Endocrine Smart book questions

place the following events in order:

1. Low TH levels stimulate the hypothalamus 2. the hypothalamus releases TRH 3. TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary 4. The anterior pituitary releases TSH 5. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland 6. The thyroid gland produce TH

Place the following events from the picture in order:

1.Hypothalamus releases TRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases TSH 3. thyroid release TH

hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into how many distinct groups?

3

pancreatic islets form only 1% of the volume of the pancreas, yet contain _____ cell types

4

how many of the 7 anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones?

5

identify the hormones in the figure:

A-GHRH B-GH C-IGF

what hormone stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce corticosetoriods

ACTH

which hormone tiggers the release of gluccorticoids from the adrenal cortex?

ACTH

which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus?

ADH, oxytocin

modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete hormone______

ANP

____ cells of the pancreatic islets are stimulated by protein digestions in the digestive tract and produce pancreatic polupeptide

F

which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins? check all that apply

FSH, LH

what class of corticosteroids stimulates the metabolism of lipids and proteins?

Glucocorticoids

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is ____?

GnRH

in males, ____ may influence the production of androgens

PRL

match each types of hormone interaction with an example in the body

Synergistic- estrogens and progesterone are more powerful together than alone. Permissive-Oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactin. Antagonistic- Glucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively.

match each term with it's definition:

Synergistic-two hormones work together permissive- one hormone allow another to function antagonistic- two hormones work in opposition of one another.

Thyroid follicular cells synthesize a glycoprotein called?

TGB

in order to stimulate the thyroid gland, there has to be release of ___ from the hypothalamus

TRH

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

TSH

the anterior pituitary gland secretes____ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release____

TSH, TH

goiter can result even through the pituitary releases more _____ because the lack of _____ prevents the thyroid from producing the needed TH

TSH, iodine

The posterior pitutary gland releases hormones into______

The blood stream

The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the ______?

adenohypophysis

the majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the ____

adenohypophysis

The paired triangular _____ glands are found atop the superior surface of each kidney?

adrenal

the principal mineralocorticoid id

aldosterone

The zona reticularis secretes

androgens

the liver releases______ which will become angiotensis II.

angiotensinogen

in the figure, the letter A indicates the ____ and the letter B indicated the _____

anterior pituitary gland, posterior pituitary gland

elcosanoids are locally acting hormones. if they target the same cels from which they were releases, this is an example of_______ stimulation.

autocrine

often a viral infection triggers a(n) ________ condition where the beta cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed resulting in type 1 diabets

autoimmune

If someone has TYpe 1 diabetes, it is because the _____ cells in the pancreas are no longer producing insulin

beta

if the blood glucose levels are high, what type of cells of the pancreatic islets produce the hormone at A?

beta

endocrine glands secreted their products directly into the ?

blood

a single target cell of hormone_____?

can display differing numbers of receptors for the same hormone

androgential syndrome is caused by an inability to produce what hormones?

corticosterioids

the most common glucocorticoid are ______ and corticosterone

cortisol

Goiter_____ once iodine is restored to the diet

do not regress

If a target cell is continually overstimulated by a hormone, it will decrease the number of receptors it has though_____ regulation

down

pancreatic juice is secreted through the pancreatic ducts into the_____

duodenum

IF a female baby is born with androgential syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms?

enlarged clitoris. increases ACTH

the pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior portion of the ______

epithalamus

The hormone secreted by the kidneys is?

erythropoetin

The ovaries produce the female sex hormones ____ and ___

estrogen, progesterone

T or F. the posterior pituitary gland produces the hormones oxytocin and ADH.

false

The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is called the zona ?

fasciculata

glucagon causes adipose cells to release what macromolecule into the bloodstream?

fatty acids

in the figure, the letter A indicates thyroid

follicles

too much growth hormone in childhood causes pituitary?

gigantism

The superficial layer of the adrenal cortex is called the zona?

glomerulosa

crushing syndrome results from chronic exposure to excessive levels of which of the following?

glucocorticoids

the zona fasciculata synthesizes a group of hormones called

glucocorticoids

The alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete the hormone?

gluvagon

insulin promotes____

glycognesis

multi-step signal transduction pathways provide____ opportunities to regulate pathway activity than directs pathways

greater

pituitary dwarfism exist at birth and is due to inadequate_____ hormone production

growth

______ stimulates cell growth and cell division specifically in bones and muscles

growth hormone

the endocrine system releases chemical messengers called _____ into the blood stream

hormomes

the individual in the figure is suffering from? *bulging eyes picture

hyperthyroidism

what is the name of the network of blood vessels in this picture referred to as?

