endocrine NCLEX

A client with type 1 diabetes mellitus calls the nurse to report recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia. Which statement by the client indicates a correct understanding of NPH insulin and exercise?

1. "I should not exercise after lunch." 2. "I should not exercise after breakfast." 3. "I should not exercise in the late evening." *4. "I should not exercise in the late afternoon."* *rationale* A hypoglycemic reaction may occur in response to increased exercise. Clients should avoid exercise during the peak time of insulin. NPH insulin peaks at 12 to 14 hours; therefore, late afternoon exercise would occur during the peak of the medication.

A nurse is caring for a client with Addison's disease. The nurse checks the vital signs and determines that the client has orthostatic hypotension. The nurse determines that this finding relates to which of the following?

1. A decrease in cortisol release *2. A decreased secretion of aldosterone* 3. An increase in epinephrine secretion 4. Increased levels of androgens *rationale* A decreased secretion of aldosterone results in a limited reabsorption of sodium and water; therefore the client experiences fluid volume deficit. A decrease in cortisol, an increase in epinephrine, and an increase in androgen secretion do not result in orthostatic hypotension.

A nurse is monitoring a client receiving glipizide (Glucotrol). Which outcome indicates an ineffective response from the medication?

1. A decrease in polyuria 2. A decrease in polyphagia 3. A fasting plasma glucose of 100 mg/dL *4. A glycosylated hemoglobin level of 12%* *rationale* Glipizide (Glucotrol) is an oral hypoglycemic agent administered to decrease the serum glucose level and the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia. Therefore, a decrease in both polyuria and polyphagia would indicate a therapeutic response. Laboratory values are also used to monitor a client's response to treatment. A fasting blood glucose level of 100 mg/dL is within normal limits. However, glycosylated hemoglobin of 12% indicates poor glycemic control.

A nurse is caring for a client with pheochromocytoma. The client asks for a snack and something warm to drink. The appropriate choice for this client to meet nutritional needs would be which of the following?

1. Crackers with cheese and tea *2. Graham crackers and warm milk* 3. Toast with peanut butter and cocoa 4. Vanilla wafers and coffee with cream and sugar *rationale* The client with pheochromocytoma needs to be provided with a diet that is high in vitamins, minerals, and calories. Of particular importance is that food or beverages that contain caffeine (e.g., chocolate, coffee, tea, and cola) are prohibited.

A preoperative client is scheduled for adrenalectomy to remove a pheochromocytoma. The nurse would most closely monitor which of the following items in the preoperative period?

1. Intake and output 2. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) *3. Vital signs* 4. Urine glucose and ketones *rationale* Hypertension is the hallmark of pheochromocytoma. Severe hypertension can precipitate a stroke or sudden blindness. Although all the items are appropriate nursing assessments for the client with pheochromocytoma, the priority is to monitor the vital signs, especially the blood pressure.

Which client complaint would alert the nurse to a possible hypoglycemic reaction?

*1. Tremors* 2. Anorexia 3. Hot, dry skin 4. Muscle cramps *rationale* Decreased blood glucose levels produce automatic nervous system symptoms, which are classically manifested as nervousness, irritability, and tremors. Option 3 is more likely to occur with hyperglycemia. Options 2 and 4 are unrelated to the signs of hypoglycemia.

A client with diabetes mellitus is scheduled to have a fasting blood glucose level determined in the morning. The nurse tells the client not to eat or drink after midnight. When the client asks for further information, the nurse clarifies by stating that which of the following would be acceptable to take before the test?

*1. Water* 2. Coffee without any milk 3. Tea without any sugar 4. Clear liquids such as apple juice *rationale* When a client is scheduled for a fasting blood glucose level, the client should not eat or drink anything except water after midnight. This is needed to ensure accurate test results, which form the basis for adjustments or continuance of treatment. Options 2, 3, and 4 are inaccurate, and the client should not consume these items before the test.

A nurse has just supervised a newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus client self-inject NPH insulin at 7:30 ᴀᴍ. The nurse reviews the time frames for peak insulin action with the client, telling the client to be especially watchful for a hypoglycemic reaction between:

1. 7:30 ᴀᴍ and 9:30 ᴀᴍ *2. 1:30 ᴘᴍ and 7:30 ᴘᴍ* 3. 8:30 ᴘᴍ and 12:00 ᴀᴍ 4. 2:30 ᴀᴍ and 4:30 ᴀᴍ *rationale* NPH is an intermediate-acting insulin. It begins to work in 1 to 2 hours (onset), peaks in 6 to 12 hours, and lasts for 18 to 24 hours (duration). Hypoglycemic reactions most likely occur during peak time, which in this case is option 2.

A client is diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism. The nurse teaching the client about dietary alterations to manage the disorder tells the client to limit which of the following foods in the diet?

1. Bananas 2. Oatmeal *3. Ice cream* 4. Chicken breast *rationale* The client with hyperparathyroidism is likely to have elevated calcium levels. This client should reduce intake of dairy products such as milk, cheese, ice cream, or yogurt. Apples, bananas, chicken, oatmeal, and pasta are low-calcium foods.

After several diagnostic tests, a client is diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. The nurse understands that which symptom is indicative of this disorder?

1. Diarrhea *2. Polydipsia* 3. Weight gain 4. Blurred vision *rationale* Polydipsia and polyuria are classic symptoms of diabetes insipidus. The urine is pale in color, and its specific gravity is low. Anorexia and weight loss occur. Diarrhea, weight loss, and blurred vision are not manifestations of the disorder.

A male client recently diagnosed with diabetes mellitus requiring insulin tells the clinic nurse that he is traveling by air throughout the next week. The client asks the nurse for any suggestions about managing the disorder while traveling. The nurse tells the client to:

1. Obtain referrals to health care providers in the destination cities. 2. Check the blood glucose every 2 hours during the flight. *3. Keep snacks in carry-on luggage to prevent hypoglycemia during the flight.* 4. Pad the insulin and syringes against breakage and place in a suitcase to be stowed. *rationale* A frequent concern of diabetics during air travel is the availability of food at times that correspond with the timing and peak action of the client's insulin. For this reason, the nurse may suggest that the client have carbohydrate snacks on hand. Insulin equipment and supplies should always be placed in carry-on luggage (not stowed). This provides ready access to treat hyperglycemia, if needed, and prevents loss of equipment if luggage is lost. Options 1 and 2 are unnecessary.

A client has just been admitted with a diagnosis of myxedema coma. If all of the following interventions were prescribed, the nurse would place highest priority on completing which of the following first?

*1. Administering oxygen* 2. Administering thyroid hormone 3. Warming the client 4. Giving fluid replacement *rationale* As part of maintaining a patent airway, oxygen would be administered first. This would be quickly followed by fluid replacement, keeping the client warm, monitoring vital signs, and administering thyroid hormones.

A nurse is collecting data on a client with a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Which of these behaviors, if present in the client's history, would the nurse determine as being likely related to the manifestations of this disorder?

*1. Depression* 2. Nervousness 3. Irritability 4. Anxiety *rationale* Hypothyroid clients experience a slow metabolic rate, and its manifestation includes apathy, fatigue, sleepiness, and depression. Options 2, 3, and 4 identify the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism.

In planning nutrition for the client with hypoparathyroidism, which diet would be appropriate?

*1. High in calcium and low phosphorous* 2. Low in vitamins A, D, E, and K 3. High in sodium with no fluid restriction 4. Low in water and insoluble fiber *rationale* Hypocalcemia is the end result of hypoparathyroidism resulting from either a lack of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion or ineffective PTH influence on tissue. Calcium is the major controlling factor of PTH secretion. Because of this, the diet needs to be high in calcium but low in phosphorus because these two electrolytes must exist in inverse proportions in the body. The other options are not dietary interventions with hypoparathyroidism.

A nurse is monitoring the results of periodic serum laboratory studies drawn on a client with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) receiving an insulin infusion. The nurse determines that which of the following values needs to be reported?

*1. Potassium 3.1 mEq/L* 2. Calcium 9.2 mg/dL 3. Sodium 137 mEq/L 4. Serum osmolality 288 mOsm/kg H2O *rationale* The client with DKA initially becomes hyperkalemic as potassium leaves the cells in response to lowered pH. Once fluid replacement and insulin therapy are started, the potassium level drops quickly. This occurs because potassium is carried into the cells along with glucose and insulin and because potassium is excreted in the urine once rehydration has occurred. Thus the nurse carefully monitors the results of serum potassium levels and reports hypokalemia (option 1) promptly. The other laboratory values are within the normal ranges.

A nurse is preparing to discharge a client who has had a parathyroidectomy. When teaching the client about the prescribed oral calcium supplement, what information should the nurse include?

*1. Take the calcium 30 to 60 minutes following a meal.* 2. Avoid sunlight because it can cause skin color change. 3. Store the calcium in the refrigerator to maintain potency. 4. Check the pulse daily and hold the dosage if it is below 60 beats per minute. *rationale* Oral calcium supplements can be taken 30 to 60 minutes after meals to enhance their absorption and decrease gastrointestinal irritation. All the other options are unrelated to oral calcium therapy.

During routine postoperative assessment of a client who has undergone hypophysectomy, the client complains of thirst and frequent urination. Knowing the expected complications of this surgery, the nurse would next check the:

*1. Urine specific gravity* 2. Serum glucose 3. Respiratory rate 4. Blood pressure *rationale* Following hypophysectomy, diabetes insipidus can occur temporarily because of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency. This deficiency is related to surgical manipulation. The nurse should assess specific gravity and notify the registered nurse if the results are less than 1.005. Although options 2, 3, and 4 may be components of the assessment, the nurse would next check urine specific gravity.

A client with diabetes mellitus who takes insulin is seen in the health care clinic. The client tells the nurse that after giving the injection, the insulin seems to leak through the skin. The nurse can appropriately determine the problem by asking the client which of the following?

1. "Are you placing an air bubble in the syringe before injection?" 2. "Are you using a 1-inch needle to give the injection?" 3. "Are you aspirating before you inject the insulin?" *4. "Are you rotating the injection site?"* *rationale* The client should be instructed that insulin injection sites should be rotated within one anatomical area before moving to another. This rotation process promotes uniform absorption of insulin and reduces the chances of irritation. Options 1, 2, and 3 are not associated with the condition (skin leakage of insulin) presented in the question.

