Electrolytes (acids, bases, salts)

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strongly acidic pH's

0-2

acids usually have an "H" written first or a carboxyl group (COOH) written at the end

Arrhenius Acids produce H+ ions as the only positive ion in the solution

how to remember alternate acid base theory

BAAD bases accept acids donate H+

alternate acid base theory - brontead-lowry acid definition

any chemical species that donates H+ ions (protons) during a chemical equation (specific situation)

alternate acid base theory - brontead-lowry base definition

any chemical species which accepts H+ ions during a chemical reaction

define amphoteric/amphiprotic

any substance that can act as an acid or a base (buffers)

define electrolyte

any substance that conducts an electric current when dissolved in water (mobile ions)

what do bases taste like

bitter

litmus turns (base)

blue in base

since an electric current must be conducted by charged particles (ions), electrolytes must

breakup into ions (ionize) when dissolved in water

bases cause acid base indicators to

change color

phenolphthalein turns

colorless in acid

the pH scale is based on the

concentration of Hydrogen ions in H2O

weak electrolytes only break up into ions occasionally and

do not conduct electricity as well

non electrolytes do not conduct electricity in water because they

do not ionize very much. most covalently bonded molecules

bases are electrolytes

electrolytes that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) as the only negative ion when (aq) table l - formulas usually have a metal or polyatomic atom attached to -OH+

acid + reactive metal -->

hydrogen gas + salt (single replacement reaction)

acids react with some active metals (table j- above h2) to produce

hydrogen gas and a salt

H+ in water can also be called

hydronium ions (H3O+)

if a substance completely breaks up into ions in water

it will conduct electricity greatly and is called a strong electrolyte

pH values come from the

negative of the [H+] exponent; if molarity is in decimal form, must change to scientific notation

phenolphthalein turns (base)

pink in base

litmus turns

red in acid

bases feel

slippery

what do acids taste like

sour

define conjugates

species that differ by an H+

define buffers

substances that can help a system resist a change in pH

salts are electrolytes

they are ionic compounds that only conduct as (aq) or liquids, never as solids. see table f to see if soluble - it must to be an electrolyte

acids are electrolytes

they are special covalent molecules that ionize in H2O (table k)

titration

using a carefully measured volume of an acid of known concentration to determine the unknown concentration of a base or vice versa

bases react with acids to produce

water and salt (neutralization)

acids react with bases to form

water and salt; this reaction is called a neutralization reaction (special double replacement)

do acids conduct electricity

yes

strongly basic pH's

12-14

moderately acidic pH's

3-5

weakly acidic pH's

6

neutral pH

7

neutral solutions have a pH of

7; the [H+] = [OH-]

weakly basic pH's

8

moderately basic pH's

9-11


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