egcc government chapter 4/5
in what year did the supreme court lift the moratorium on the death penalty
1976
When did women win the guaranteed right to vote?
Decades after blacks won the right to vote
the establishment clause was created, in part, as a reaction to which of these
English legal system
which supreme court case upheld California's three felonies rule, which allowed a 25-year-to-life sentence for certain convictions
Ewing v. California
Convicted criminals whose sentences increase during their prison term due to a change in the law have been illegally subjected to what kind of law?
Ex post Facto
the USA PATRIOT act expands an exception found in which amendment to allow spying
Fourth
Over the course of the early 2000s, the Supreme Court ruled that detainees have a right to which of the following?
Habeas Corpus
Which of the following is an accurate statement about naturalization?
It is a legal act that confers citizenship on a resident alien
What did the supreme court decide in Korematsu v. United States (1944) regarding the internment of those with Japanese ancestry living in the united states?
It was permissable because the United States was at war with Japan
Rosa Parks was arrested for challenging which of the following?
Jim Crow Laws
which of the following is an example of De Jure segregation
Jim Crow Laws
The civil rights act of 1964 was designed to overturn which of the following?
Jim Crow laws
Which test examines the constitutionality of religious establishments?
Lemon
which supreme court case developed the exclusionary rule
Mapp v. Ohio
Which of the following occured during the period including both world wars that facilitated employment and social gains for African Americans?
Migration of African Americans to northern cities to seek jobs in war factories
__________________ are derived from the notion that every person, by virtue of being a human being, has an equal right to protection against arbitrary treatment and an equal right to civil liberties.
Natural rights
which of the following supreme courts cases applied selective incorporation
Powell v. Alabama
The Fifteenth amendment guarantees the right to vote regardless of?
Race
In Regents of the university of California V. Bakke (1978), the supreme court determined that __________________ were unconstitutional.
Racial Quotas
Which U.S. Supreme Court case found that a woman's right to have an abortion is protected by the implied constitutional right to privacy?
Roe v. Wade
What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?
The constitution does not prohibit segregation, it only mandates equal protection under the law
if a group of people have been systematically discriminated against in the past, to remedy this, which affirmative action policy would help members of this group overcome the legacy of this discrimination
a college admissions policy that gives preferential treatment to members of the group
which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title Ix
a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women
substantive due process created a slandered whereby the states had a legal burden to prove that their laws were which of the following
a valid exercise of power
If a police officer has a reasonable belief that someone is committing or about to commit a crime, that officer can stop and frisk the suspect without __________.
a warrant
The Constitution protects against search of an individual's person, home, or vehicle without __________.
a warrant
the military commissions act if 2006 allows the government to jail detainees without an opportunity to file which of the following
a writ of Habeas corpus
New York times co. v. Sullivan held that there must be proof of which of the following in order to find libel against a public figure
actual malice
which of the following arguments would most likely be made by an opponent of affirmative action policies
affirmative action discriminates on the basis of rac
what is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the supreme court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan, Grantz v. Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger
affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quartos or numerical point systems
according to Roe v. Wade, a women has which type of right to an abortion in her first trimester
an absolute right
the supreme court has rules that the states can limit abortions if the regulations do not pose which of the following
an undue burden
What does the Sixth Amendment guarantee to those accused of a crime?
assistance of counsel
which of the following laws would be the most likely to draw strict scrutiny from the supreme court when determining its constitutional
at least 10 percent of those bidders are minority-owned businesses
To what extent were the civil rights of African Americans protected after the Civil War?
attempts to protect the civil rights of African Americans after the Civil War were largley unsuccesful for decades
why did congress pass the Voting Rights act of 1964
because it was clear that the south had no intention of living up to the spirit of the fifteenth amendment
How might the Supreme Court decisions in Korematsu v. United States (1944), involving the Japanese internment, and in Boumediene v. Bush (2008), involving the detention of citizens and foreign nationals who were declared to be "enemy combatants," be viewed in retrospect?
because literacy is necessary for democracy to function
why have some politicians and civil rights leaders begun to focus attention on the concept of equality between groups rather then equality of individual opportunity
because there are large disparities in wealth and advantage between groups that led to social and economic disadvantages for most of the individuals within certain groups
the doctrine of prior restraint prevents the government from prohibiting speech or publication _____
before the fact
double jeopardy clause prevents an individual who is acquitted of a crime from which of the following
being tried again
which of the following strategies for expanding civil rights would the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. have been most likely to support
boycotting stores that enforce segregationists policies
In what two ways does the constitution protect civil rights?
by ensuring that government officials do not discriminate against citizens and by granting federal and state governments power to protect citizens against discrimination by private individuals.
