Endocrine Chapter Review Questions

What is the job of phosphodiesterase?

to breakdown cAMP and convert it to AMP.

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor. The receptor hormone complex enters the neucleus where it binds a specific DNA region. What does this binding initiate?

transcription of the gene to mRNA that directs protein synthesis.

What are the three rules for being a hormone?

1. Transported in the blood. 2. Known chemical structure. 3. Binds to protein receptor in a cell.

The anterior pituitary secretes ALL but A. antidiuretic hormone B. growth hormone C. gonadotropins D. TSH

A. antidiuretic hormone

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________. ACTH insulin GH thyroxin

ACTH

Which of the following is NOT synthesized in the pituitary gland? PRL ADH LH FSH TSH

ADH

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances usually results from deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids? Graves' disease Cushing's syndrome cretinism Addison's disease

Addison's disease

In cAMP second-messenger mechanism, G protein activates what?

Adenylate cyclase.

What are the sources for lipid-soluble hormones?

Adrenal cortex, gonads, and thyroid glad.

Name two endocrine glands (or regions) that are important in the stress response, and explain why they are important.

Adrenal medulla produces hormones epinephrine and noepinephrine; function as a alarm reaction and Adrenal cortex produces cortisol in stress response, resistance stage

Identify the hormone: peptide and corticotropic cells. Stimulated by CRH. Inhibited by glucocorticoids. Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids and androgens.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Identify the hormone: steroid hormone that causes reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys.

Aldosterone.

Water soluble hormones consist of...

All amino-acid based hormones except for thyroid hormone.

Lipid soluble hormones consist of...

All steroid hormones and thyroid hormone

Identify the hormone: Causes the kidneys to conserve water. Peptide hormone. from supraoptic neurons in hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased blood solute concentration, decreased blood volume, and low blood pressure. Inhibited by adequate hydration and by alcohol.

Antidiuretic hormone. (ADH)

__________ act on cells that secrete them.

Autocrines.

The major stimulus for release of parathyroid hormone is A. Hormonal B. Humoral C. Neural

B. Humoral

If anterior pituitary secretion is deficient in a growing child, the child will A. develop acromegaly B. become a dwarf but have fairly normal body proportions C. mature sexually at an earlier than normal age D. be in constant danger of becoming dehydrated

B. become a dwarf but have fairly normal body proportions

Hormones A. are produced by exocrine glands B. carried to all parts of the body in blood C. remain at constant concentration in the blood D. affect only non-hormone-producing organs

B. carried to all parts of the body in blood

Absence of thyroid hormone would result in A. increased heart rate and increased force of heart contraction B. depression of the CNS and lethargy C. exophthalmos D. high metabolic rate

B. depression of the CNS and lethargy

Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of __________. A. estrogen B. epinephrine C. aldosterone D. thyroid hormone E. insulin

B. epinephrine

A hormone NOT involved in glucose metabolism is A. glucagon B. cortisone C. aldosterone D. insulin

C. aldosterone

Testosterone is to the male as which hormone is to the female? A. luteinizing hormone B. progesterone C. estrogen D. prolactin

C. estrogen

Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ but produces hormones in addition to its major excretory function? A. pancreas B. thymus C. kidneys D. pituitary

C. kidneys Kidney cells produce the hormones renin and erythropoietin, but their primary function is excretion of body waste.

Parathyroid hormone helps elevate ________ levels.

Calcium

What does adenylate cyclase do?

Converts ATP to cAMP, which then activates protein kinases.

What is the effect of hypersecretion of ACTH?

Cushing's disease

Some hormones act by A. increasing the synthesis of enzymes B. converting an inactive enzyme into an active enzyme C. affecting only specific target organs D. All of these

D. ALL OF THESE

If there is adequate carbohydrate intake, secretion of insulin results in A. lower blood glucose levels B. increased cell utilization of glucose C. storage of glycogen D. all of these

D. all of these

Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by __________. using calcium ions as a second messenger A. activating cyclic AMP located inside the cell B. activating cyclic AMP located outside the cell C. activating G proteins D. binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex

D. binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex

Parathyroid hormone A. increases bone formations and lowers blood calcium levels B. increases calcium excretion C. decreases calcium absorption from the gut D. demineralizes bone and raises blood calcium levels

