egcc government chapter 4/5

in what year did the supreme court lift the moratorium on the death penalty

1976

When did women win the guaranteed right to vote?

Decades after blacks won the right to vote

the establishment clause was created, in part, as a reaction to which of these

English legal system

which supreme court case upheld California's three felonies rule, which allowed a 25-year-to-life sentence for certain convictions

Ewing v. California

Convicted criminals whose sentences increase during their prison term due to a change in the law have been illegally subjected to what kind of law?

Ex post Facto

the USA PATRIOT act expands an exception found in which amendment to allow spying

Fourth

Over the course of the early 2000s, the Supreme Court ruled that detainees have a right to which of the following?

Habeas Corpus

Which of the following is an accurate statement about naturalization?

It is a legal act that confers citizenship on a resident alien

What did the supreme court decide in Korematsu v. United States (1944) regarding the internment of those with Japanese ancestry living in the united states?

It was permissable because the United States was at war with Japan

Rosa Parks was arrested for challenging which of the following?

Jim Crow Laws

which of the following is an example of De Jure segregation

Jim Crow Laws

The civil rights act of 1964 was designed to overturn which of the following?

Jim Crow laws

Which test examines the constitutionality of religious establishments?

Lemon

which supreme court case developed the exclusionary rule

Mapp v. Ohio

Which of the following occured during the period including both world wars that facilitated employment and social gains for African Americans?

Migration of African Americans to northern cities to seek jobs in war factories

__________________ are derived from the notion that every person, by virtue of being a human being, has an equal right to protection against arbitrary treatment and an equal right to civil liberties.

Natural rights

which of the following supreme courts cases applied selective incorporation

Powell v. Alabama

The Fifteenth amendment guarantees the right to vote regardless of?

Race

In Regents of the university of California V. Bakke (1978), the supreme court determined that __________________ were unconstitutional.

Racial Quotas

Which U.S. Supreme Court case found that a woman's right to have an abortion is protected by the implied constitutional right to privacy?

Roe v. Wade

What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

The constitution does not prohibit segregation, it only mandates equal protection under the law

if a group of people have been systematically discriminated against in the past, to remedy this, which affirmative action policy would help members of this group overcome the legacy of this discrimination

a college admissions policy that gives preferential treatment to members of the group

which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title Ix

a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women

substantive due process created a slandered whereby the states had a legal burden to prove that their laws were which of the following

a valid exercise of power

If a police officer has a reasonable belief that someone is committing or about to commit a crime, that officer can stop and frisk the suspect without __________.

a warrant

The Constitution protects against search of an individual's person, home, or vehicle without __________.

a warrant

the military commissions act if 2006 allows the government to jail detainees without an opportunity to file which of the following

a writ of Habeas corpus

New York times co. v. Sullivan held that there must be proof of which of the following in order to find libel against a public figure

actual malice

which of the following arguments would most likely be made by an opponent of affirmative action policies

affirmative action discriminates on the basis of rac

what is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the supreme court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan, Grantz v. Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger

affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quartos or numerical point systems

according to Roe v. Wade, a women has which type of right to an abortion in her first trimester

an absolute right

the supreme court has rules that the states can limit abortions if the regulations do not pose which of the following

an undue burden

What does the Sixth Amendment guarantee to those accused of a crime?

assistance of counsel

which of the following laws would be the most likely to draw strict scrutiny from the supreme court when determining its constitutional

at least 10 percent of those bidders are minority-owned businesses

To what extent were the civil rights of African Americans protected after the Civil War?

attempts to protect the civil rights of African Americans after the Civil War were largley unsuccesful for decades

why did congress pass the Voting Rights act of 1964

because it was clear that the south had no intention of living up to the spirit of the fifteenth amendment

How might the Supreme Court decisions in Korematsu v. United States (1944), involving the Japanese internment, and in Boumediene v. Bush (2008), involving the detention of citizens and foreign nationals who were declared to be "enemy combatants," be viewed in retrospect?

because literacy is necessary for democracy to function

why have some politicians and civil rights leaders begun to focus attention on the concept of equality between groups rather then equality of individual opportunity

because there are large disparities in wealth and advantage between groups that led to social and economic disadvantages for most of the individuals within certain groups

the doctrine of prior restraint prevents the government from prohibiting speech or publication _____

before the fact

double jeopardy clause prevents an individual who is acquitted of a crime from which of the following

being tried again

which of the following strategies for expanding civil rights would the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. have been most likely to support

boycotting stores that enforce segregationists policies

In what two ways does the constitution protect civil rights?

by ensuring that government officials do not discriminate against citizens and by granting federal and state governments power to protect citizens against discrimination by private individuals.