A client with Cushing's syndrome verbalizes concern to the nurse regarding the appearance of the buffalo hump that has developed. Which response by the nurse is appropriate?

1. "Don't be concerned, this problem can be covered with clothing." 2. "This is permanent, but looks are deceiving and not that important." *3. "Usually, these physical changes slowly improve following treatment."* 4. "Try not to worry about it. There are other things to be concerned about." *rationale* The client with Cushing's syndrome should be reassured that most physical changes resolve with treatment. Options 1, 2, and 4 are not therapeutic responses.

A nurse is collecting data from a client with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Which statement by the client indicates an understanding of the medication regimen?

1. "I should take my metformin (Glucophage) only if my blood glucose is elevated." 2. "By taking these medications, I am able to eat more." 3. "When I become ill, I need to increase the number of pills I take." *4. "The medication that I am taking helps release the insulin I already make."* *rationale* Clients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have decreased or impaired insulin secretion. Oral hypoglycemic agents are given to these clients to facilitate glucose use and need to be taken on a regular schedule as prescribed. To maintain normal blood glucose levels throughout the day, oral hypoglycemic agents such as metformin are not taken on an as-needed basis depending on the blood glucose levels. Insulin injections may be given during times of stress-induced hyperglycemia. Oral insulin is not available or effective because of the breakdown of the insulin by digestion.

A client with pheochromocytoma is scheduled for surgery and says to the nurse, "I'm not sure that surgery is the best thing to do." What response by the nurse is appropriate?

1. "I think you are making the right decision to have the surgery." 2. "You are very ill. Your health care provider has made the correct decision." 3. "There is no reason to worry. Your health care provider is a wonderful surgeon." *4. "You have concerns about the surgical treatment for your condition."* *rationale* Paraphrasing is restating the client's message in the nurse's own words. Option 4 addresses the therapeutic communication technique of paraphrasing. The client is reaching out for understanding. In option 3, the nurse is offering a false reassurance, and this type of response will block communication. Option 2 also represents a communication block because it reflects a lack of the client's right to an opinion. In option 1, the nurse is expressing approval, which can be harmful to a nurse-client relationship.

A client with diabetes mellitus demonstrates acute anxiety when admitted to the hospital for the treatment of hyperglycemia. The appropriate intervention to decrease the client's anxiety would be to:

1. Administer a sedative. *2. Convey empathy, trust, and respect toward the client.* 3. Ignore the signs and symptoms of anxiety so that they will soon disappear. 4. Make sure the client knows all the correct medical terms so that he or she can understand what is happening. *rationale* The appropriate intervention is to address the client's feelings related to the anxiety and to convey empathy, trust, and respect toward the client. Administering a sedative is not the most appropriate intervention. The nurse should not ignore the client's anxious feelings. A client will not relate to medical terms, particularly when anxiety exists.

A client with a pituitary tumor will undergo transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. The nurse includes which priority item in the preoperative teaching plan for the client?

1. Brushing the teeth vigorously and frequently is important to minimize bacteria in the mouth. *2. Blowing the nose following surgery is prohibited.* 3. A small area will be shaved at the base of the neck. 4. It will be necessary to cough and deep breathe following the surgery. *rationale* The approach used for this surgery is the oronasal route, specifically where the upper lip meets the gum. The surgeon then uses a route through the sphenoid sinus to get to the pituitary gland. The client is not allowed to blow the nose, sneeze, or cough vigorously because these activities could raise intracranial pressure. The client also is not allowed to brush the teeth, to avoid disrupting the surgical site. Alternate methods for performing mouth care are used.

The wife of a client with diabetes mellitus who takes insulin calls the nurse in a health care provider's office about her husband. She states that her husband is sleepy and that his skin is warm and flushed. She adds that his breathing is faster than normal and his pulse rate seems fast. Which of the following should the nurse tell the woman to do first?

1. Call an ambulance. 2. Take his temperature. *3. Check his blood glucose level.* 4. Drive him to the health care provider's office. *rationale* The client's signs and symptoms are consistent with hyperglycemia. The wife should first obtain a blood glucose reading, which the nurse would then report to the health care provider. Option 1 or 4 may be done at a later time if required. Option 2 is unrelated to the client's immediate problem.

A nurse working on an endocrine nursing unit understands that which correct concept is used in planning care?

1. Clients with Cushing's syndrome are likely to experience episodic hypotension. 2. Clients with hyperthyroidism must be monitored for weight gain. 3. Clients who have diabetes insipidus should be assessed for fluid excess. *4. Clients who have hyperparathyroidism should be protected against falls.* *rationale* Hyperparathyroidism is a disease that involves excess secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Elevation of PTH causes excess calcium to be removed from the bones. There is a decline in bone mass, which may cause a fracture if a fall occurs. Cushing's syndrome is likely to cause hypertension. Clients with hypothyroidism must be monitored for weight gain and clients with hyperthyroidism must be monitored for weight loss. Clients who have diabetes insipidus should be assessed for fluid deficit.

A nurse is planning to instruct a client with diabetes mellitus who has hypertension about "sick day management." Which of the following does the nurse avoid putting on a list of easily consumed carbohydrate-containing beverages for use when the client cannot tolerate food orally?

1. Cola 2. Ginger ale 3. Apple juice *4. Mineral water* *rationale* Diabetic clients should take in approximately 15 g of carbohydrate every 1 to 2 hours when unable to tolerate food because of illness. Each of the beverages listed in options 1, 2, and 3 provides approximately 13 to 15 g of carbohydrate in a half-cup serving. Mineral water is incorrect for two reasons. First, it contains sodium and should not be used by the client with hypertension. Second, it is not a source of carbohydrates.

A client who returned to the nursing unit 8 hours ago after hypophysectomy has clear drainage saturating the nasal dressing. The nurse should take which action first?

1. Continue to observe for further drainage. *2. Test the drainage for glucose.* 3. Put the head of the bed flat. 4. Test the drainage for occult blood. *rationale* Following hypophysectomy the client should be monitored for rhinorrhea (clear nasal drainage), which could indicate a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. If this occurs, the drainage should be collected and tested for the presence of CSF by testing it for glucose. CSF tests positive for glucose, whereas true nasal secretions would not. It is not necessary to test drainage that is clear for occult blood. The head of the bed should not be lowered, to prevent a rise in intracranial pressure. Continuing to observe the drainage without taking action could put the client at risk for developing a serious complication.

A nurse is providing instructions to a client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The nurse gives the client a list of the signs of hyperglycemia. Which of the following specific signs of this complication should be included on the list?

1. Decreased urine output 2. Profuse sweating *3. Increased thirst* 4. Shakiness *rationale* The classic signs of hyperglycemia include polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. Profuse sweating and shakiness would be noted in a hypoglycemic condition.

A nurse is collecting data from a client who is being admitted to the hospital for a diagnostic workup for primary hyperparathyroidism. The nurse understands that which client complaint would be characteristic of this disorder?

1. Diarrhea *2. Polyuria* 3. Polyphagia 4. Weight gain *rationale* Hypercalcemia is the hallmark of hyperparathyroidism. Elevated serum calcium levels produce osmotic diuresis (polyuria). This diuresis leads to dehydration and the client would lose weight. Options 1, 3, and 4 are gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms but are not associated with the common GI symptoms typical of hyperparathyroidism (nausea, vomiting, anorexia, constipation).

A client has been diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism. The nurse teaches the client to include foods in the diet that are:

1. High in phosphorus and low in calcium 2. Low in phosphorus and low in calcium *3. Low in phosphorus and high in calcium* 4. High in phosphorus and high in calcium *rationale* Hypoparathyroidism results in hypocalcemia. A therapeutic diet for this disorder is one that is high in calcium but low in phosphorus because these two electrolytes have inverse proportions in the body. All of the other options are unrelated to this disorder and are incorrect.

A client is brought to the emergency department with suspected diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which of the following findings would the nurse note as being consistent with this diagnosis?

1. High serum glucose level and an increase in pH 2. Low serum potassium and high serum bicarbonate level *3. High serum glucose level and low serum bicarbonate level* 4. Decreased urine output and Kussmaul's respirations *rationale* In DKA the blood glucose level is higher than 250 mg/dL, and ketones are present in the blood and urine. The arterial pH is low, less than 7.35. The plasma bicarbonate is also low. The client would exhibit polyuria and Kussmaul's respirations. The potassium level usually is elevated as a result of dehydration.

A comatose client with an admitting diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has a blood glucose of 368 mg/dL, arterial pH of 7.2, arterial bicarbonate of 14 mEq/L, and a positive for serum ketones. The diagnosis is supported by which noted data?

1. Hypertension *2. Fruity breath odor* 3. Slow regular breathing 4. Moist mucous membranes *rationale* Diabetic ketoacidotic coma is usually identified with a fruity breath odor, dry cracked mucous membranes, hypotension, and rapid deep breathing.

A client scheduled for a thyroidectomy says to the nurse, "I am so scared to get cut in my neck." Based on the client's statement, the nurse determines that the client is experiencing which problem?

1. Inadequate knowledge about the surgical procedure *2. Fear about impending surgery* 3. Embarrassment about the changes in personal appearance 4. Lack of support related to the surgical procedure *rationale* The client is having a difficult time coping with the scheduled surgery. The client is able to express fears but is scared. No data in the question support options 1, 3, and 4.

A client has a blood glucose level drawn for suspected hyperglycemia. After interviewing the client, the nurse determines that the client ate lunch approximately 2 hours before the blood specimen was drawn. The laboratory reports that the blood glucose to be 180 mg/dL, and the nurse analyzes this result to be:

1. Normal 2. Lower than the normal value *3. Elevated from the normal value* 4. A dangerously high value requiring immediate health care provider notification *rationale* Normal fasting blood glucose values range from 70 to 120 mg/dL. A 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level should be less than 140 mg/dL. In this situation, the blood glucose value was 180 mg/dL 2 hours after the client ate, which is an elevated value as compared to normal. Although the result may be reported to the health care provider, it is not a dangerously high one.

A maternity nursing instructor asks a nursing student to identify the hormones that are produced by the ovaries. Which of the following, if identified by the student, indicates an understanding of the hormones produced by this endocrine gland?

1. Oxytocin 2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) *3. Estrogen and progesterone* 4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) *rationale* The ovaries are the endocrine glands that produce estrogen and progesterone. Oxytocin is produced by the posterior pituitary gland and stimulates the uterus to produce contractions. LH and FSH are produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

A nurse is caring for a client with hypothyroidism who is overweight. Which food items would the nurse suggest to include in the plan?

