Electrolytes (acids, bases, salts)
strongly acidic pH's
0-2
acids usually have an "H" written first or a carboxyl group (COOH) written at the end
Arrhenius Acids produce H+ ions as the only positive ion in the solution
how to remember alternate acid base theory
BAAD bases accept acids donate H+
alternate acid base theory - brontead-lowry acid definition
any chemical species that donates H+ ions (protons) during a chemical equation (specific situation)
alternate acid base theory - brontead-lowry base definition
any chemical species which accepts H+ ions during a chemical reaction
define amphoteric/amphiprotic
any substance that can act as an acid or a base (buffers)
define electrolyte
any substance that conducts an electric current when dissolved in water (mobile ions)
what do bases taste like
bitter
litmus turns (base)
blue in base
since an electric current must be conducted by charged particles (ions), electrolytes must
breakup into ions (ionize) when dissolved in water
bases cause acid base indicators to
change color
phenolphthalein turns
colorless in acid
the pH scale is based on the
concentration of Hydrogen ions in H2O
weak electrolytes only break up into ions occasionally and
do not conduct electricity as well
non electrolytes do not conduct electricity in water because they
do not ionize very much. most covalently bonded molecules
bases are electrolytes
electrolytes that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) as the only negative ion when (aq) table l - formulas usually have a metal or polyatomic atom attached to -OH+
acid + reactive metal -->
hydrogen gas + salt (single replacement reaction)
acids react with some active metals (table j- above h2) to produce
hydrogen gas and a salt
H+ in water can also be called
hydronium ions (H3O+)
if a substance completely breaks up into ions in water
it will conduct electricity greatly and is called a strong electrolyte
pH values come from the
negative of the [H+] exponent; if molarity is in decimal form, must change to scientific notation
phenolphthalein turns (base)
pink in base
litmus turns
red in acid
bases feel
slippery
what do acids taste like
sour
define conjugates
species that differ by an H+
define buffers
substances that can help a system resist a change in pH
salts are electrolytes
they are ionic compounds that only conduct as (aq) or liquids, never as solids. see table f to see if soluble - it must to be an electrolyte
acids are electrolytes
they are special covalent molecules that ionize in H2O (table k)
titration
using a carefully measured volume of an acid of known concentration to determine the unknown concentration of a base or vice versa
bases react with acids to produce
water and salt (neutralization)
acids react with bases to form
water and salt; this reaction is called a neutralization reaction (special double replacement)
do acids conduct electricity
yes
strongly basic pH's
12-14
moderately acidic pH's
3-5
weakly acidic pH's
6
neutral pH
7
neutral solutions have a pH of
7; the [H+] = [OH-]
weakly basic pH's
8
moderately basic pH's
9-11