How did Framers of the Constitution create a system of government designed to protect the rights of all people simply by virtue of the fact they are human?

by reference to natural rights, which are not dependent on citizenship

the supreme court briefly outlawed which of the following in the 1970's by asserting that it was being imposed in an arbitrary manner

capital punishment

The 14th amendment attempted to guarantee which of the following to former slaves?

citizenship rights

Miranda rights include the right to which of the following?

counsel

The supreme court case of Boumediene v. Bush dealt with which of the following?

detention of citizens without counsel or access to a court of law

Which of the following does the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ban?

discrimination in public accommodations

The Civil Rights movement pushed for racial equality. When did the movement take place?

during the 1950s and 1960s

What do proponents of the Guantanamo Bay detention facility call its prisoners?

enemy combatants

The provision of the 14th amendment that prohibits any state from denying "any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws" is known as the ________ Clause.

equal protection

Which clause prevents the national government from sanctioning an official religion?

establishment

Article I of the Constitution prohibits which of the following, which make an act punishable as a crime even if the act was legal when it was committed?

ex post facto laws

the USA PATRIOT act enhances the governments ability to do which of the following

examine private records

Which rule bars the use of illegally seized evidence at trial?

exclusionary

in Barron v. Baltimore, the supreme court held that the bill of rights limits ____, not ____, action

federal, state

Profanity, obscenity, and threats are examples of which of the following?

fighting words

Shouting profanities in public is an example of __________, which is not protected speech.

fighting words

What kind of speech is by its very utterance intended to inflict injury or incite an immediate breach of peace?

fighting words

selective incorporation makes the protections from the bill of rights applicable to the states through which of the following amendments

fourteenth

Romer v. Evans (1996) was a victory for?

gay rights activists

The supreme courts decision in Lawrence v Texas (2003) primarily enhanced the civil liberties of?

gays and lesbians

What type of jury privately hears evidence presented by the government to determine whether persons should be required to stand trial?

grand

which of the following would be the least to qualify for a strict scrutiny or even a heightened scrutiny test by the supreme court to determine whether the policy is an unconstitutional violation of the equal protection clause

having different minimum ages for men and women to marry

What did Mapp v. Ohio find to be unconstitutional?

illegally obtained evidence

The thirteenth amendment bans slavery. When was it passed?

immediately after the Civil War

which of the following accommodations would an employer most likely have to make to be in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities act

installing a ramp an other physical accommodations for someone who uses a wheelchair

How has the Equal Rights Amendment affected women's civil rights?

it has had little effect because it was not formally adopted

how do the rational basis and the quasi-suspect or heightened scrutiny standards of review differ

it is easier for the government to demonstrate that there is a rational basis for a law than to meet the requirements of the quasi-suspect standard

which of the following is responsible for determining whether enough evidence exists to support a conviction against a criminal defendant

jury

a false written statement is considered to be ____, while utterances that have the power to provoke individuals to acts of violence are considered ____

libel, fighting words

the supreme court has used selective incorporation to ____ the rights of states

limit

what Strategy did the NAACP use most effectivley to advance civil rights for African Americans?

litigation

The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. insisted that civil disobedience aimed at ending discrimination in the south should be conducted

nonviolently

in Miller v. California, the u.s. supreme court held that material must have a deficit of meaningful artistic, literacy, political, or scientific worth to be considered ____

obscene

in recent years, the supreme court has struggles to address _____ on the internet in a first amendment

obscenity

In matter of religion, the free exercise clause protects individuals from which of the following?