1. Peanut butter, avocado, and red meat *2. Skim milk, apples, whole-grain bread, and cereal* 3. Organ meat, carrots, and skim milk 4. Seafood, spinach, and cream cheese *rationale* Clients with hypothyroidism may have a problem with being over-weight because of their decreased metabolic need. They should consume foods from all food groups, which will provide them with the necessary nutrients; however, the foods should be low in calories. Option 2 is the only option that identifies food items that are low in calories.

When caring for a client diagnosed with pheochromocytoma, what information should the nurse know when assisting with planning care?

1. Profound hypotension may occur. *2. Excessive catecholamines are released.* 3. The condition is not curable and is treated symptomatically. 4. Hypoglycemia is the primary presenting symptom. *rationale* Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-producing tumor of the adrenal gland and causes secretion of excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Hypertension is the principal manifestation, and the client has episodes of a high blood pressure accompanied by pounding headaches. The excessive release of catecholamine also results in excessive conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver. Consequently, hyperglycemia and glucosuria occur during attacks. Pheochromocytoma is curable. The primary treatment is surgical removal of one or both of the adrenal glands, depending on whether the tumor is unilateral or bilateral.

A nurse assists in developing a plan of care for a client with hyperparathyroidism receiving calcitonin-human (Cibacalcin). Which outcome has the highest priority regarding this medication?

1. Relief of pain 2. Absence of side effects *3. Reaching normal serum calcium levels* 4. Verbalization of appropriate medication knowledge *rationale* Hypercalcemia can occur in clients with hyperparathyroidism, and calcitonin is used to lower plasma calcium level. The highest priority outcome in this client situation would be a reduction in serum calcium level. Option 1 is unrelated to this medication. Although options 2 and 4 are expected outcomes, they are not the highest priority for administering this medication.

Which nursing measure would be effective in preventing complications in a client with Addison's disease?

1. Restricting fluid intake 2. Offering foods high in potassium 3. Checking family support systems *4. Monitoring the blood glucose* *rationale* The decrease in cortisol secretion that characterizes Addison's disease can result in hypoglycemia. Therefore monitoring the blood glucose would detect the presence of hypoglycemia so that it can be treated early to prevent complications. Fluid intake should be encouraged to compensate for dehydration. Potassium intake should be restricted because of hyperkalemia. Option 3 is not a priority for this client.

A client is admitted with a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. The nurse would monitor which of the following to detect the most common sign of pheochromocytoma?

1. Skin temperature *2. Blood pressure* 3. Urine ketones 4. Weight *rationale* Hypertension is the major symptom associated with pheochromocytoma and is monitored by taking the client's blood pressure. Glycosuria, weight loss, and diaphoresis are other clinical manifestations of pheochromocytoma; however, hypertension is the most common sign.

The anticipated intended effect of fludrocortisone acetate (Florinef) for the treatment of Addison's disease is to:

1. Stimulate the immune response. *2. Promote electrolyte balance.* 3. Stimulate thyroid production. 4. Stimulate thyrotropin production. *rationale* Florinef is a long-acting oral medication with mineralocorticoid and moderate glucocorticoid activity used for long-term management of Addison's disease. Mineralocorticoids act on the renal distal tubules to enhance the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions and the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. In small doses, fludrocortisone acetate causes sodium retention and increased urinary potassium excretion. The client rapidly can develop hypotension and fluid and electrolyte imbalance if the medication is discontinued abruptly. Options 1, 3, and 4 are not associated with the effects of this medication.

A nurse is caring for a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus who is hyperglycemic. Which problem would the nurse consider first, when planning care for this client?

1. The need for knowledge about the diagnosis 2. Insomnia 3. Lack of appetite *4. Signs of dehydration* *rationale* Hyperglycemia can develop into ketoacidosis in the client with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Polyuria develops as the body attempts to get rid of the excess glucose, and the client will lose large amounts of fluid. Because glucose is hyperosmotic, fluid is pulled from the tissue. Nausea and vomiting can occur as a result of hyperglycemia and can lead to a loss of sodium and water. Water also is lost from the lungs in an attempt to get rid of excess carbon dioxide. The severe dehydration that occurs can lead to hypovolemic shock. Of the problems listed, dehydration is considered first.

A nurse is discussing foot care with a diabetic client and spouse. The nurse includes which of the following during this informational session?

1. There is decreased risk of infection when feet are soaked in hot water. 2. Lanolin should be applied to dry feet, especially the heels and between the toes. *3. The toenails should be cut straight across.* 4. Strong soap should be used to decrease skin bacteria. *rationale* The client should be instructed to cut the toenails straight across. The client should not soak the feet in hot water, to prevent burns. The client should be instructed to wash the feet daily using a mild soap. Moisturizing lotion can be applied to the feet but should not be placed between the toes.

A client with newly diagnosed Cushing's syndrome expresses concern about personal appearance, specifically about the "buffalo hump" that has developed at the base of the neck. When counseling the client about this manifestation, the nurse should incorporate the knowledge that:

1. This is a permanent feature. 2. It can be minimized by wearing tight clothing. *3. It may slowly improve with treatment of the disorder.* 4. It will quickly disappear once medication therapy is started. *rationale* The client with Cushing's syndrome should be reassured that most physical changes resolve over time with treatment. The other options are incorrect.

Glucagon hydrochloride injection would most likely be prescribed for which disorder?

1. Thyroid crisis *2. Type 1 diabetes mellitus* 3. Hypoadrenalism 4. Excess growth hormone secretion *rationale* Glucagon hydrochloride is a medication that can be administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. It is prescribed to stimulate the liver to release glucose when a client is experiencing hypoglycemia and unable to take oral glucose replacement. It is important to teach a person other than the client how to administer the medication because the client's symptoms may prevent self-injection. Therefore options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

While collecting data on a client being prepared for an adrenalectomy, the nurse obtains a temperature reading of 100.8° F. The nurse analyzes this temperature reading as:

1. Within normal limits *2. A finding that needs to be reported immediately* 3. An expected finding caused by the operative stress response 4. Slightly abnormal but an insignificant finding *rationale* An adrenalectomy is performed because of excess adrenal gland function. Excess cortisol production impairs the immune response, which puts the client at risk for infection. Because of this, the client needs to be protected from infection, and minor variations in normal vital sign values must be reported so that infections are detected early, before they become overwhelming. In addition, the surgeon may elect to postpone surgery in the event of a fever because it can be indicative of infection. Options 1, 3, and 4 are not correct interpretations.

A client with a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is being treated in the emergency department. Which of the following findings would the nurse expect to note as confirming this diagnosis?

*1. Elevated blood glucose and low plasma bicarbonate* 2. Decreased urine output 3. Increased respirations and an increase in pH 4. Coma *rationale* In DKA, the arterial pH is less than 7.35, plasma bicarbonate is less than 15 mEq/L, the blood glucose level is higher than 250 mg/dL, and ketones are present in the blood and urine. The client would be experiencing polyuria and Kussmaul's respirations. Coma may occur if DKA is not treated, but coma would not confirm the diagnosis.

A nurse is monitoring a client who has been newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus for signs of complications. Which of the following, if exhibited by the client, would indicate hyperglycemia and thus warrant health care provider notification?

*1. Polyuria* 2. Bradycardia 3. Diaphoresis 4. Hypertension *rationale* The classic symptoms of hyperglycemia include polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. Options 2, 3, and 4 are not signs of hyperglycemia.

A nurse has reinforced instructions to the client with hyperparathyroidism regarding home care measures related to exercise. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further instruction? *Select all that apply.*

1. "I enjoy exercising but I need to be careful." 2. "I need to pace my activities throughout the day." *3. "I need to limit playing football to only the weekends."* 4. "I should gauge my activity level by my energy level." *5. "I should exercise in the evening to encourage a good sleep pattern."* *rationale* The client should be instructed to avoid high-impact activity or contact sports such as football. Exercising late in the evening may interfere with restful sleep. The client with hyperparathyroidism should pace activities throughout the day and plan for periods of uninterrupted rest. The client should plan for at least 30 minutes of walking each day to support calcium movement into the bones. The client should be instructed to use energy level as a guide to activity.

When the nurse is teaching a client who has been newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus, which statement by the client would indicate that teaching has been effective?

1. "I will stop taking my insulin if I'm too sick to eat." 2. "I will decrease my insulin dose during times of illness." 3. "I will adjust my insulin dose according to the level of glucose in my urine." *4. "I will notify my health care provider if my blood glucose level is greater than 250 mg/dL."* *rationale* During illness, the client should monitor the blood glucose level, and he or she should notify the health care provider (HCP) if the level is greater than 250 mg/dL. Insulin should never be stopped. In fact, insulin may need to be increased during times of illness. Doses should not be adjusted without the HCP's advice.

A nurse in an outpatient diabetes clinic is assisting in caring for a client on insulin pump therapy. Which statement by the client indicates that a knowledge deficit exists regarding insulin pump therapy?

1. "If my blood sugars are elevated, I can bolus myself with additional insulin as prescribed." 2. "I'll need to check my blood sugars before meals in case I need a pre-meal insulin bolus." *3. "Now that I have this pump, I don't have to worry about insulin reactions or ketoacidosis occurring again."* 4. "I still need to follow an appropriate diet and exercise plan even though I don't have to inject myself daily anymore." *rationale* All of the statements are correct in regard to insulin pump therapy, except the one that mentions insulin reactions and ketoacidosis. Hypoglycemic reactions can occur if there is an error in calculating the insulin dose or if the pump malfunctions. Ketoacidosis can occur if too little insulin is used or if there is an increase in metabolic need. The pump does not have a built-in blood glucose monitoring feedback system, so the client is subject to the usual complications associated with insulin administration without the use of a pump.

A client with type 1 diabetes mellitus takes NPH insulin every morning and checks the blood glucose level four times per day. The client tells the nurse that yesterday the late afternoon blood glucose was 60 mg/dL and that she "felt funny." Which statement by the client would indicate an understanding of this occurrence?

1. "My blood glucose levels are running low because I'm tired." *2. "I forgot to take my usual afternoon snack yesterday."* 3. "I took less insulin this morning so I won't feel funny today." 4. "I don't know why I have to check my blood glucose four times a day. That seems too much." *rationale* Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level of 60 mg/dL or less. The causes are multiple, but, in this case, omitting the afternoon snack is the cause. Fatigue and self-adjustment of dose are incorrect options. Recommended blood glucose testing for the client with type 1 diabetes mellitus is at least four times a day.

