English 145 Senn

"Planned Parenthood Means Fewer Abortions" by Michael Specter

-defending planned parenthood -only 3% of their services is for abortion -we need to teach safe sex and not abstinence

Tony Blair, Christopher Hitchens vs Tony Blair Debate: Is Religion A Force For Good In The World? rogerian argument

"Religious faith has a major part to play in shaping the values which guide the modern world, and can and should be a force for progress." "The first is this: it is undoubtedly true that people commit horrific acts of evil in the name of religion. It is also undoubtedly true that people do acts of extraordinary common good inspired by religion. Almost half of health care in Africa is delivered by faith-based organizations, saving millions of lives. "

"Birthright: What's next for Planned Parenthood?" BY JILL LEPORE many anecdotes, history of planned parenthood, pathos,

"Women were not much involved in any of this agitation. Betty Friedan endorsed the liberalization of abortion laws at a meeting of the National Organization for Women in 1967, but women's-rights activists really began to join this effort only in 1969, the year the abortion-rights group NARAL was founded, at a conference in Chicago during which Friedan declared, "There is no freedom, no equality, no full human dignity and personhood possible for women until we assert and demand the control over our own bodies, over our own reproductive process." "I said, 'Let's do an exam.' And she was fine. Everything was fine. 'You are fine,' I said, and she sighed with relief, her whole body sighed." Steinle sank into her chair. "For ten years, she had been carrying this around with her, this fear that she would never be able to be with anyone." Ten years. It was a long wait."

Tony Blair and Christopher Hitchens debate: Is Religion a Force of Good in the World?

-Blair is Rogerian and is circular in his arguments -Hitchens is Aristotelian and makes main claims that many do bad things in the name of religion and the church is bad for preaching abstinence

"To Kill or Not to Kill" by Scott Turow

-Death penalty -bringd up killers who deserve to die -brings in stories of innocent people who were blamed -overall he is against the death penalty

The Crazy State of Psychiatry by Marcia Angell

-The epidemic of mental illness, why? -Kirsch, Whitaker, and Carlat debunk psychotic drugs -some drug trails are not valid -drugs may fix short term problems, but cause worse long term problems -lower income 4X as likely to be on antipsychotic drugs bc they will get funding -Rebecca Riley, 4year old who died from drugs which were not tested on her age group

David Wallace, Commencement Speech

-fish in water comparison -we all believe in something, even if it is not God we may believe in money or fame -we need to take the time to put ourselves in others shoes(market example) -Thinking in negative ways seems to be how we are wired -simple awareness

"The Woman's Crusade" by By Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn

-need to educate women in order to stop poverty -two stories about women being empowered and then supporting themselves and family

"A Psychologist's View: Rogerian Argument"

-non confrontational, non closing out, heated talks are not good arguments -makes concessions -talks about the cold war

"Death and Life in Maryland" by Cal Thomas

-one cannot be against the death penalty but for abortion -this contradicts itself because they want all life to be given a chance, but will kill babies

"My Amendment" by George Saunders

-satire -no gay marriage -no feminine men marrying masculine women -against what god had in mind -the manliness scale, they can not be above a -6 -the can divorce or change

Religulous by Bill Maher

-speaks to many about why they believe in god -he is more sophisticated than his opponents -the end he does a slippery slope and switches his tone

Steve Joordens Podcast, How to make them think

-two roles 1) impart knowledge and 2)Teach them how to think -big ears: listen to others ideas and be open-minded -big mouth: don't be afraid to voice your own opinions, but be willing to concede -talked about James, Chomsky, Bovee, and skinner

"Why Do Many Reasonable People Doubt Science?" by Joel Achenbach

-we cling to our naive beliefs -US does generally not believe in global warming, even though science proves that it is occurring -people will use scientific claims to prove and support what they already believe -we want to remain in our "bubble" of same peers that agree with us -"for some people the tribe is more important than the truth, for the best scientists, the truth is more important than the tribe"

Toulmins Qualifiers

-words or phrases that make your argument sound more reasonable

Name the classical structure

1) Exordium 2)Partition 3)Narration 4)Confirmation 5)Refutation 6)Conclusion

Name the Stasis theory in order

1)Conjecture 2)Definition 3)Quality 4)Policy

Claim

A claim is just a lonely statement hanging in the wind until it teams up with some evidence and good reasons. • Reasons consDtute the argument's premises. The conclusion is the claim. 1. Identical twins often have different test scores. 2. So environment must play some part in determining IQ. Identify the premise. Identify the claim.