D. demineralizes bone and raises blood calcium levels

A hypodermic injection of epinephrine injection would.. A. increase heart rate and blood pressure -dilute the bronchioles of the lungs and increase digestive activity B. decrease heart rate and decrease blood pressure - constrict the bronchioles, and increase digestive activity C. decrease heart rate and increase blood pressure - constrict and bronchioles and decrease digestive activity D. increase heart rate and blood pressure - dilute the bronchioles and decrease digestive activity

D. increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, dilate the bronchi, and decrease peristalsis

______________ ______________ has to be a stimulus that triggers a hormone to be released.

Endocrine reflex

Autocrines are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood throughout the body. True False

False

The anterior pituitary is known as the "master endocrine gland" because it controls the hypothalamus. True False

False

Identify the hormone: glycoprotein and gonadotropc cells. Stimulated by GnRH. Inhibited by inhibin, estrogens, and testosterone. Stimulates in females, ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogens. In males, sperm production.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Identify the hormone: Important anabolic hormone. many of its effects mediated by IGFs. Triggered by low blood levels, increase in blood levels of amino acids, and low levels of fatty acid.

Growth Hormone (GH)

____________ have to leave the area before they have influence.

Hormones

Define hormone.

Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid. They travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body.

What are the effects of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of ADH?

Hyposecretion: diabetes insipidus. Hypersecretion: SIADH

What are the effects of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of TSH?

Hyposecretion: hypothyroidism; may cause myxedema Hypersecretion: hyperthyroidism; antibodies mimic TSH.

What are the effects of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of GH?

Hyposecretion: pituitary dwarfism in children. Hypersecretion: gigantism (children) and acromegaly (adults)

The anterior pituitary is often referred to as the master endocrine organ, but it, too, has a "master". What controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones ?

Hypothalamus -> discharges various releasing and inhibiting hormones that stimulate either the release of hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

____________ is a peptide hormone that does not go inside the cell.

Insulin.

Endemic goiter is not really the result of a malfunctioning thyroid gland. What does it cause?

Iodine deficiency

Lipid-soluble hormones have a ________ half life.

Long

Identify the hormone: glycoprotein and gonadotropc cells. Stimulated by GnRH. Inhibited by estrogens, proestrogens, and testosterone. Stimulates in females, triggers ovulation and production of estrogens and proestrogens. In males, testosterone production.

Luteinizing hormones (LH)

What all do hormones control?

Metabolism. ATP Fluid and electrolyte balance. Defenses. Reproduction. Growth/development.

In which of the following mechanisms of hormone action do intracellular calcium ions act as a final mediator? cGMP PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism cAMP DAG

PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

___________ act on different cell types near by and are limited based on diffusion distance.

Paracrines.

What enzyme is in cells that use cAMP as secondary messengers?

Phosphodiesterase.

Name all the endocrine organs

Pineal glad. Hypothalamus. Pituitary gland. Thyroid gland. Parathyroid glands. thymus. Adrenal glads. Pancreas. Gonads.

Identify the hormone: protein and prolactin cells. Stimulated by decreases PIH. Inhibited by PIH (dopamine). Stimulates lactation in breast.

Prolactin (PRL)

What are the major metabolic hormones of the body?

T4 and T3

The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by __________. ACTH TSH TH FSH ADH

TH

Which hormone is NOT being synthesized if a goiter forms? FSH TH insulin renin

TH

Which of the following occurs within a negative feedback system? Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release. Hormone levels have no effect on additional production of that hormone. As hormone levels decrease, further hormone release is inhibited. As hormone levels rise, further hormone release is promoted.

Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release.

Which of the following is true about water-soluble hormones? They have a short half-life. They are composed of lipids. They cannot be stored in secretory vesicles. They are bound to a transport protein while circulating in the blood.

They have a short half-life.

How do protein kinases affect enzymes? They increase the release of an enzyme. They break down an enzyme. They phosphorylate an enzyme. They increase the secretion of an enzyme.

They phosphorylate an enzyme.

Identify the hormone: glycoprotein and thyropropic cells. Stimulated by TRH and infants indirectly in cold temps. Inhibited by thyroid hormones on anterior pitutiary and hypothalamus. And by GHIH. Stimulates thyroid glads to release thyroid hormone.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. True False

True

Name the enzyme insulin uses that autophosphorylates.