Which of the following clients is at risk for developing thyrotoxicosis?

1. A client with hypothyroidism *2. A client with Graves' disease who is having surgery* 3. A client with diabetes mellitus scheduled for debridement of a foot ulcer 4. A client with diabetes insipidus scheduled for an invasive diagnostic test *rationale* Thyrotoxicosis is usually seen in clients with Graves' disease with the symptoms precipitated by a major stressor. This complication typically occurs during periods of severe physiological or psychological stress such as trauma, sepsis, the birth process, or major surgery. It also must be recognized as a potential complication following a thyroidectomy.

A nurse is reviewing the prescriptions of a client diagnosed with diabetes mellitus who was admitted because of an infected foot ulcer. Which health care provider's prescription supports the treatment of this condition?

1. A decreased amount of NPH daily insulin *2. An increased amount of NPH daily insulin* 3. An increased-calorie diet 4. A decreased-calorie diet *rationale* Infection is a physiological stressor that can cause an increase in the level of epinephrine in the body. An increase in epinephrine causes an increase in blood glucose levels. When the client is under stress, such as when an infection exists, the client will require an increase in the dose of insulin to facilitate the transport of excess glucose into the cells. The client does not necessarily need an adjustment in the daily diet.

A nurse is collecting data on a client admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of myxedema. Which data collection technique will provide data necessary to support the admitting diagnosis?

1. Auscultation of lung sounds *2. Inspection of facial features* 3. Percussion of the thyroid gland 4. Palpation of the adrenal glands *rationale* Inspection of facial features will reveal the characteristic coarse features, presence of edema around the eyes and face, and a blank expression that are characteristic of myxedema. The techniques in the remaining options will not reveal any data that would support the diagnosis of myxedema.

A nurse is collecting data regarding a client after a thyroidectomy and notes that the client has developed hoarseness and a weak voice. Which nursing action is appropriate?

1. Check for signs of bleeding. 2. Administer calcium gluconate. 3. Notify the registered nurse immediately. *4. Reassure the client that this is usually a temporary condition.* *rationale* Weakness and hoarseness of the voice can occur as a result of trauma of the laryngeal nerve. If this develops, the client should be reassured that the problem will subside in a few days. Unnecessary talking should be discouraged. It is not necessary to notify the registered nurse immediately. These signs do not indicate bleeding or the need to administer calcium gluconate.

The nurse caring for a client who has had a subtotal thyroidectomy reviews the plan of care and determines which problem is the priority for this client in the immediate postoperative period?

1. Dehydration 2. Infection 3. Urinary retention *4. Bleeding* *rationale* Hemorrhage is one of the most severe complications that can occur following thyroidectomy. The nurse must frequently check the neck dressing for bleeding and monitor vital signs to detect early signs of hemorrhage, which could lead to shock. T3 and T4 do not regulate fluid volumes in the body. Infection is a concern for any postoperative client but is not the priority in the immediate postoperative period. Urinary retention can occur in postoperative clients as a result of medication and anesthesia but is not the priority from the options provided.

A nurse is reinforcing instructions with a client with diabetes mellitus who is recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) regarding measures to prevent a recurrence. Which instruction is important for the nurse to emphasize?

1. Eat six small meals daily. 2. Test the urine ketone levels. *3. Monitor blood glucose levels frequently.* 4. Receive appropriate follow-up health care. *rationale* Client education after DKA should emphasize the need for home glucose monitoring four to five times per day. It is also important to instruct the client to notify the health care provider when illness occurs. The presence of urinary ketones indicates that DKA has already occurred. The client should eat well-balanced meals with snacks, as prescribed.

Which clinical manifestation should the nurse expect to note when assessing a client with Addison's disease?

1. Edema 2. Obesity 3. Hirsutism *4. Hypotension* *rationale* Common manifestations of Addison's disease include postural hypotension from fluid loss, syncope, muscle weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, weight loss, depression, and irritability. The manifestations in options 1, 2, and 3 are not associated with Addison's disease.

A nursing student notes in the medical record that a client with Cushing's syndrome is experiencing body image disturbances. The need for additional education regarding this problem is identified when the nursing student suggests which nursing intervention?

1. Encouraging the client's expression of feelings 2. Evaluating the client's understanding of the disease process 3. Encouraging family members to share their feelings about the disease process *4. Evaluating the client's understanding that the body changes need to be dealt with* *rationale* Evaluating the client's understanding that the body changes that occur in this disorder need to be dealt with is an inappropriate nursing intervention. This option does not address the client's feelings. Options 1, 2, and 3 are appropriate because they address the client and family feelings regarding the disorder.

A nurse caring for a client scheduled for a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy to remove a tumor in the pituitary gland assists to develop a plan of care for the client. The nurse suggests including which specific information in the preoperative teaching plan?

1. Hair will need to be shaved. 2. Deep breathing and coughing will be needed after surgery. *3. Toothbrushing will not be permitted for at least 2 weeks following surgery.* 4. Spinal anesthesia is used. *rationale* Based on the location of the surgical procedure, spinal anesthesia would not be used. In addition, the hair would not be shaved. Although coughing and deep breathing are important, specific to this procedure is avoiding toothbrushing to prevent disruption of the surgical site. Also, coughing may disrupt the surgical site.

A nurse is caring for a client experiencing thyroid storm. Which of the following would be a priority concern for this client?

1. Inability to cope with the treatment plan 2. Lack of sexual drive 3. Self-consciousness about body appearance *4. Potential for cardiac disturbances* *rationale* Clients in thyroid storm are experiencing a life-threatening event, which is associated with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism. It is characterized by high fever, severe tachycardia, delirium, dehydration, and extreme irritability. The signs and symptoms of the disorder develop quickly, and therefore emergency measures must be taken to prevent death. These measures include maintaining hemodynamic status and patency of airway as well as providing adequate ventilation. Options 1, 2, and 3 are not a priority in the care of the client in thyroid storm.

A nurse is caring for a client following a thyroidectomy. The client tells the nurse that she is concerned because of voice hoarseness. The client asks the nurse whether the hoarseness will subside. The nurse appropriately tells the client that the hoarseness:

1. Indicates nerve damage 2. Is harmless but permanent 3. Will worsen before it subsides *4. Is normal and will gradually subside* *rationale* Hoarseness that develops in the postoperative period is usually the result of laryngeal pressure or edema and will resolve within a few days. The client should be reassured that the effects are transitory. Options 1, 2, and 3 are incorrect.

A nurse reviews a plan of care for a postoperative client following a thyroidectomy and notes that the client is at risk for breathing difficulty. Which of the following nursing interventions will the nurse suggest to include in the plan of care?

1. Maintain a supine position. 2. Encourage coughing and deep breathing exercises. *3. Monitor neck circumference frequently.* 4. Maintain a pressure dressing on the operative site. *rationale* Following a thyroidectomy, the client should be placed in an upright position to facilitate air exchange. The nurse should assist the client with deep breathing exercises, but coughing is minimized to prevent tissue damage and stress to the incision. A pressure dressing is not placed on the operative site because it could affect breathing. The nurse should monitor the dressing closely and should loosen the dressing if necessary. Neck circumference is monitored at least every 4 hours to assess for postoperative edema.

A client is brought to the emergency department in an unresponsive state, and a diagnosis of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) is made. The nurse who is assisting to care for the client obtains which of the following immediately in preparation for the treatment of this syndrome?

1. NPH insulin 2. A nasal cannula 3. Intravenous (IV) infusion of sodium bicarbonate *4. IV infusion of normal saline* *rationale* The primary goal of treatment is to rehydrate the client to restore fluid volume and to correct electrolyte deficiency. IV fluid replacement is similar to that administered in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and begins with IV infusion of normal saline. Regular insulin, not NPH insulin would be administered. The use of sodium bicarbonate to correct acidosis is avoided because it can precipitate a further drop in serum potassium levels. A nasal cannula for oxygen administration is not necessarily required to treat HHNS.

An adult client just admitted to the hospital with heart failure also has a history of diabetes mellitus. The nurse calls the health care provider to verify a prescription for which medication that the client was taking before admission?

1. NPH insulin 2. Regular insulin 3. Acarbose (Precose) *4. Chlorpropamide* *rationale* Chlorpropamide is an oral hypoglycemic agent that exerts an antidiuretic effect and should be administered cautiously or avoided in the client with cardiac impairment or fluid retention. It is a first-generation sulfonylurea. Insulin does not cause or aggravate fluid retention. Acarbose is a miscellaneous oral hypoglycemic agent.

A client with diabetes mellitus calls the clinic nurse to report that the blood glucose level is 150 mg/dL. After obtaining further data from the client, the nurse determines that the client ate lunch approximately 2 hours ago. The nurse would interpret these results to be:

1. Normal 2. Lower than the normal value *3. Slightly higher than the normal value* 4. A value that indicates immediate health care provider notification *rationale* Normal fasting blood glucose values range from 70 to 120 mg/dL. The 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level should be less than 140 mg/dL. In this situation, the blood glucose value was 150 mg/dL 2 hours after the client ate, which is slightly elevated above normal. This value does not require health care provider notification.

A nurse reviews the nursing care plan of an older client with diabetic neuropathy of the lower extremities as a result of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nurse plans care, knowing that which problem has the highest priority for this client?

1. Pain as a result of intermittent claudication 2. Lack of self-confidence as a result of impaired ability to walk 3. Lack of self-esteem as a result of perceived loss of abilities *4. The possibility of injury as a result of decreased sensation in the legs and feet* *rationale* The client with diabetic neuropathy of the lower extremities has diminished ability to feel sensations in the legs and feet. This client is at risk for tissue injury and for falls as a result of this nervous system impairment. Thus the highest priority problem is option 4, which can be determined using Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory. Options 2 and 3 represent problems that are more psychosocial in nature, and as such are secondary needs using Maslow's theory. Option 1 is incorrect because intermittent claudication is not directly associated with diabetic neuropathy.

A nurse is caring for a postoperative adrenalectomy client. Which of the following does the nurse specifically monitor for in this client?

1. Peripheral edema 2. Bilateral exophthalmos 3. Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia *4. Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia* *rationale* Following adrenalectomy, the client is at risk for hypovolemia. Aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, plays a major role in fluid volume balance by retaining sodium and water. A deficiency of adrenocortical hormones does not cause the clinical manifestations noted in options 1, 2, and 3.

