themselves politically. is the most widespread form of political participation. is a limited form of political participation.

Journalist Walter Lippmann suggested that

effective government cannot be run by politicians that base their public opinions on poll results.

The news provides a refracted version of reality because it

emphasizes dramatic and compelling news stories.

Of the following, the news media are most likely to focus on

events that are timely.

Which of the following groups in the U.S. shows a higher level of support for collective bargaining?

factory workers

Which of the following networks pioneered the partisan model for cable news reporting?

fox news

In terms of party identification, slightly more than half of adults call themselves

fully Republican or Democrat.

Which of the following groups is NOT typically a part of the Democratic coalition?

fundamentalist Christians

The accuracy of polling is diminished when respondents

give what they regard as the socially correct response to certain questions even though they think differently.

Super PACs have been criticized primarily for

giving too much influence to the wealthy.

Which of the following is associated with people's exposure to partisan news outlets?

greater political interest and engagement

Presidential candidates in the 1960s, compared with today,

had longer sound bites, on average, in broadcast television newscasts.

One special contribution of Internet-based news is that it

has expanded freedom of the press to a larger number of Americans.

A conservative is opposed to government intervention

in the economic but not the social sphere.

The frequency of elections in the United States reduces voter turnout by

increasing the personal effort needed to participate in all elections.

PACs tend to contribute the most money to

incumbents.

In the United States, the primary responsibility for registration of the individual voter rests with the

individual

Some analysts predict that soon the most important medium of election politics will be

the Internet.

Which of the following represents the greatest blow to the organizational strength of U.S. parties?

the direct primary

Negative campaigning in presidential elections was first used in

the early years of the country.

The yellow journalism of the late 19th century was characterized by

the emphasis on sensationalism as a way of selling newspapers.

The society of Northern Ireland is presented by the text as a demonstration of what difference with U.S. society?

the lack of crosscutting between groups

About 95 percent of all political activists in the United States work at

the local level.

The news media's common-carrier role is based on the idea that

the press should provide a channel through which political leaders can communicate their views to the public.

Occupy Wall Street's main target has been

the private wealth of the wealthiest Americans.

What development brought about a dramatic reduction in television's capacity to generate an interest in news?

the rapid spread of cable TV

To accurately poll the citizens of the United States as opposed to the citizens of a single state,

the sample requirements will be nearly the same.

The key factors in determining the accuracy of an opinion poll are

the size of the sample and whether the sample was selected from the population by a random method.

The citizens of ________ are most likely to take an active part in campaigns during an election.

the united states

Political scientist Theodore Lowi has questioned pluralist theory by suggesting that

there is no concept of the public interest in a system that gives special interests the ability to determine the policies affecting them.

What does it mean when the text suggests that parties are "linkage institutions"?

they connect citizens with government

Economic groups have an advantage over noneconomic groups in part because

they have greater access to financial resources.

Unlike other democracies, the United States

uses primaries to select political candidates.

In comparison with citizens in western European democracies, Americans are LESS likely to

vote in national elections.

In the United States,

voter registration requirements have usually been set by the states.

The Tea Party

was able to develop an enduring institutional base within the Republican Party.

The adoption of voter identification card requirements by states

will likely cause a decline in voter turnout.

Proportional representation systems encourage the formation of smaller parties by enabling parties to

win legislative seats even though they do not receive a majority of votes in elections.

Voter turnout is LOWEST in which age group?

young adults

What demographic is most likely to support the new party during a major party realignment?

younger voters