Endocrine Smart book questions
place the following events in order:
1. Low TH levels stimulate the hypothalamus 2. the hypothalamus releases TRH 3. TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary 4. The anterior pituitary releases TSH 5. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland 6. The thyroid gland produce TH
Place the following events from the picture in order:
1.Hypothalamus releases TRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases TSH 3. thyroid release TH
hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into how many distinct groups?
3
pancreatic islets form only 1% of the volume of the pancreas, yet contain _____ cell types
4
how many of the 7 anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones?
5
identify the hormones in the figure:
A-GHRH B-GH C-IGF
what hormone stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce corticosetoriods
ACTH
which hormone tiggers the release of gluccorticoids from the adrenal cortex?
ACTH
which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus?
ADH, oxytocin
modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete hormone______
ANP
____ cells of the pancreatic islets are stimulated by protein digestions in the digestive tract and produce pancreatic polupeptide
F
which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins? check all that apply
FSH, LH
what class of corticosteroids stimulates the metabolism of lipids and proteins?
Glucocorticoids
A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is ____?
GnRH
in males, ____ may influence the production of androgens
PRL
match each types of hormone interaction with an example in the body
Synergistic- estrogens and progesterone are more powerful together than alone. Permissive-Oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactin. Antagonistic- Glucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively.
match each term with it's definition:
Synergistic-two hormones work together permissive- one hormone allow another to function antagonistic- two hormones work in opposition of one another.
Thyroid follicular cells synthesize a glycoprotein called?
TGB
in order to stimulate the thyroid gland, there has to be release of ___ from the hypothalamus
TRH
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
TSH
the anterior pituitary gland secretes____ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release____
TSH, TH
goiter can result even through the pituitary releases more _____ because the lack of _____ prevents the thyroid from producing the needed TH
TSH, iodine
The posterior pitutary gland releases hormones into______
The blood stream
The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the ______?
adenohypophysis
the majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the ____
adenohypophysis
The paired triangular _____ glands are found atop the superior surface of each kidney?
adrenal
the principal mineralocorticoid id
aldosterone
The zona reticularis secretes
androgens
the liver releases______ which will become angiotensis II.
angiotensinogen
in the figure, the letter A indicates the ____ and the letter B indicated the _____
anterior pituitary gland, posterior pituitary gland
elcosanoids are locally acting hormones. if they target the same cels from which they were releases, this is an example of_______ stimulation.
autocrine
often a viral infection triggers a(n) ________ condition where the beta cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed resulting in type 1 diabets
autoimmune
If someone has TYpe 1 diabetes, it is because the _____ cells in the pancreas are no longer producing insulin
beta
if the blood glucose levels are high, what type of cells of the pancreatic islets produce the hormone at A?
beta
endocrine glands secreted their products directly into the ?
blood
a single target cell of hormone_____?
can display differing numbers of receptors for the same hormone
androgential syndrome is caused by an inability to produce what hormones?
corticosterioids
the most common glucocorticoid are ______ and corticosterone
cortisol
Goiter_____ once iodine is restored to the diet
do not regress
If a target cell is continually overstimulated by a hormone, it will decrease the number of receptors it has though_____ regulation
down
pancreatic juice is secreted through the pancreatic ducts into the_____
duodenum
IF a female baby is born with androgential syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms?
enlarged clitoris. increases ACTH
the pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior portion of the ______
epithalamus
The hormone secreted by the kidneys is?
erythropoetin
The ovaries produce the female sex hormones ____ and ___
estrogen, progesterone
T or F. the posterior pituitary gland produces the hormones oxytocin and ADH.
false
The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is called the zona ?
fasciculata
glucagon causes adipose cells to release what macromolecule into the bloodstream?
fatty acids
in the figure, the letter A indicates thyroid
follicles
too much growth hormone in childhood causes pituitary?
gigantism
The superficial layer of the adrenal cortex is called the zona?
glomerulosa
crushing syndrome results from chronic exposure to excessive levels of which of the following?
glucocorticoids
the zona fasciculata synthesizes a group of hormones called
glucocorticoids
The alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete the hormone?
gluvagon
insulin promotes____
glycognesis
multi-step signal transduction pathways provide____ opportunities to regulate pathway activity than directs pathways
greater
pituitary dwarfism exist at birth and is due to inadequate_____ hormone production
growth
______ stimulates cell growth and cell division specifically in bones and muscles
growth hormone
the endocrine system releases chemical messengers called _____ into the blood stream
hormomes
the individual in the figure is suffering from? *bulging eyes picture
hyperthyroidism
what is the name of the network of blood vessels in this picture referred to as?