A nurse reinforces teaching with a client with diabetes mellitus regarding differentiating between hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis. The client demonstrates an understanding of the teaching by stating that glucose will be taken if which symptom develops?

1. Polyuria *2. Shakiness* 3. Blurred vision 4. Fruity breath odor *rationale* Shakiness is a sign of hypoglycemia, and it would indicate the need for food or glucose. Fruity breath odor, blurred vision, and polyuria are signs of hyperglycemia.

A nurse enters the room of a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus and finds the client difficult to arouse. The client's skin is warm and flushed, and the pulse and respiratory rate are elevated from the client's baseline. The nurse would immediately:

1. Prepare for the administration of an insulin drip. 2. Give the client a glass of orange juice. 3. Prepare for the administration of a bolus dose of 50% dextrose. *4. Check the client's capillary blood glucose.* *rationale* The nurse must first obtain a blood glucose reading to determine the client's problem. Options 2 and 3 would be implemented as needed in the treatment of hypoglycemia. Insulin therapy is guided by blood glucose measurement.

A nurse participating in a free health screening at the local mall obtains a random blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL on an otherwise healthy client. The nurse tells the client to do which of the following as a next step?

1. Seek treatment for diabetes mellitus. 2. Ask the pharmacist about starting insulin therapy. 3. Begin blood glucose monitoring three times a day. *4. Call the health care provider to have the value rechecked as soon as possible.* *rationale* Adult diabetes mellitus can be diagnosed either by symptoms (polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia) or by laboratory values. Diabetes is also diagnosed by an abnormal glucose tolerance test, when random plasma glucose levels are greater than 200 mg/dL, or fasting plasma glucose levels are greater than 140 mg/dL on two separate occasions. Further confirmation of this result is needed to ensure appropriate diagnosis and therapy.

A nurse is assisting in preparing a plan of care for the client with diabetes mellitus and plans to reinforce the client's understanding regarding the symptoms of hypoglycemia. Which symptoms will the nurse review?

1. Slow pulse; lethargy; and warm, dry skin 2. Elevated pulse; lethargy; and warm, dry skin *3. Elevated pulse; shakiness; and cool, clammy skin* 4. Slow pulse, confusion, and increased urine output *rationale* Symptoms of mild hypoglycemia include tachycardia; shakiness; and cool, clammy skin. Options 1, 2, and 4 are not symptoms of hypoglycemia.

A nurse is assisting with preparing a teaching plan for the client with diabetes mellitus regarding proper foot care. Which instruction should be included in the plan of care?

1. Soak the feet in hot water. 2. Avoid using soap to wash the feet. *3. Apply a moisturizing lotion to dry feet, but not between the toes.* 4. Always have a podiatrist cut your toenails; never cut them yourself. *rationale* The client should use a moisturizing lotion on his or her feet, but should avoid applying the lotion between the toes. The client should also be instructed to not soak the feet and to avoid hot water to prevent burns. The client may cut the toenails straight across and even with the toe itself, but he or she should consult a podiatrist if the toenails are thick or hard to cut or if his or her vision is poor. The client should be instructed to wash the feet daily with a mild soap.

A client with type 1 diabetes mellitus is to begin an exercise program, and the nurse is providing instructions to the client regarding the program. Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching plan?

1. Try to exercise before mealtime. 2. Administer insulin after exercising. *3. Take a blood glucose test before exercising.* 4. Exercise should be performed during peak times of insulin. *rationale* A blood glucose test performed before exercising provides information to the client regarding the need to eat a snack first. Exercising during the peak times of insulin effect or before mealtime places the client at risk for hypoglycemia. Insulin should be administered as prescribed.

A nurse is reviewing discharge teaching with a client who has Cushing's syndrome. Which statement by the client indicates that the instructions related to dietary management were understood?

*1. "I can eat foods that contain potassium."* 2. "I will need to limit the amount of protein in my diet." 3. "I am fortunate that I can eat all the salty foods I enjoy." 4. "I am fortunate that I do not need to follow any special diet." *rationale* A diet that is low in calories, carbohydrates, and sodium but ample in protein and potassium content is encouraged for a client with Cushing's syndrome. Such a diet promotes weight loss, the reduction of edema and hypertension, the control of hypokalemia, and the rebuilding of wasted tissue.

Which statement by the client would cause the nurse to suspect that the thyroid test results drawn on the client this morning may be inaccurate?

*1. "I had a radionuclide test done 3 days ago."* 2. "When I exercise I sweat more than normal." 3. "I drank some water before the blood was drawn." 4. "That hamburger I ate before the test sure tasted good." *rationale* Option 1 indicates that a recent radionuclide scan had been performed. Recent radionuclide scans performed before the test can affect thyroid laboratory results. No food, fluid, or activity restrictions are required for this test, so options 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

A nurse is assigned to care for a client at home who has a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. When the nurse arrives to care for the client, the client tells the nurse that she has been vomiting and has diarrhea. Which additional statement by the client indicates a need for further teaching?

*1. "I need to stop my insulin."* 2. "I need to increase my fluid intake." 3. "I need to call my health care provider." 4. "I need to monitor my blood glucose every 4 to 6 hours." *rationale* When a client with diabetes is unable to eat normally because of illness, the client should still take the prescribed insulin or oral medication. Additional fluids should be consumed and a call placed to the health care provider. The client should monitor the blood glucose levels every 4 to 6 hours.

A nurse has reinforced home care measures to a client diagnosed with diabetes mellitus regarding exercise and insulin administration. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further instruction?

*1. "I should perform my exercise at peak insulin time."* 2. "I should always carry a quick-acting carbohydrate when I exercise." 3. "I should always wear a Medic-Alert bracelet especially when I exercise." 4. "I should avoid exercising at times when a hypoglycemic reaction is likely to occur." *rationale* The client should be instructed to avoid exercise at peak insulin time because this is when a hypoglycemic reaction is likely to occur. If exercise is performed at this time, the client should be instructed to eat an hour before the exercise and drink a carbohydrate liquid. Options 2, 3, and 4 are correct statements regarding exercise, insulin, and diabetic control.

A nurse is assigned to assist in caring for a client admitted to the emergency department with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In the acute phase, the priority nursing action is to plan to prepare to:

*1. Administer intravenous (IV) regular insulin.* 2. Administer IV 5% dextrose. 3. Correct the acidosis. 4. Apply an electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor. *rationale* Lack (absolute or relative) of insulin is the primary cause leading to DKA. Treatment consists of IV fluids (normal saline initially), regular insulin administration, and potassium replacement, followed by correcting the acidosis. An ECG monitor may be applied but is not the priority in this situation.

A nurse is assisting in preparing a care plan for a client with diabetes mellitus who has hyperglycemia. The nurse focuses on which potential problem for this client?

*1. Dehydration* 2. The need for knowledge about the causes of hyperglycemia 3. Lack of knowledge about nutrition 4. Inability of family to cope with the client's diagnosis *rationale* Increased blood glucose will cause the kidneys to excrete the glucose in the urine. This glucose is accompanied by fluids and electrolytes, causing an osmotic diuresis that leads to dehydration. This fluid loss must be replaced when it becomes severe. Options 2, 3, and 4 may be concerns at some point but are not the priority with hyperglycemia.

A nurse is reinforcing dietary instructions to a client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The nurse instructs the client that it is best to:

*1. Eat meals at approximately the same time each day.* 2. Adjust mealtimes depending on blood glucose levels. 3. Vary mealtimes if insulin is not administered at the same time every day. 4. Avoid being concerned about the time of meals as long as snacks are taken on time. *rationale* Mealtimes must be approximately the same time each day to maintain a stable blood glucose level. The client should not be instructed that mealtimes are varied, depending on blood glucose levels or insulin administration. Mealtimes should not be adjusted based on blood glucose levels or snacks.

A nurse is reviewing a plan of care for a client with Addison's disease. The nurse notes that the client is at risk for dehydration and suggests nursing interventions that will prevent this occurrence. Which nursing intervention is an appropriate component of the plan of care? *Select all that apply.*

*1. Encouraging fluid intake of at least 3000 mL/day* 2. Encouraging an intake of low-protein foods *3. Monitoring for changes in mental status* *4. Monitoring intake and output* 5. Maintaining a low-sodium diet *rationale* The client at risk for deficient fluid volume should be encouraged to eat regular meals and snacks and to increase the intake of sodium, protein, and complex carbohydrates. Oral replacement of sodium losses is necessary, and maintenance of adequate blood glucose levels is required.

A client with Addison's disease asks the nurse how a newly prescribed medication, fludrocortisone acetate (Florinef), will improve the condition. When formulating a response, the nurse should incorporate that a key action of this medication is to:

*1. Help restore electrolyte balance.* 2. Make the body produce more cortisol. 3. Replace insufficient circulating estrogens. 4. Alter the body's immune system functioning. *rationale* Fludrocortisone acetate is a long-acting oral medication with mineralocorticoid and moderate glucocorticoid activity. It is prescribed for the long-term management of Addison's disease. Mineralocorticoids cause renal reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions and the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. These actions help restore electrolyte balance in the body. The other options are incorrect.

A client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The initial serum glucose level was 950 mg/dL. Intravenous (IV) insulin was started along with rehydration with IV normal saline. The serum glucose level is now 240 mg/dL. The nurse who is assisting in caring for the client obtains which of the following items, anticipating a health care provider's prescription?

*1. IV infusion containing 5% dextrose* 2. NPH insulin and a syringe for subcutaneous injection 3. An ampule of 50% dextrose 4. Phenytoin (Dilantin) for prevention of seizures *rationale* During management of DKA, when the blood glucose level falls to 300 mg/dL, the infusion rate is reduced and 5% dextrose is added to maintain a blood glucose level of about 250 mg/dL, or until the client recovers from ketosis. NPH insulin is not used to treat DKA; 50% dextrose is used to treat hypoglycemia. Phenytoin is not a normal treatment measure in DKA.

A client with hypoparathyroidism has hypocalcemia. The nurse avoids giving the client the prescribed vitamin and calcium supplement with which of the following liquids?

*1. Milk* 2. Water 3. Iced tea 4. Fruit juice *rationale* Milk products are high in phosphates, which should be avoided by a client with hypoparathyroidism. Otherwise, calcium products are best absorbed with milk because the vitamin D in the milk promotes calcium absorption.

