Ecology Chapter 7

A living organism must maintain each internal condition (e.g., body temperature) to a fixed set point. T/F

FALSE

All species of fish are carnivorous. T/F

FALSE

An ectotherm requires more calories per gram of body mass than an endotherm of similar size. T/F

FALSE

As the surface area of a body increases, its volume increases at the same rate. T/F

FALSE

Convective heat transfer is the movement of heat through solids or between two solids that are in direct contact T/F

FALSE

Daily torpor is more likely to be used by large mammals than small mammals to conserve energy when inactive T/F

FALSE

During spring, vegetation is higher in calcium and magnesium relative to potassium. T/F

FALSE

Homeostatic systems work within minimum and maximum values by using positive feedback to regulate activity above and below a set point. T/F

FALSE

Liquid water is the sole source of water for terrestrial animals. T.F

FALSE

Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland at greater levels during the day. T/F

FALSE

Most fish control their buoyancy by regulating the amount of gas in their gills. T/F

FALSE

Only animals with sweat glands can take advantage of evaporative cooling. T/F

FALSE

Ruminants are herbivorous reptiles, such as tortoises and iguanas, which regurgitate food to further break it down into smaller pieces. T/F

FALSE

The regulation of body temperature by internal metabolism is called ectothermy. T/F

FALSE

A detritivore feeds primarily on dead plant or animal matter. T/F

TRUE

Air flow through bird lungs is a continuous circuit, flowing in one direction only. T/F

TRUE

Birds are homeothermic mammals. T/F

TRUE

Coprophagy is common among animals that feed on detritus. T/F

TRUE

Endotherms can sustain a higher level of physical activity for longer periods of time than ectotherms T/F

TRUE

Flying insects have a high metabolic rate when flying and can produce as much heat as endotherms. T/F

TRUE

Freshwater aquatic organisms are faced with the problem of preventing excessive uptake or retention of water. T/F

TRUE

Many intertidal organisms respond to both daily and tidal cycles. T/F

TRUE

Many seabirds drink saltwater and excrete the salt through nasal glands. T/F

TRUE

Marine iguanas are herbivorous reptiles that feed on algae. T/F

TRUE

Some amphibians can take in oxygen through their skin. T/F

TRUE

Some aquatic poikilotherms (e.g., sharks) are able to maintain a higher internal body temperature than the surrounding water. T/F

TRUE

Terrestrial animals are usually subjected to more radical changes in their thermal environment than aquatic animals. T/F

TRUE

The reproduction of short-day organisms is stimulated by day lengths shorter than the critical day length T/F

TRUE

The smallest animals are ectotherms. T/F

TRUE

In comparison with a blue whale, a shrew has A) a larger surface area relative to volume. B) the same surface area relative to volume. C) a slightly smaller surface area relative to volume. D) a much smaller surface area relative to volume

a larger surface area relative to volume

) For every 10°C rise in temperature, the metabolic rate of poikilotherms A) stays constant. B) approximately doubles. C) approximately triples. D) approximately quadruples

approximately doubles

Parietal eyes are found in all the following animals, except A) frogs. B) lizards. C) tuna. D) birds.

birds

The respiration rate of homeotherms is proportional to A) air pressure. B) body temperature. C) body mass. D) environmental temperature

body mass

What unusual adaptation is documented in marine iguanas during El Niño events? A) improved digestion of brown algae B) migration to Chile C) a switch to eating bird eggs D) body size shrinkage

body size shrinkage

Many species of small mammals, especially those that hibernate, increase heat production by A) growing denser fur during winter. B) burning highly vascular brown fat. C) panting. D) sweating.

burning highly vascular brown fat

Which of the following animals does not use lungs to acquire oxygen? A) whale B) frog C) bird D) butterfly

butterfly

In some species of herbivorous mammals, hindgut fermentation occurs in the A) rumen. B) reticulum. C) colon. D) caecum.

caecum

In seasonal breeders (e.g., sheep), an increase in melatonin A) occurs in the summer. B) causes the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone. C) increases the sensitivity of the pituitary gland to negative feedback. D) corresponds with a reduction in fertility.

causes the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone

The transfer of heat energy between a solid and a moving fluid (air or water) is known as A) conduction. B) evaporation. C) convection. D) radiation.

convection

The ingestion of fecal material for further extraction of nutrients is referred to as A) nectarivory. B) coprophagy. C) folivory. D) autophagy

coprophagy

Water flows over gills in the opposite direction of blood flow in a process known as A) inhalation. B) respiration. C) diffusion. D) countercurrent exchange.