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
the master control center of the endocrine system is the?
hypothalamus
the posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin and ADH in reponse to a stimulus from what region of the brain
hypothalamus
In the figure, the letter A represents the ____ and the letter B represents the ____
hypothalamus, infunibulum
the condition known as ________ results from an underproduction of thyroid hormone
hypothyroidism
insulin has which of the following effects on cells? check all that apply
increased glycogensis by the liver cells, increases lipogenesis in adipose cells, increased uptake of glucose by most cells
The pituitary gland is connected to teh hypothalamus by the think stalk called
infundibulum
because of their structure, lipid soluble hormones bind to the receptors of target cells _______
inside the cell
because of their structure, lipid-soluble hormones blind to the receptors of the target cells_____
inside the cell
goiter result from an ________ amount dietary _____ needed to produce TH
insufficient, iodine
if the stimulus at A is an increase in blood glucose, what is the hormone at B?
insulin
type 1 diabetes is also referred to as which of the following?
insulin-dependent diabetes melitus
_________ must be combined with throgobulin in the colloid to produce thyroid hormones
iodine
in T3, the 3 refers to the number of ______ molecules in the hormone.
iodine
which hormone is associated with stimulating appetite?
leptin
which organ produces angiotensinogen?
liver
The thyroid gland has left and right ____ connected by a narrow isthmus in the midline
lobes
thyrotopin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli? check all that apply
low body temperature a decreased levels of thyroid hormone in the blood
Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones involved in the fight/flight sympathetic response, are produced in what region of the adrenal gland?
medulla
The part of the adrenal gland that produces epinephrine and nonepinephrine as part of a sympatheltic nervous system response to an emergency is the adrenal
medulla
the adrenal ____ forms the inner core of each adrenal gland
medulla
the zona glomerulosa synthesizes a group of hormones collectively called?
mineralocorticoids
The target cells of thyroid hormones are?
most cells of the body
Which is reduced as a consequence of an aging endocrine system? check all that apply
muscle mass, sex hormone levels, GH levels.
The endocrine system works closely with the ______ system to bring about homeostasis in the body?
nervous
the neurons in the hypothalamus that extend tot he posterior pituitary gland are called____ cells because they secrete hormones
neurosecrertory
hormones can be releases as a direct response to which of the following stimuli? check all that apply
neutral, humoral, hormonal
Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of which of the following conditions
nontraumatic leg amputations, retinal blindness, kidney failure
water-soluble hormones bind to their target cell's receptors found____
on the surface of the plasma membrane
if someone suffers from type 1 diabetes mellitus, which organ transplant would benefit them most?
pancreas
if you remove the stomach, you will find the ____ indicated by the letter A in the figure?
pancreas
which of following glands is not controlled by the hypothalamus?
parathyroid gland
An example of a peptide hormone is_____
parathyroid hormone
what is the name of the structure at A?
pars intermedia
which endocrine gland is found in the epithalamus of the brain
pineal gland
the ____ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus.
pituitary
The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland by way of the hypothalamohypophyseal____ system?
portal
the _______ pituitary gland consists primarily of unmyellnated axons extending from the hypothalamus
posterior
which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity? check all that apply
producing regulatory molecules that either stimulates or inhibits the anterior pituitary gland. producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
in females, ____ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.
prolactin
which of the following are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids? check all that apply
protaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
in signal transduction, phospholipase C is activated by G ____?
protein
the endocrine system has many function including:
regulating blood ion concentrations, controlling movement of food through the digestive tract, maintaining blood volume
The innermost layer/region of the adrenal cortex is called the zona?
reticularis
GH stimulates liver cells to increase gluconeogensis; as a result, blood sugar levels?
rise
What organ release secretin and chloecystokinin?
small intestine
Delta cells of the pancreatic islets synthesize _______ also known as growth hormone inhibiting hormone
somatostatin
the pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the ____ bone
sphenoid
which organ synthesizes and releases gastrin?
stomach
cells with receptors for a particular hormone are called ______ cells for the hormone.
target
cells with specific receptors for the hormone are called _____ cells?
target
Thyroid hormones increase metabolism and increase body
temperature
place the stages of the stress response in chronological order:
the alarm reaction the stage of resistance the stage of exhaustion
match each stage of the stress response which its description:
the alarm reaction- the sympathetic division of the nervous system release epinephrine The stage of resistance- the endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves. The stage of exhaustion- fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins
which organ is located anterior to the heart on its superior aspect?
thymus
The ____ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea
thyroid
the anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH, which stimulates the ____ gland
thyroid
which of the following hormones are lipid soluble?
thyroid hormone, steroids
TRH travels through the portal system from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland causing the release of___?
thyroid stimulating hormone
letter A represents the _____ glands and letter B represtns the _______ gland.
thyroid, parathyroid
they hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland are connected via the hypothalamouhypophyseal_____.
tract
T or F, one advantage od signal transuction pathways is that binding of a few hormone molecules can affect millions of molecules within the cell.
true
if untreated, gestational diabetes can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications
true
T or F. generally, only severe cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus require insulin injections
true.
the term diabetes melitus is derived from the phrase "sweet_____?
urine