A nurse notes in the medical record that a client with Cushing's syndrome is experiencing fluid overload. Which interventions should be included in the plan of care? *Select all that apply.*

*1. Monitoring daily weight* *2. Monitoring intake and output* 3. Maintaining a low-potassium diet *4. Monitoring extremities for edema* *5. Maintaining a low-sodium diet* *rationale* The client with Cushing's syndrome experiencing fluid overload should be maintained on a high-potassium and low-sodium diet. Decreased sodium intake decreases renal retention of sodium and water. Monitoring weight, intake, output, and extremities for edema are all appropriate interventions for such a nursing diagnosis.

When a nurse notes that a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus has lipodystrophy on both upper thighs, what information should the nurse obtain from the client?

*1. Plan of injection rotation* 2. Consistency of aspiration 3. Preparation of the injection site 4. Angle at which the medication is administered *rationale* Lipodystrophy (i.e., the hypertrophy of subcutaneous tissue at the injection site) occurs in some diabetic clients when the same injection sites are used for prolonged periods of time. Thus, clients are instructed to adhere to a rotating injection site plan to avoid tissue changes. Preparation of the site, aspiration, and the angle of insulin administration do not produce tissue damage.

A nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. The nurse reviews the laboratory results drawn on the client and notes that the calcium level is extremely low. The nurse would expect to note which of the following on data collection of the client?

*1. Positive Trousseau's sign* 2. Negative Chvostek's sign 3. Unresponsive pupils 4. Hyperactive bowel sounds *rationale* Hypoparathyroidism is related to a lack of parathyroid hormone secretion or to a decreased effectiveness of parathyroid hormone on target tissues. The end result of this disorder is hypocalcemia. When serum calcium levels are critically low, the client may exhibit positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, which indicate potential tetany. Options 2, 3, and 4 are not related to the presence of hypocalcemia.

A client with diabetes mellitus visits the health care clinic. The client previously had been well controlled with glyburide (Diabeta), but recently, the fasting blood glucose has been running 180 to 200 mg/dL. Which of the following medications, if added to the client's regimen, may be contributing to the hyperglycemia?

*1. Prednisone* 2. Atenolol (Tenormin) 3. Phenelzine (Nardil) 4. Allopurinol (Zyloprim) *rationale* Prednisone may decrease the effect of oral hypoglycemics, insulin, diuretics, and potassium supplements. Options 2, a β-blocker, and 3, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, have their own intrinsic hypoglycemic activity. Option 4 decreases urinary excretion of sulfonylurea agents, causing increased levels of the oral medications, which can lead to hypoglycemia.

A health care provider has prescribed propylthiouracil (PTU) for a client with hyperthyroidism, and the nurse assists in developing a plan of care for the client. A priority nursing measure to be included in the plan regarding this medication is to monitor the client for:

*1. Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism* 2. Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia 3. Relief of pain 4. Signs of renal toxicity *rationale* Excessive dosing with propylthiouracil may convert the client from a hyperthyroid state to a hypothyroid state. If this occurs, the dosage should be reduced. Temporary administration of thyroid hormone may be required. Propylthiouracil is not used for pain and does not cause hyperglycemia or renal toxicity.

A nurse is collecting data from a client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus regarding the client's learning readiness. Which client behavior indicates to the nurse that the client is not ready to learn?

*1. The client complains of fatigue whenever the nurse plans a teaching session.* 2. The client asks if the spouse can attend the classes also. 3. The client asks for written materials about diabetes before class. 4. The client asks appropriate questions about what will be taught. *rationale* Physical symptoms can interfere with an individual's ability to learn and can indicate to the teacher that the learner lacks motivation to learn if the symptoms repeatedly recur when teaching is initiated. Options 2, 3, and 4 identify the client as actively seeking information.

A client with diabetes mellitus is being discharged following treatment for hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) precipitated by acute illness. The client states to the nurse, "I will call the doctor next time I can't eat for more than a day or so." The nurse plans care, understanding that which of the following accurately reflects this client's level of knowledge?

*1. The client needs immediate education before discharge.* 2. The client's statement is accurate, but knowledge should be evaluated further. 3. The client's statement is inaccurate, and the client should be scheduled for outpatient diabetic counseling. 4. The client requires follow-up teaching regarding the administration of insulin. *rationale* If the client becomes ill and cannot retain fluids or food for a period of 4 hours, the health care provider should be notified. The client's statement in this question indicates a need for immediate education to prevent HHNS, a life-threatening emergency situation.

An older client with a history of hyperparathyroidism and severe osteoporosis is hospitalized. The nurse caring for the client plans first to address which problem?

*1. The possibility of injury* 2. Constipation 3. Urinary retention 4. Need for teaching about the disorder *rationale* The client with severe osteoporosis as a result of hyperparathyroidism is at risk for injury as a result of pathological fractures that can occur from bone demineralization. The client may also have a risk for constipation from the disease process but this is a lesser priority than client safety. The client may or may not have urinary elimination problems, depending on other factors in the client's history. There is no information in the question to support whether the client needs teaching.

A nurse is monitoring a client following a thyroidectomy for signs of hypocalcemia. Which of the following signs, if noted in the client, likely indicates the presence of hypocalcemia?

*1. Tingling around the mouth* 2. Negative Chvostek's sign 3. Flaccid paralysis 4. Bradycardia *rationale* Following a thyroidectomy, the nurse assesses the client for signs of hypocalcemia and tetany. Early signs include tingling around the mouth and fingertips, muscle twitching or spasms, palpitations or dysrhythmias, and positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs. Options 2, 3, and 4 are not signs of hypocalcemia.

A nurse has reinforced dietary instructions to a client with a diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. The nurse instructs the client to include which of the following items in the diet?

*1. Vegetables* 2. Meat 3. Fish 4. Cereals *rationale* The client with hypoparathyroidism is instructed to follow a calcium-rich diet and to restrict the amount of phosphorus in the diet. The client should limit meat, poultry, fish, eggs, cheese, and cereals. Vegetables are allowed in the diet.

A nurse is caring for a client with pheochromocytoma. The client is scheduled for an adrenalectomy. During the preoperative period, the priority nursing action would be to monitor the:

*1. Vital signs* 2. Intake and output 3. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level 4. Urine for glucose and acetone *rationale* Hypertension is the hallmark of pheochromocytoma. Severe hypertension can precipitate a brain attack (stroke) or sudden blindness. Although all of the options are accurate nursing interventions for the client with pheochromocytoma, the priority nursing action is to monitor the vital signs, particularly the blood pressure.

A nursing instructor asks a student to describe the pathophysiology that occurs in Cushing's disease. Which statement by the student indicates an accurate understanding of this disorder?

1. "Cushing's disease is characterized by an oversecretion of insulin." *2. "Cushing's disease is characterized by an oversecretion of glucocorticoid hormones."* 3. "Cushing's disease is characterized by an undersecretion of corticotropic hormones." 4. "Cushing's disease is characterized by an undersecretion of glucocorticoid hormones." *rationale* Cushing's syndrome is characterized by an oversecretion of glucocorticoid hormones. Addison's disease is characterized by the failure of the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete adrenocortical hormones. Options 1 and 4 are inaccurate regarding Cushing's syndrome.

A nurse is collecting data on a client with hyperparathyroidism. Which of the following questions would elicit the accurate information about this condition from the client?

1. "Do you have tremors in your hands?" *2. "Are you experiencing pain in your joints?"* 3. "Have you had problems with diarrhea lately?" 4. "Do you notice swelling in your legs at night?" *rationale* Hyperparathyroidism causes an oversecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which causes excessive osteoblast growth and activity within the bones. When bone reabsorption is increased, calcium is released from the bones into the blood, causing hypercalcemia. The bones suffer demineralization as a result of calcium loss, leading to bone and joint pain, and pathological fractures.

A nurse has reinforced instructions about measuring blood glucose levels to a client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The nurse determines that the client understands the procedure when making which most accurate statement?

1. "I should check my blood glucose level before eating a big meal." *2. "I should check my blood glucose level before eating each meal, regardless of how much I eat."* 3. "I should check my blood glucose level 2 hours after each meal." 4. "I should check my blood glucose level once a day." *rationale* The most effective and accurate measure for testing blood glucose is to test the level before each meal regardless of the amount of food to be eaten. The client should also check the blood glucose level at bedtime. Checking the level after the meal will provide an inaccurate assessment of diabetic control. Checking the level once daily will not provide enough data related to controlling the diabetes mellitus.

A health care provider prescribes a 24-hour urine collection for vanillylmandelic acid (VMA). The nurse instructs the client in the procedure for the collection of the urine. Which statement by the client would indicate a need for further instruction?

1. "I will start the collection in 2 days. I cannot eat or drink any tea, chocolate, vanilla, or fruit until the test is completed." 2. "When I start the collection, I will urinate and discard that specimen." 3. "I will pour the urine into the collection bottle each time I urinate and refrigerate the urine." *4. "I can take any medications if I need to before the collection."* *rationale* Because a 24-hour urine collection is a timed quantitative determination, it is essential that the client start the test with an empty bladder. Therefore the client is instructed to void and discard the first urine and note the time and start the test. The 24-hour urine specimen collection bottle must be kept on ice or refrigerated. In a VMA collection, the client is instructed to avoid tea, chocolate, vanilla, and all fruits for 2 days before urine collection begins. Also clients are reminded not to take certain medications for 2 to 3 days before the test.

A nurse provides dietary instructions to a client with diabetes mellitus regarding the prescribed diabetic diet. Which statement, if made by the client, indicates the need for further teaching?

1. "I'll eat a balanced meal plan." 2. "I need to drink diet soft drinks." *3. "I need to buy special dietetic foods."* 4. "I will snack on fruit instead of cake." *rationale* It is important to emphasize to the client and family that they are not eating a diabetic diet but rather following a balanced meal plan. Adherence to nutrition principles is an important component of diabetic management, and an individualized meal plan should be developed for the client. It is not necessary for the client to purchase special dietetic foods.

Which of the following statements made by the nursing student demonstrates an understanding of the hormone oxytocin?

1. "Production of oxytocin occurs in the ovaries." 2. "It is produced by the anterior pituitary gland." *3. "It causes contractions of the uterus during birth."* 4. "Release of oxytocin stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin." *rationale* Oxytocin is produced by the posterior pituitary, not the anterior pituitary gland, and stimulates the uterus to produce contractions during birth. The ovaries are the endocrine glands that produce estrogen and progesterone. The pancreas produces insulin and other enzymes that aid digestion. Oxytocin does not stimulate the pancreas to produce insulin.