countercurrent exchange

Which of the following will always decrease an organism's thermal conductivity (k)? A) fur B) density C) fat D) feathers

density

Many species of insects undergo a state of arrested development in their life cycle to avoid desiccation or cold, referred to as A) torpor. B) hibernation. C) diapause. D) metamorphosis

diapause

The regulation of body temperature exclusively from the external environment is referred to as A) endothermy. B) ectothermy. C) homeothermy. D) heterothermy.

ectothermy

Which of the following is an incorrect match of animal nutrient and nutrient role? A) fluorine: a basic constituent of proteins B) phosphorus: important for bone and tooth formation C) calcium: gives rigidity to the skeletons of vertebrates D) cobalt: required by ruminants for the synthesis of vitamin B12

fluorine: a basic constituent of proteins

) Some species of animals in cold environments lower the freezing point of water in their tissues by increasing solutes in their body fluids, especially A) glucose. B) glycerol. C) salt. D) sucrose.

glycerol

Long-distance transport of oxygen to the cells of animals is facilitated by the A) brain. B) heart. C) stomach. D) mouth.

heart

The seasonal cessation of activities accompanied by a reduction in metabolism in response to cold temperatures during winter is called A) hibernation. B) torpor. C) heterothermy. D) diapause.

hibernation

Maintaining a relatively constant body temperature independent of external temperature is referred to as A) heterothermy. B) ectothermy. C) poikilothermy. D) homeothermy.

homeothermy

A marine fish is ________ and tends to ________ water to/from the environment. A) hyperosmotic; gain B) hyperosmostic; lose C) hypoosmotic; gain D) hypoosmotic; lose

hypoosmotic; lose

Immediately prior to flight in cool temperatures, some insects A) must consume hundreds of calories. B) increase heat production by shivering flight muscles of the thorax. C) seek shade. D) increase anaerobic respiration

increase heat production by shivering flight muscles of the thorax

An organism's response to seasonal change in spring and fall is determined by both critical day length and A) increase or decrease in day length. B) temperature. C) rainfall. D) food availability.

increase or decrease in day length

All of the following characterize a hibernating homeotherm, except A) low blood pH. B) high CO2 level in blood. C) increased heart rate. D) decrease in body temperature.

increased heart rate

Secretion of ________ from the pineal gland peaks at night and declines during the day. A) melatonin B) melanin C) carbon dioxide D) glucose

melatonin

The nitrogen content of plant tissues is greatest in the A) roots. B) stems. C) new leaves. D) seeds.

new leaves

4) Animals that feed on both plant and animal tissues are referred to as A) herbivores. B) carnivores. C) omnivores. D) detritivores.

omnivores

Which of the following factors does not influence animal heat exchange? A) oxygen diffusion rate B) conductivity of fat C) movement of blood to the body's surface D) fat thickness

oxygen diffusion rate

Which of the following is a major problem for animals that live in hyperosmotic environments? A) preventing heat loss B) access to mineral nutrients C) preventing water loss D) obtaining enough oxygen

preventing water loss

Which of the following is not a known countercurrent heat exchange mechanism? A) porpoise fluke B) beaver tail C) African desert antelope sinus D) primate hands

primate hands

An advantage of homeothermy is A) requiring a low caloric intake. B) maximizing allocation of energy to growth. C) remaining active in a wide range of external temperatures. D) tolerating wide fluctuations in body temperature.

remaining active in a wide range of external temperatures

Which of the following is not a mechanism used by some animals to stay afloat? A) swim bladder B) rete C) lungs D) lipid deposits

rete

Researcher Martin Wikelski has found that as ocean temperature decreases along the coast of several Galápagos Islands, the A) size and productivity of algae pastures decrease. B) size and productivity of algae pastures increase. C) productivity of algae pastures increases but the size decreases. D) size and productivity of algae pastures do not change.

size and productivity of algae pastures increase

The basal metabolic rate per unit of body mass is highest in a A) large endotherm. B) small endotherm. C) large ectotherm. D) small ectotherm.

small endotherm

All the following minerals are provided to animals at a mineral-lick, except A) sulfur. B) sodium. C) magnesium. D) calcium.

sulfur

The isometric scaling exponent (0.67) represents the interaction of body A) weight and length. B) length and volume. C) surface area and weight. D) volume and surface area.

volume and surface area