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

the master control center of the endocrine system is the?

hypothalamus

the posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin and ADH in reponse to a stimulus from what region of the brain

hypothalamus

In the figure, the letter A represents the ____ and the letter B represents the ____

hypothalamus, infunibulum

the condition known as ________ results from an underproduction of thyroid hormone

hypothyroidism

insulin has which of the following effects on cells? check all that apply

increased glycogensis by the liver cells, increases lipogenesis in adipose cells, increased uptake of glucose by most cells

The pituitary gland is connected to teh hypothalamus by the think stalk called

infundibulum

because of their structure, lipid soluble hormones bind to the receptors of target cells _______

inside the cell

because of their structure, lipid-soluble hormones blind to the receptors of the target cells_____

inside the cell

goiter result from an ________ amount dietary _____ needed to produce TH

insufficient, iodine

if the stimulus at A is an increase in blood glucose, what is the hormone at B?

insulin

type 1 diabetes is also referred to as which of the following?

insulin-dependent diabetes melitus

_________ must be combined with throgobulin in the colloid to produce thyroid hormones

iodine

in T3, the 3 refers to the number of ______ molecules in the hormone.

iodine

which hormone is associated with stimulating appetite?

leptin

which organ produces angiotensinogen?

liver

The thyroid gland has left and right ____ connected by a narrow isthmus in the midline

lobes

thyrotopin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli? check all that apply

low body temperature a decreased levels of thyroid hormone in the blood

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones involved in the fight/flight sympathetic response, are produced in what region of the adrenal gland?

medulla

The part of the adrenal gland that produces epinephrine and nonepinephrine as part of a sympatheltic nervous system response to an emergency is the adrenal

medulla

the adrenal ____ forms the inner core of each adrenal gland

medulla

the zona glomerulosa synthesizes a group of hormones collectively called?

mineralocorticoids

The target cells of thyroid hormones are?

most cells of the body

Which is reduced as a consequence of an aging endocrine system? check all that apply

muscle mass, sex hormone levels, GH levels.

The endocrine system works closely with the ______ system to bring about homeostasis in the body?

nervous

the neurons in the hypothalamus that extend tot he posterior pituitary gland are called____ cells because they secrete hormones

neurosecrertory

hormones can be releases as a direct response to which of the following stimuli? check all that apply

neutral, humoral, hormonal

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of which of the following conditions

nontraumatic leg amputations, retinal blindness, kidney failure

water-soluble hormones bind to their target cell's receptors found____

on the surface of the plasma membrane

if someone suffers from type 1 diabetes mellitus, which organ transplant would benefit them most?

pancreas

if you remove the stomach, you will find the ____ indicated by the letter A in the figure?

pancreas

which of following glands is not controlled by the hypothalamus?

parathyroid gland

An example of a peptide hormone is_____

parathyroid hormone

what is the name of the structure at A?

pars intermedia

which endocrine gland is found in the epithalamus of the brain

pineal gland

the ____ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus.

pituitary

The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland by way of the hypothalamohypophyseal____ system?

portal

the _______ pituitary gland consists primarily of unmyellnated axons extending from the hypothalamus

posterior

which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity? check all that apply

producing regulatory molecules that either stimulates or inhibits the anterior pituitary gland. producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.

in females, ____ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.

prolactin

which of the following are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids? check all that apply

protaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

in signal transduction, phospholipase C is activated by G ____?

protein

the endocrine system has many function including:

regulating blood ion concentrations, controlling movement of food through the digestive tract, maintaining blood volume

The innermost layer/region of the adrenal cortex is called the zona?

reticularis

GH stimulates liver cells to increase gluconeogensis; as a result, blood sugar levels?

rise

What organ release secretin and chloecystokinin?

small intestine

Delta cells of the pancreatic islets synthesize _______ also known as growth hormone inhibiting hormone

somatostatin

the pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the ____ bone

sphenoid

which organ synthesizes and releases gastrin?

stomach

cells with receptors for a particular hormone are called ______ cells for the hormone.

target

cells with specific receptors for the hormone are called _____ cells?

target

Thyroid hormones increase metabolism and increase body

temperature

place the stages of the stress response in chronological order:

the alarm reaction the stage of resistance the stage of exhaustion

match each stage of the stress response which its description:

the alarm reaction- the sympathetic division of the nervous system release epinephrine The stage of resistance- the endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves. The stage of exhaustion- fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins

which organ is located anterior to the heart on its superior aspect?

thymus

The ____ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea

thyroid

the anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH, which stimulates the ____ gland

thyroid

which of the following hormones are lipid soluble?

thyroid hormone, steroids

TRH travels through the portal system from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland causing the release of___?

thyroid stimulating hormone

letter A represents the _____ glands and letter B represtns the _______ gland.

thyroid, parathyroid

they hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland are connected via the hypothalamouhypophyseal_____.

tract

T or F, one advantage od signal transuction pathways is that binding of a few hormone molecules can affect millions of molecules within the cell.

true

if untreated, gestational diabetes can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications

true

T or F. generally, only severe cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus require insulin injections

true.

the term diabetes melitus is derived from the phrase "sweet_____?

urine