A nurse is reinforcing home care instructions to a client with a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Which statement reflects a need for further client education?

1. "Taking my medications exactly as prescribed is essential." *2. "I need to read the labels on any over-the-counter medications I purchase."* 3. "My family needs to be familiar with the signs and symptoms of hypoadrenalism." 4. "I could experience the signs and symptoms of hyperadrenalism because of Cushing's." *rationale* The client with Cushing's syndrome should be instructed to take the medications exactly as prescribed. The nurse should emphasize the importance of continuing medications, consulting with the health care provider before purchasing any over-the-counter medications, and maintaining regular follow-up care. The nurse should also instruct the client in the signs and symptoms of both hypoadrenalism and hyperadrenalism.

A client with myxedema has changes in intellectual function such as impaired memory, decreased attention span, and lethargy. The client's husband is upset and shares his concerns with the nurse. Which statement by the nurse is helpful to the client's husband?

1. "Would you like me to ask the health care provider for a prescription for a stimulant?" 2. "Give it time. I've seen dozens of clients with this problem that fully recover." 3. "I don't blame you for being frustrated, because the symptoms will only get worse." *4. "It's obvious that you are concerned about your wife's condition, but the symptoms may improve with continued therapy."* *rationale* Using therapeutic communication techniques, the nurse acknowledges the husband's concerns and conveys that the client's symptoms are common with myxedema. With thyroid hormone therapy, these symptoms should decrease, and cognitive function often returns to normal. Option 1 is not helpful, and it blocks further communication. Option 3 is pessimistic and untrue. Option 2 is not appropriate and offers false reassurance.

A nurse is caring for a client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The client asks the nurse whether eating at a restaurant will affect the diabetic control and whether this is allowed. Which nursing response is appropriate?

1. "You really should not eat in restaurants." 2. "If you plan to eat in a restaurant, you need to avoid carbohydrates." *3. "You should order a half-portion meal and have fresh fruit for dessert."* 4. "You should increase your daily dose of insulin by half on the day you plan to eat out." *rationale* Clients with diabetes mellitus are instructed to make adjustments in their total daily intake to plan for meals at restaurants or parties. Some useful strategies include ordering half portions, salads with dressing on the side, fresh fruit for dessert, and baked or steamed entrées. Clients are not instructed to avoid any food group or to increase their prescribed insulin dosage.

A licensed practical nurse (LPN) is assisting a high school nurse in conducting a session with female adolescents regarding the menstrual cycle. The LPN tells the adolescents that the normal duration of the menstrual cycle is about:

1. 14 days *2. 28 days* 3. 30 days 4. 45 days *rationale* The normal duration of the menstrual cycle is about 28 days, although it may range from 20 to 45 days. The first day of the menstrual period is counted as day 1 of the woman's cycle. Options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

A nurse is caring for a client with pheochromocytoma. Which data would indicate a potential complication associated with this disorder?

1. A urinary output of 50 mL/hr 2. A coagulation time of 5 minutes *3. Congestion heard on auscultation of the lungs* 4. A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 20 mg/dL *rationale* The complications associated with pheochromocytoma include hypertensive retinopathy and nephropathy, myocarditis, congestive heart failure (CHF), increased platelet aggregation, and stroke. Death can occur from shock, stroke, renal failure, dysrhythmias, or dissecting aortic aneurysm. Congestion heard on auscultation of the lungs is indicative of CHF. A urinary output of 50 mL/hr is an appropriate output; the nurse would become concerned if the output were less than 30 mL/hr. A coagulation time of 5 minutes is normal. A BUN level of 20 mg/dL is a normal finding.

A client with Graves' disease has exophthalmos and is experiencing photophobia. Which intervention would best assist the client with this problem?

1. Administering methimazole (Tapazole) every 8 hours 2. Lubricating the eyes with tap water every 2 to 4 hours 3. Instructing the client to avoid straining or heavy lifting *4. Obtaining dark glasses for the client* *rationale* Because photophobia (light intolerance) accompanies this disorder, dark glasses are helpful in alleviating the symptom. Medical therapy for Graves' disease does not help alleviate the clinical manifestation of exophthalmos. Other interventions may be used to relieve the drying that occurs from not being able to completely close the eyes; however, the question is asking what the nurse can do for photophobia. Tap water, which is hypotonic, could actually cause more swelling to the eye because it could pull fluid into the interstitial space. In addition, the client is at risk for developing an eye infection because the solution is not sterile. There is no need to prevent straining with exophthalmos.

A client has an endocrine system dysfunction of the pancreas. The nurse anticipates that the client will exhibit impaired secretion of which of the following substances?

1. Amylase 2. Lipase 3. Trypsin *4. Insulin* *rationale* The pancreas produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions as part of its normal function. The organ secretes insulin as a key endocrine hormone to regulate the blood glucose level. Other pancreatic endocrine hormones are glucagon and somatostatin. The exocrine pancreas produces digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and trypsin.

A hospitalized client is newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The client must take both NPH and Regular insulin for glucose control. The nurse develops a teaching plan to help the client meet which outcome as a first step in managing the disease?

1. Avoid all strenuous exercise. 2. Maintain health at an optimum level. 3. Lose 40 pounds to achieve ideal body weight. *4. Adjust insulin according to capillary blood glucose levels.* *rationale* There are many learning goals for the client who is newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The client must learn dietary control, medication management, and proper exercise in order to control the disease. As a first step, the client learns to adjust medication (insulin) according to blood glucose results as prescribed by the health care provider. The client should then focus on long-term dietary control and weight loss, which will often lead to a decreased need for insulin. At the same time that diet is being controlled, the client should begin a regular exercise program to aid in weight loss.

A nurse is monitoring a client with Graves' disease for signs of thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm). Which of the following signs and symptoms, if noted in the client, will alert the nurse to the presence of this crisis? *Select all that apply.*

1. Bradycardia *2. Fever* *3. Sweating* *4. Agitation* 5. Pallor *rationale* Thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm) is an acute, potentially life-threatening state of extreme thyroid activity that represents a breakdown in the body's tolerance to a chronic excess of thyroid hormones. The clinical manifestations include fever greater than 100° F, severe tachycardia, flushing and sweating, and marked agitation and restlessness. Delirium and coma can occur.

A nurse is caring for a client after thyroidectomy and monitoring for signs of thyroid storm. The nurse understands that which of the following is a manifestation associated with this disorder?

1. Bradycardia *2. Hypotension* 3. Constipation 4. Hypothermia *rationale* Clinical manifestations associated with thyroid storm include a fever as high as 106° F (41.1° C), severe tachycardia, profuse diarrhea, extreme vasodilation, hypotension, atrial fibrillation, hyperreflexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dehydration. With this disorder, the client's condition can rapidly progress to coma and cardiovascular collapse.

A nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. The health care provider plans to perform an Enlon test on the client to determine the presence of cholinergic crisis. In addition to planning care for the client during this testing, which of the following will the nurse ensure is at the bedside?

1. Cardiac monitor *2. Oxygen equipment* 3. Vial of protamine sulfate and a syringe 4. Potassium injection and a liter of normal saline solution *rationale* An Enlon test is performed to distinguish between myasthenic and cholinergic crisis. Following administration of Enlon, if symptoms intensify, the crisis is cholinergic. Because the symptoms of cholinergic crisis will worsen with the administration of Enlon, atropine sulfate and oxygen should be immediately available whenever Enlon is used.

A client with type 2 diabetes mellitus has a blood glucose of more than 600 mg/dL and is complaining of polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, and weakness. The nurse reviews the health care provider's documentation and would expect to note which of the following diagnoses?

1. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) 2. Hypoglycemia *3. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)* 4. Pheochromocytoma *rationale* HHNS is seen primarily in individuals with type 2 diabetes who experience a relative deficiency of insulin. The onset of symptoms may be gradual. The symptoms may include polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, mental status alterations, weight loss, and weakness. DKA normally occurs in type 1 diabetes mellitus. The clinical manifestations noted in the question are not signs of hypoglycemia. Pheochromocytoma is not related to these clinical manifestations.

Following hypophysectomy, a client complains of being very thirsty and having to urinate frequently. The initial nursing action is to:

1. Document the complaints. 2. Increase fluid intake. *3. Check the urine specific gravity.* 4. Check for urinary glucose. *rationale* Following hypophysectomy, diabetes insipidus can occur temporarily because of antidiuretic hormone deficiency. This deficiency is related to surgical manipulation. The nurse should check the urine for specific gravity and report the results if they are less than 1.005. Urinary glucose and diabetes mellitus is not a concern here. In this situation, increasing fluid intake would require a health care provider's prescription. The client's complaint would be documented but not as an initial action.

A nurse is caring for a client following an adrenalectomy and is monitoring for signs of adrenal insufficiency. Which of the following, if noted in the client, indicates signs and symptoms related to adrenal insufficiency? *Select all that apply.*

1. Double vision *2. Hypotension* *3. Mental status changes* *4. Weakness* *5. Fever* *rationale* The nurse should be alert to signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency in a client following adrenalectomy. These signs and symptoms include weakness, hypotension, fever, and mental status changes. Double vision is generally not associated with this condition.

A nurse is caring for a postoperative parathyroidectomy client. Which of the following would require the nurse's immediate attention?

1. Incisional pain *2. Laryngeal stridor* 3. Difficulty voiding 4. Abdominal cramps *rationale* During the postoperative period, the nurse carefully observes the client for signs of hemorrhage, which cause swelling and the compression of adjacent tissue. Laryngeal stridor is a harsh, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration and expiration that is caused by the compression of the trachea and that leads to respiratory distress. It is an acute emergency situation that requires immediate attention to avoid the complete obstruction of the airway.

A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism who is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). The nurse reinforces dietary instructions to the client. Which of the following is an appropriate instruction?

1. Increase dietary intake of calcium. *2. Drink at least 2 to 3 L of fluid daily.* 3. Eat sparely when experiencing nausea. 4. Decrease dietary intake of potassium. *rationale* The aim of treatment in the client with hyperparathyroidism is to increase the renal excretion of calcium and decrease gastrointestinal absorption and bone resorption. This is aided by the sufficient intake of fluids. Dietary restriction of calcium may be used as a component of therapy. The parathyroid is responsible for calcium production, and the term, "hyperparathyroidism" can be indicative of an increase in calcium. The client should eat foods high in potassium, especially if the client is taking furosemide. Limiting nutrients is not advisable.