obstructive

Civil liberties are ____ that the government cannot take away

personal freedoms

what factors have prevented Hispanics from translating their numbers into comparable political clout

political differences among them, and the fact that many are not citizens or registered to vote

Although the speech in question was suppressed, the Court in Gitlow v. New York held that not all forms of __________ can be limited.

political speech

What is the source of de facto segregation and discrimination?

practice

High school is one of the only two places where which of the following is constitutional

prior restraint

the right of the individual to contact, to acquire useful knowledge, and to marry are liberties that expressly protected by which type of due process

procedural

which of the following could pass muster and not be considered obscenity under the Roth test

profane language

A law that classified people according to _________ would be given strict scrutiny by the Supreme court to determine its constitutionality.

race

What did Jim Crow laws mandate?

racial segregation

the free exercise clause guarantees that the national government will not interfere with which of the following

religion

which of the following rights has the supreme court found to be one of the unstated liberties linked to explicitly stated rights

right to privacy

based on figure 11.1, Timeline of Selective Incorporation, which class of rights has the supreme court most frequently applied to the states

rights of the accused

which amendment protects the rights to bear arms

second

what was the supreme court's justification for overturning the separate-but-equal doctrine

segregated schools stigmatize minority children and are inherently unequal

What did the Supreme Court determine was unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education?

segregation of schools

the "right to remain silent" is a citizens protection against which of the following

self-incrimination

which of the following affirmative action programs would a clear violation of the supreme court decision in Regents of The University of California v. Bakke (1978)

setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students

under the Fourteenth amendments, who of the following would automatically be a U.S. citizen

someone born in California to Japanese parents

What type of due process protects citizens from arbitrary or unjust state or federal laws?

substantive

The Bill of Rights is made up of the first __________ amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

ten

Women were guaranteed the right to vote by __________.

the 19th amendment

If you thought you were getting an inferior public education because of your ethnicity, which part of the Constitution would you rely on most heavily to justify your case?

the Fourteenth amendment

why did the supreme court strike down an affirmative action program in Grantz v. Bollinger (2003) but uphold a different affirmative action program in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)

the Grantz program used a mechanical, point-based system, while the Grutter program used race as part of an individualized, holistic review

What precipitated the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

the arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama

which of the following is an example of a regulatory taking

the city of Detroit builds a new landfill, rendering adjacent properties uninhabitable due to order and land pollution

What provision of the constitution did congress use to justify laws prohibiting discrimination in public accomodations, such as hotels and restraunts?

the commerce clause

today, the united states is one of the only two industrialized nations that currently use which of the following to punish crime

the death penalty

What provisions of the 14th amendment serves as a cornerstone of our understanding of civil rights?

the equal protection clause

in employment division v. smith, supreme court developed which of the following

the free exercise clause

which of the following created the right to privacy

the judiciary

which of the following most accurately describes the shift in percentage of bachelor's degrees awarded to women since 1870, as seen in figure 12.1

the percentage of bachelor's degrees awarded to women has increased during most decades, and women are currently overrepresented in their graduating class

Which of the following describes the right of expatriation?

the right of individuals to renounce their citizenship

which of the following is an example of procedural due process

the right to a speedy trial

What was the objective of the women's suffrage movement?

the right to vote

What are natural rights?

the rights of all people to dignity and worth

which of the following statements best describes the global community's attitude toward the importance of education for boys and girls base of the Pew Global Attitudes Survey in 2007

there is widespread support for educating both boys and girls in all countries, even in those where education for girls is lacking, although 14 percent of respondents viewed education for boys as more important

How are the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 similar?

they both cough equal rights for African American

what did southern states enact poll taxes

to get around the fifteenth amendment

according to the table 11.1 rights in the original constitution, which of the following is a right specified in the original constitution

trial by jury in the national courts

Tests given to African Americans with questions that are far more difficult than those asked on comparable tests given to whites have been used to discriminate against African Americans in what area?

voting

the USA PATRIOT act lowered requirements for which of these

warrant approval

In the South after Reconstruction, what did the Democratic Party use to prevent African Americans from having a meaningful impact on the outcome of elections?

whites-only primaries

Journalists argue that they must have the right to _________ in order to protect their sources' confidentiality.

withhold information