Tyrosine kinase

Eicosanoids are NOT true hormones because they __________. are lipids act locally affect blood pressure mediate inflammatory reactions

act locally

Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the __________. heart liver hypothalamus adipose tissue

adipose tissue

What are the two classes of hormones?

amino acid based and steroid/fat based

Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by __________. an increase of growth hormone in an adult an increase in calcitonin an increase in ADH an increase in parathyroid hormone

an increase in parathyroid hormone

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is called __________.

antagonism

The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the __________. ovaries parathyroid glands anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) adrenal glands thyroid gland

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Name a hormone secreted by a muscle cell and two hormones secreted by neurons.

atrial natriuretic peptide Oxytocin and ADH

____________ ____________ is triggered once the hormone binds to the receptor.

cascade effect

Steroid hormones are synthesized from __________.

cholesterol

Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT __________. after general anesthesia after neurosurgery damage to the pineal gland ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer

damage to the pineal gland

A congenital condition that includes mental retardation; short, disproportional body size; and a thick tongue and neck is caused by __________. insulin deficiency excess of synthetic growth hormone deficiency of thyroxin deficiency of thymosin

deficiency of thyroxin

Which of the following hormones does the skin produce? melatonin cholecalciferol renin erythropoietin

erythropoietin

Which of the following hormones stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production? prolactin thyroid-stimulating hormone growth hormone follicle-stimulating hormone

follicle-stimulating hormone

Which of the following stimulate(s) most body cells to increase in size and divide? pro-opiomelanocortin melanocyte-stimulating hormone tropins growth hormone

growth hormone

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is secreted by the __________ and targets the kidneys and adrenal cortex. lungs thymus heart stomach

heart

Which of the following is NOT one of the areas in which thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role? helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload normal skeletal and nervous system development and maturation maintaining blood pressure regulating tissue growth and development

helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload

The stimulus for producing insulin is __________. high blood glucose concentration low blood fatty acid concentration high blood nucleic acid concentration low glycogen concentration low blood amino acid concentration

high blood glucose concentration

Endocrinology involves the study of the endocrine organs and __________.

hormones

The stimulus for secreting parathyroid hormone is a good example of a __________. hypothalamic stimulus hormonal stimulus humoral stimulus pituitary gland stimulus neural stimulus

humoral stimulus

Which of the following conditions, if left untreated, progresses to respiratory paralysis and death? hypoparathyroidism hyperparathyroidism hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism

hypoparathyroidism

Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ? pineal pituitary pancreas hypothalamus

hypothalamus

Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone? iodine zinc iron copper sulfur

iodine

Any given hormone will influence the activity of __________.

its target cells

Blood levels are controlled by _____________ feedback.

negative

The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system. circulatory digestive nervous reproductive

nervous

As blood levels of __________ rise, the expulsive contractions of labor gain momentum and finally end in birth.

oxytocin

Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid? neural endocrine autocrine paracrine

paracrine

The cells found within the parathyroid glands that secrete parathyroid hormone are called __________.

parathyroid cells

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of stimuli to trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones? hormonal stimuli humoral stimuli neural stimuli permissive stimuli

permissive stimuli

Which of the following describes a hormone that CANNOT exhibit its full effect without the presence of another hormone? assertiveness permissiveness synergism antagonism

permissiveness

Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by __________. lysosomes in the cell colloid endocytosis peroxidase enzymes the Golgi apparatus

peroxidase enzymes

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances results from hyposecretion of growth hormone? gigantism elephantiasis acromegaly pituitary dwarfism

pituitary dwarfism

Lipid-soluble hormones have a direct influence on what?

protein synthesis and ATP.

Water-soluble hormones have a ________ half life.

short

The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of __________. catecholamines posterior pituitary hormones steroid hormones pancreatic hormones

steroid hormones

Excess growth hormone would cause all the following EXCEPT __________. gigantism in children acromegaly in adults suppression of cancer diabetes

suppression of cancer

Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following tissues EXCEPT __________. the brain the myocardium skeletal muscle adipose tissue

the brain

Polydipsia is excessive __________ associated with diabetes mellitus. urine output hunger blood glucose levels thirst

thirst