A nurse is reinforcing instructions to a client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus regarding insulin administration. The health care provider has prescribed a mixture of NPH and regular insulin. The nurse should stress that the first step is to:

1. Inject air equal to the amount of regular insulin prescribed into the vial of regular insulin. *2. Inject air equal to the amount of NPH insulin prescribed into the vial of NPH insulin.* 3. Draw up the correct dosage of regular insulin into the syringe. 4. Draw up the correct dosage of NPH insulin into the syringe. *rationale* The initial step in preparing an injection of insulin that is a mixture of NPH and regular is to inject air into the NPH bottle equal to the amount of insulin prescribed. The client is instructed to next inject an amount of air equal to the amount of prescribed insulin into the regular insulin bottle. The regular insulin should then be withdrawn followed by the NPH insulin. Contamination of regular insulin with NPH insulin will convert part of the regular insulin into a longer-acting form.

A nurse is reviewing the postoperative prescriptions for a client who had a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Which health care provider's prescription, if noted on the record, indicates the need for clarification?

1. Instruct the client about the need for a Medic-Alert bracelet. *2. Apply a loose dressing if any clear drainage is noted.* 3. Monitor vital signs and neurological status. 4. Instruct the client to avoid blowing the nose. *rationale* The nurse should observe for clear nasal drainage, constant swallowing, and a severe, persistent, generalized, or frontal headache. These signs and symptoms indicate cerebrospinal fluid leak into the sinuses. If clear drainage is noted following this procedure, the health care provider needs to be notified immediately. Options 1, 3, and 4 indicate appropriate postoperative interventions.

A client who is managing diabetes mellitus with insulin injections asks the nurse for information about any necessary changes in her diet to avoid hyperinsulinism. Which of the following diets would be appropriate for the client?

1. Low-fiber, high-fat diet 2. Limit carbohydrate intake to three meals per day 3. Large amounts of carbohydrates between low protein meals *4. Small frequent meals with protein, fat, and carbohydrates at each meal* *rationale* The definition of hyperinsulinism is an excessive insulin secretion in response to carbohydrate-rich foods leading to hypoglycemia. It is often treated with a diet that provides for limited stimulation of the pancreas. Carbohydrates can produce a rapid rise in blood glucose levels. However, carbohydrates are necessary in the diet. Proteins do not stimulate insulin secretion. Fats are needed in the diet to provide calories. The best diet for hyperinsulinism will contain proteins and fats whenever carbohydrates are consumed and delivered in frequent but portion-controlled meals. Diets high in soluble fiber may be beneficial.

A nurse is preparing to provide instructions to a client with Addison's disease regarding diet therapy. The nurse understands that which of the following diets would likely be prescribed for this client?

1. Low-protein diet 2. Low-sodium diet *3. High-sodium diet* 4. Low-carbohydrate diet *rationale* A high-sodium, high-complex carbohydrate, and high-protein diet will be prescribed for the client with Addison's disease. To prevent excess fluid and sodium loss, the client is instructed to maintain an adequate salt intake of up to 8 g of sodium daily and to increase salt intake during hot weather, before strenuous exercise, and in response to fever, vomiting, or diarrhea.

When caring for a client who is having clear drainage from his nares after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, which action by the nurse is appropriate?

1. Lower the head of the bed. *2. Test the drainage for glucose.* 3. Obtain a culture of the drainage. 4. Continue to observe the drainage. *rationale* After hypophysectomy, the client should be monitored for rhinorrhea, which could indicate a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. If this occurs, the drainage should be collected and tested for glucose, indicating the presence of CSF. The head of the bed should not be lowered to prevent increased intracranial pressure. Clear nasal drainage would not indicate the need for a culture. Continuing to observe the drainage without taking action could result in a serious complication.

A client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus takes NPH insulin every day at 7:00 ᴀᴍ. The nurse has taught the client how to recognize the signs of hypoglycemia. The nurse determines that the client understands the information presented if the client watches for which of the following signs in the late afternoon?

1. Nausea and vomiting, and abdominal pain *2. Hunger; shakiness; and cool, clammy skin* 3. Drowsiness; red, dry skin; and fruity breath odor 4. Increased urination; thirst; and rapid, deep breathing *rationale* The client taking NPH insulin obtains peak medication effects approximately 6 to 12 hours after administration. At the time that the medication peaks, the client is at risk of hypoglycemia if food intake is insufficient. The nurse should teach the client to watch for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia including anxiety, confusion, difficulty concentrating, blurred vision, cold sweating, headache, increased pulse, shakiness, and hunger. The other options list various signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia.

A client with Cushing's disease is being admitted to the hospital after a stab wound to the abdomen. The nurse plans care and places highest priority on which potential problem?

1. Nervousness *2. Infection* 3. Concern about appearance 4. Inability to care for self *rationale* The client with a stab wound has a break in the body's first line of defense against infection. The client with Cushing's disease is at great risk for infection because of excess cortisol secretion and subsequent impaired antibody function and decreased proliferation of lymphocytes. The client may also have a potential for the problems listed in the other options but these are not the highest priority at this time.

A client is in metabolic acidosis caused by diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse prepares for the administration of which of the following medications as a primary treatment for this problem?

1. Potassium *2. Regular insulin* 3. Sodium bicarbonate 4. Calcium gluconate *rationale* The primary treatment for any acid-base imbalance is treatment of the underlying disorder that caused the problem. In this case, the underlying cause of the metabolic acidosis is anaerobic metabolism as a result of the lack of ability to use circulating glucose. Administration of regular insulin corrects this problem.

A nurse would expect to note which interventions in the plan of care for a client with hypothyroidism? *Select all that apply.*

1. Provide a cool environment for the client. 2. Instruct the client to consume a high-fat diet. *3. Instruct the client about thyroid replacement therapy.* *4. Encourage the client to consume fluids and high-fiber foods in the diet.* *5. Instruct the client to contact the health care provider if episodes of chest pain occur.* 6. Inform the client that iodine preparations will be prescribed to treat the disorder. *rationale* The clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism are the result of decreased metabolism from low levels of thyroid hormone. Interventions are aimed at replacement of the hormones and providing measures to support the signs and symptoms related to a decreased metabolism. The nurse encourages the client to consume a well-balanced diet that is low in fat for weight reduction and high in fluids and high-fiber foods to prevent constipation. The client often has cold intolerance and requires a warm environment. The client would notify the health care provider if chest pain occurs since it could be an indication of overreplacement of thyroid hormone. Iodine preparations are used to treat hyperthyroidism. These medications decrease blood flow through the thyroid gland and reduce the production and release of thyroid hormone.

What would the nurse anticipate being included in the plan of care for a client who has been diagnosed with Graves' disease?

1. Provide a high-fiber diet. *2. Provide a restful environment.* 3. Provide three small meals per day. 4. Provide the client with extra blankets. *rationale* Because of the hypermetabolic state, the client with Graves' disease needs to be provided with an environment that is restful both physically and mentally. Six full meals a day that are well balanced and high in calories are required, because of the accelerated metabolic rate. Foods that increase peristalsis (e.g., high-fiber foods) need to be avoided. These clients suffer from heat intolerance and require a cool environment.

A nurse has collected data on a client with diabetes mellitus. Findings include a fasting blood glucose of 130 mg/dL, temperature 101° F, pulse of 88 beats per minute, respirations of 22 breaths per minute, and a blood pressure of 118/78 mm Hg. Which finding would be of concern to the nurse?

1. Pulse and respirations 2. Blood pressure 3. Blood glucose *4. Temperature* *rationale* Elevated temperature may be indicative of infection, which is a leading cause of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Options 1, 2, and 3 are findings that are within a normal range.

A nurse is providing discharge instructions to a client who had a unilateral adrenalectomy. Which of the following will be a component of the instructions?

1. The reason for maintaining a diabetic diet *2. Instructions about early signs of a wound infection* 3. Teaching regarding proper application of an ostomy pouch 4. The need for lifelong replacement of all adrenal hormones *rationale* A client who is undergoing a unilateral adrenalectomy will be placed on corticosteroids temporarily to avoid a cortisol deficiency. These medications will be gradually weaned in the postoperative period until they are discontinued. Because of the anti-inflammatory properties of corticosteroids, clients who undergo an adrenalectomy are at increased risk for developing wound infections. Because of this increased risk for infection, it is important for the client to know measures to prevent infection, early signs of infection, and what to do if an infection is present. Options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect instructions.

A nurse is preparing to administer an injection of regular insulin. The vial of the regular insulin has been refrigerated. On inspection of the vial, the nurse finds that the medication is frozen. The nurse should:

1. Wait for the insulin to thaw at room temperature. 2. Check the temperature settings of the refrigerator. *3. Discard the insulin and obtain another vial.* 4. Rotate the vial between the hands until the medication becomes liquid. *rationale* Insulin preparations are stable at room temperature for up to 1 month without significant loss of activity. Insulin should not be frozen. If the insulin is frozen, it should be discarded and the nurse should obtain another vial. Options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect.

A client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus is having difficulty learning the technique of blood glucose measurement. The nurse should teach the client to do which of the following to perform the procedure properly?

1. Wash the hands first using cold water. 2. Puncture the center of the finger pad. 3. Puncture the finger as deeply as possible. *4. Let the arm hang dependently and milk the digit.* *rationale* Before doing a fingerstick for blood glucose measurement, the client should first wash the hands. Warm water should be used to stimulate the circulation to the area. The finger is punctured near the side, not the center, because there are fewer nerve endings along the side of the finger. The puncture is only deep enough to obtain an adequately sized drop of blood; excessively deep punctures may lead to pain and bruising. The arm should be allowed to hang dependently, and the finger may be milked to promote obtaining a good-size blood drop.

Which nursing action would be appropriate to implement when a client has a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma?

1. Weigh the client. 2. Test the client's urine for glucose. *3. Monitor the client's blood pressure.* 4. Palpate the client's skin to determine warmth. *rationale* Hypertension is the major symptom that is associated with pheochromocytoma. The blood pressure status is monitored by taking the client's blood pressure. Glycosuria, weight loss, and diaphoresis are also clinical manifestations of pheochromocytoma, but hypertension is the major symptom.