Lecture Exam 1
Plasmids carry
antibiotic resistance genes
Membrane bound ribosomes
attached to membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER); site of synthesis of proteins to be incorporated into membranes or lysosomes, or exported from cell
Plant cell walls are made of
cellulose
monotrichous flagella
one flagella
Microorganisms/Microbes
organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye and must be seen with microscopes
The plasma membrane is composed of
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that have a wide variety of functions
Enantiomers
Or optical isomers. Have chirality, in which their structures are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. Optical because they can rotate the plane of polarized light
Capsules
Organized layer outside of cells made of either stronger polysaccharides or proteins
Cytoskeleton
The backbone of the cell made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules that maintain the structure of the cell, facilitate transport of organelles and large molecules in the cell, and even help physically move the cell
Isomers or structural isomers
Same atomic make up but different structural arrangement/bonding sequence of atoms
Micronutrients (trace elements)
In small amounts, essential to many bio chemical reactions. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, earn, calcium, molybdenum, copper, cobalt, manganese, and vanadium
Peroxisome
Multi functioning organelle that is not part of the Endo membrane system but functions similar to organelles in the endomembrane system
Flagella movement
1. Run = swims smoothly along, flagella rotates counter-clockwise 2. Tumble = stop then reverse of flagella rotation direction, flagella rotates clockwise *In peritrichous flagella: when it runs, all the flagella move together; when it tumbles, the flagella are pushed apart then bundled again
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended made of water and dissolved chemicals needed for growth.
plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the entire cells
Glycocalyces
A sugarcoat surrounding cells. Allows adherence to surfaces, involved in a formation of bio films, and protects bacteria from external conditions
Eukaryotic flagella and cilia
Are composed of a 9+2 array of microtubules. The sliding of these microtubules relative to each other causes a flagellum to bend
free ribosomes
Are located inside cytoplasm and synthesize water soluble proteins
NAG-NAM disaccharides
Are synthesized inside sale and transported across the membrane by bactoprenol. Outside of cell polymerises The disaccharides into the growing peptidoglycan chain.
Photosynthesis evolved early in bacteria
Around 3.2-3.5 billion years ago and it's evolution resulted in atmospheric concentrations of O2 to skyrocket. Resulting in the Great Oxidation event 2.4 billion years ago
Fields that fall under microbiology
Bacteriology - the study of bacteria Mycology - the study of fungi Protozoology - the study of Protozoa Parasitology - the study of Heminths and other parasites Virology - the study of viruses Immunology - the study of immune system and host pathogen interactions
Gram positives vs gram negatives
Characterized by Hans Christian Graham in 1884. Differentiates the structure of the cell walls in bacteria
70s ribosomes
Composed of 50s large subunit and 30s small subunit
The extra cellular matrix
Composed of proteins and carbohydrates components. It protects cells from physical stressors and transmit signals arriving at the outside edges of the tissue to cells deeper within the surface
inorganic molecules
Do not contain carbon. Make up 1% to 1.5% of cell mass. Simple but important compounds
NAG
Does not have a peptide side chain. (No Amino Group)
organic molecules
Contain carbon. Usually organized as chains of carbon Atoms or carbon skeletons.
one or more chromosomes
Contain the genetic blueprint of the celk
Early earths atmosphere was different than originally thought
Contained less CH4 and NH3. More H2 and would have likely included H2S and SO2 in addition to those used in the experiment
All cells have 4 fundamental components
Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, one or more chromosomes, ribosomes
Inclusions or inclusion bodies
Cytoplasmic structures that store excess nutrients Volutin granules, polyhydroxybutyrate PHB, magnetosomes, carboxysomes
Miller-Urey (and Bada) Experiment
Demonstrated that amino acids could be formed on early earth
Nucleolus
Dense region in the nucleus where ribosome synthesis occurs
Stereoisomer
Differ in spatial arrangements of atoms
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Ribosomes
Differ in structure
Stoyers
Different from slime layers. Another type of cell envelope structure composed of structural proteins and glycoproteins. Exact function is still unknown but may help in regulating osmotic pressure
Ribosomes
Eukaryotic chromosomes have an 80s size composed of a 60 S large sub unit and 40 S small sub unit
Aerobic bacteria
Evolved 2 billion years ago
peptidoglycan
Forms multiple layers and each layer is comprised of alternating NAM and NAG chains
Microtubules
Function similar to microfilaments. Are the main components of eukaryotic flagella and aid in cell division
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Functions as an endotoxin in infections. Has three components which are lipid a, core polysaccharide, and o antigen
Early Earth's Atmosphere contained...
H2, NH3, H2O, CH4, CO3 and CO2 but NO free oxygen (O2) It was much hotter Had constant lighting strikes that formed amino acids
Endospore
Hardy structures that protect the bacterial genome in a dormant or non-metabolically active state during unfavorable conditions ! Not a form of reproduction ! Protect against dehydration, toxic chemicals, heat, radiation, and other harsh environments
NAM
Has a peptide side chain
Gram-positive
Have a thick layer of peptidoglycan with teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids embedded within it
Photosynthesis takes place
In chloroplast which have an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Stacks of thylakoids called grana form a third membrane layer
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Inclusions with a monolayer structure
Rough ER
Interconnected array of tubules and cisternae studded with the ribosomes that synthesize proteins destined for the cell membrane, other organelle membranes, or the extra cellular matrix
The eukaryotic plasma membrane
Is composed of a lipid bilayer with many embedded or associated proteins. It contains cholesterol for the maintenance of membrane, as well as glycoproteins and glycolipids that are important in the recognition of other cells or pathogens
The origin of epidemiology
John Snow
The nucleus
Lipid bilayer membrane bound and houses the DNA genome, which is packed tight by histones and contained in multiple rod shaped chromosomes.