How did Framers of the Constitution create a system of government designed to protect the rights of all people simply by virtue of the fact they are human?
by reference to natural rights, which are not dependent on citizenship
the supreme court briefly outlawed which of the following in the 1970's by asserting that it was being imposed in an arbitrary manner
capital punishment
The 14th amendment attempted to guarantee which of the following to former slaves?
citizenship rights
Miranda rights include the right to which of the following?
counsel
The supreme court case of Boumediene v. Bush dealt with which of the following?
detention of citizens without counsel or access to a court of law
Which of the following does the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ban?
discrimination in public accommodations
The Civil Rights movement pushed for racial equality. When did the movement take place?
during the 1950s and 1960s
What do proponents of the Guantanamo Bay detention facility call its prisoners?
enemy combatants
The provision of the 14th amendment that prohibits any state from denying "any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws" is known as the ________ Clause.
equal protection
Which clause prevents the national government from sanctioning an official religion?
establishment
Article I of the Constitution prohibits which of the following, which make an act punishable as a crime even if the act was legal when it was committed?
ex post facto laws
the USA PATRIOT act enhances the governments ability to do which of the following
examine private records
Which rule bars the use of illegally seized evidence at trial?
exclusionary
in Barron v. Baltimore, the supreme court held that the bill of rights limits ____, not ____, action
federal, state
Profanity, obscenity, and threats are examples of which of the following?
fighting words
Shouting profanities in public is an example of __________, which is not protected speech.
fighting words
What kind of speech is by its very utterance intended to inflict injury or incite an immediate breach of peace?
fighting words
selective incorporation makes the protections from the bill of rights applicable to the states through which of the following amendments
fourteenth
Romer v. Evans (1996) was a victory for?
gay rights activists
The supreme courts decision in Lawrence v Texas (2003) primarily enhanced the civil liberties of?
gays and lesbians
What type of jury privately hears evidence presented by the government to determine whether persons should be required to stand trial?
grand
which of the following would be the least to qualify for a strict scrutiny or even a heightened scrutiny test by the supreme court to determine whether the policy is an unconstitutional violation of the equal protection clause
having different minimum ages for men and women to marry
What did Mapp v. Ohio find to be unconstitutional?
illegally obtained evidence
The thirteenth amendment bans slavery. When was it passed?
immediately after the Civil War
which of the following accommodations would an employer most likely have to make to be in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities act
installing a ramp an other physical accommodations for someone who uses a wheelchair
How has the Equal Rights Amendment affected women's civil rights?
it has had little effect because it was not formally adopted
how do the rational basis and the quasi-suspect or heightened scrutiny standards of review differ
it is easier for the government to demonstrate that there is a rational basis for a law than to meet the requirements of the quasi-suspect standard
which of the following is responsible for determining whether enough evidence exists to support a conviction against a criminal defendant
jury
a false written statement is considered to be ____, while utterances that have the power to provoke individuals to acts of violence are considered ____
libel, fighting words
the supreme court has used selective incorporation to ____ the rights of states
limit
what Strategy did the NAACP use most effectivley to advance civil rights for African Americans?
litigation
The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. insisted that civil disobedience aimed at ending discrimination in the south should be conducted
nonviolently
in Miller v. California, the u.s. supreme court held that material must have a deficit of meaningful artistic, literacy, political, or scientific worth to be considered ____
obscene
in recent years, the supreme court has struggles to address _____ on the internet in a first amendment
obscenity
In matter of religion, the free exercise clause protects individuals from which of the following?