Peroxisomes
Lipid biosynthesis. Produces H202 a highly reactive molecule that degrades molecules such as uric acid, amino acid, and fatty acids Also produces catalase which is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
Flagella
Long structures used by cells to move in aqueous environments composed of three parts Basal body - motor Hook - intermembrane connection Filament - long string like structure that propels the cell with its movement
Intermediate filaments
Named because they are bigger than Actin monomers and smaller than microtubules. Maintain the position of the nucleus
isotonic solution
No net movement of water particles. Cell membrane is attached to cell walk
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Macronutrients
Most abundant elements in cells. 99% of dry weight of cells. Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
Peptidoglycan (murein)
Polymer chain comprising the primary structure of the bacterial cell wall
The cell wall
Protects the cell from changes in osmotic pressure
Prokaryotic flagella
Run in a rotary movement, while eukaryotic flagella run in a bending move using a complex sliding filament system
D form enantiomer
Rotate clockwise. Derived from Latin word Dexter meaning on the right
L form enantiomer
Rotate counterclockwise. Derived from Latin word laevus meaning on the left
Fimbriae
Short bristle like proteins projecting from cell surfaces. Numerous and enable cells to attach to surfaces of other cells
germenation
Spores re-entering a vegetative cell state upon favorable conditions
Carboxysomes
Stores compounds used for carbon metabolism
Golgi apparatus
Structured as stacks of membranous discs with enzymes that modifies lipids and proteins transported from the ER
greenhouse gases
Such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane were removed from the atmosphere causing the earth to rapidly freeze
The mitochondria is
Surrounded by two membranes, the inner of which is extensively folded into cristae and is the site of the inner membrane space
Endospores can
Survive for long periods of time - thousands of years Only found in a few Gram positives
S stands for
Svedburg Unit or the measure of sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge. Based on size shape and surface qualities
Smooth ER
Synthesize lipids, involved in carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxifies toxins within the cell
endosymbiotic theory
The first forms of life on earth were prokaryotic and archaic. States that mitochondria And chloroplasts arose as a result of prokaryotic cells. This Endo symbiosis is believed to be a major driving factor in the evolution of complex organisms
Germ Theory
The idea that diseases result from microbial infection
spontangeous generation
The notion that life can arise from non-living matter • Aristotle first proposed this theory • Francisco Redi first disproved it
Prokaryotic cells lack a
nucleus and membrane bound organelles and generally have one single circular chromosome in the nucleoid
Sporulation
The process by which vegetative cells transform into endospores when nutrients are depleted or conditions become harsh
Microbiology
The study of microorganisms
Lysosomes
The suicide sack of the cell. Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes for the degradation of various particles. Food, cellular debris, microorganisms, or immune complexes
Miasma Theory
The theory that diseases were caused by miasma or bad air arising from organic decay, filth, or other conditions of the local environment.
transport vesicles
Transport proteins and lipids from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and modified molecules from the Golgi to the membrane of the cell or organelles
Secretory vessels
Transport vesicles involved with exocytosis
Microfilaments
Two intertwine strands of monomers that work with motor proteins to affect muscle contraction in animals or movements of amoeboid's
Replicating the experiment
Under these conditions Produced all 20 amino acids common to life plus many more Nucleic acids Simple sugars
hypotonic solution
Water particles move into the cell. Cell wall counteracts osmotic pressure to prevent swelling and lysis
Mycolic acid
Waxy substance on the external side of the cell wall in micro bacterium species, protect cells from phagocytosis by immune cells
What yields ethanol and CO2
Yeast fermentation
Hypertonic solution
a solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis. Cell membrane shrinks and detached from cell wall (plasmolysis)
The peptide chains on 2 stacked N-Acetylmuramic
acids are cross linked to stabilize the layers
amphitrichous flagella
flagella at both ends
petritrichous flagella
flagella cover the entire surface
Eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus and membrane bound organelles and multiple rod shaped chromosomes in the nucleus
gram negative
have a thin layer of peptidoglycan in the Periplasm between two phospholipid bilayer membranes and Lipopolysaccharides on the outside of the outer membrane
Magnetosomes
iron oxide inclusions; or iron sulfide inclusions
Bacterial Plasma Membrane
is a phospholipid by layer with a variety of embedded proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates that perform various functions for the cell
Pili
longer, less numerous protein appendages that aid in attachment to surfaces or other cells F pilus (sex pilus) aids in transfer of DNA between bacterial cells
vegetative cells are
metabolically active cells
lophotrichous flagella
multiple flagella at one end
cell wall function
provides support and protection from harsh conditions outside of the celk
Plasmids
small circular double strangled DNA molecules that are located outside of the chromosomes
volutin granules
store inorganic phosphate