obstructive
Civil liberties are ____ that the government cannot take away
personal freedoms
what factors have prevented Hispanics from translating their numbers into comparable political clout
political differences among them, and the fact that many are not citizens or registered to vote
Although the speech in question was suppressed, the Court in Gitlow v. New York held that not all forms of __________ can be limited.
political speech
What is the source of de facto segregation and discrimination?
practice
High school is one of the only two places where which of the following is constitutional
prior restraint
the right of the individual to contact, to acquire useful knowledge, and to marry are liberties that expressly protected by which type of due process
procedural
which of the following could pass muster and not be considered obscenity under the Roth test
profane language
A law that classified people according to _________ would be given strict scrutiny by the Supreme court to determine its constitutionality.
race
What did Jim Crow laws mandate?
racial segregation
the free exercise clause guarantees that the national government will not interfere with which of the following
religion
which of the following rights has the supreme court found to be one of the unstated liberties linked to explicitly stated rights
right to privacy
based on figure 11.1, Timeline of Selective Incorporation, which class of rights has the supreme court most frequently applied to the states
rights of the accused
which amendment protects the rights to bear arms
second
what was the supreme court's justification for overturning the separate-but-equal doctrine
segregated schools stigmatize minority children and are inherently unequal
What did the Supreme Court determine was unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education?
segregation of schools
the "right to remain silent" is a citizens protection against which of the following
self-incrimination
which of the following affirmative action programs would a clear violation of the supreme court decision in Regents of The University of California v. Bakke (1978)
setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students
under the Fourteenth amendments, who of the following would automatically be a U.S. citizen
someone born in California to Japanese parents
What type of due process protects citizens from arbitrary or unjust state or federal laws?
substantive
The Bill of Rights is made up of the first __________ amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
ten
Women were guaranteed the right to vote by __________.
the 19th amendment
If you thought you were getting an inferior public education because of your ethnicity, which part of the Constitution would you rely on most heavily to justify your case?
the Fourteenth amendment
why did the supreme court strike down an affirmative action program in Grantz v. Bollinger (2003) but uphold a different affirmative action program in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
the Grantz program used a mechanical, point-based system, while the Grutter program used race as part of an individualized, holistic review
What precipitated the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
the arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama
which of the following is an example of a regulatory taking
the city of Detroit builds a new landfill, rendering adjacent properties uninhabitable due to order and land pollution
What provision of the constitution did congress use to justify laws prohibiting discrimination in public accomodations, such as hotels and restraunts?
the commerce clause
today, the united states is one of the only two industrialized nations that currently use which of the following to punish crime
the death penalty
What provisions of the 14th amendment serves as a cornerstone of our understanding of civil rights?
the equal protection clause
in employment division v. smith, supreme court developed which of the following
the free exercise clause
which of the following created the right to privacy
the judiciary
which of the following most accurately describes the shift in percentage of bachelor's degrees awarded to women since 1870, as seen in figure 12.1
the percentage of bachelor's degrees awarded to women has increased during most decades, and women are currently overrepresented in their graduating class
Which of the following describes the right of expatriation?
the right of individuals to renounce their citizenship
which of the following is an example of procedural due process
the right to a speedy trial
What was the objective of the women's suffrage movement?
the right to vote
What are natural rights?
the rights of all people to dignity and worth
which of the following statements best describes the global community's attitude toward the importance of education for boys and girls base of the Pew Global Attitudes Survey in 2007
there is widespread support for educating both boys and girls in all countries, even in those where education for girls is lacking, although 14 percent of respondents viewed education for boys as more important
How are the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 similar?
they both cough equal rights for African American
what did southern states enact poll taxes
to get around the fifteenth amendment
according to the table 11.1 rights in the original constitution, which of the following is a right specified in the original constitution
trial by jury in the national courts
Tests given to African Americans with questions that are far more difficult than those asked on comparable tests given to whites have been used to discriminate against African Americans in what area?
voting
the USA PATRIOT act lowered requirements for which of these
warrant approval
In the South after Reconstruction, what did the Democratic Party use to prevent African Americans from having a meaningful impact on the outcome of elections?
whites-only primaries
Journalists argue that they must have the right to _________ in order to protect their sources' confidentiality.
withhold information