All Evidence to the Contrary By Lane Wallace

Apparently, some of the Peary/Cook advocates are more comfortable with contorted logic than simply acknowledging that, given more data, it appears their initial impression of things was ... ummm ... wrong. The mystery, it seemed, had been solved. But the hue and cry surrounding Roberts' piece was both angry and loud, catching both Roberts and the Reuss family by surprise. "We all want our heroes to succeed," Reuss' nephew Brian surmised, in an attempt to explain the uproar. Who reache the N pole first

oversimplification

Assumed that there is a simple, single cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused buy a number of causes

Post hoc

Assuming that a particular event B is caused by event A simply because B comes after A in time

Slippery slope

Assumption that a proposed step will set off an uncontrollable chain of events

Narration

Background

Toulmin argument

Claim: main idea, these, opinion, belief expressed in argument (GET OFF PPT)

Confirmation

Evidence

Bovee

Example has more followers than reason. We unconsciously imitate what pleases us, and approximate to the characters we most admire. I tried to make you feel uncomfortable I spent most of my life knowing that there was information out there that could change my meat eating habits and purposefully tried to avoid it

Fallacious Deductive Reasoning

If C, then D Ex: If it is raining, then streets are wet. It is not raining. The streets are not wet. (fallacy bc there can be other reasons that the street is wet)

Exordium

Hook

"to kill or not to kill" by Scott Turow rogerian argument

I admit that I am still attracted to a death penalty that would be applied to horrendous crimes, or that would provide absolute certainty that the likes of Henry Brisbon would never again satisfy their cruel appetites. But if death is available as a punishment, the furious heat of grief and rage that these crimes inspire will inevitably short-circuit any capital system. Now and then, we will execute someone who is innocent, while the fundamental equality of each survivor's loss creates an inevitable emotional momentum to expand the categories for death-penalty eligibility. DP when good and Bad, examples of people, history of DP

Death and Life in Maryland by Cal Thomas logical fallacy- false analogy, appeals to ethos by playing on liberals ethics regarding death penalty to compare it to abortion, this was the only argument though

I have often proposed a deal for my liberal friends who are anti-death penalty but pro-choice: I will surrender my position in favor of the death penalty, if pro-choicers support laws that protect the unborn. DP in Maryland, against the DP

Deductive reasoning

If A, then B Ex: If it is raining, then streets are wet. It is raining. The streets are wet.

MY AMENDMENT by GEORGE SAUNDERS satire, rhetorical questions, Aristotelian

If I was able to effect these tremendous positive changes in my life, to avoid finding myself in the moral/legal quagmire of a Samish-Sex Marriage, why can't K, S, L, H, T, and O do the same? Because then what will we have? A nation ruled by the anarchy of unconstrained desire. A nation of willful human hearts, each lurching this way and that and reaching out for whatever it spontaneously desires, trying desperately to find some comforting temporary shred of warmth in a mostly cold world, totally unconcerned about the external form in which that other, long-desired heart is embodied. satire about gay marriage

Christopher Hitchens, Christopher Hitchens vs Tony Blair Debate: Is Religion A Force For Good In The World? aristotalian

If religious instruction were not allowed until the child had attained the age of reason, we would be living in a quite different world." "Once you assume a creator and a plan, it makes us objects, in a cruel experiment, whereby we are created sick and commanded to be well. I'll repeat that: created sick, and then ordered to be well."

Red herring

Irrelevant topic that is presented to divert attention from original issue

Warrants or assumptions

It is extremely important to understand your audience when making an argument. If any of the warrants (underlying assumptions) are not true for the audience, the argument is likely to be ineffective.

Rogerian

It makes sense in structuring your own arguments to learn opposing positions well enough to state them accurately and honestly, to strive to understand the points of view of your opponents, to acknowledge those views fairly in your own work, and to look for solutions that benefit as many people as possible. Concessions might be necessary to achieve that.

Refutation

Opposing arguments

Logos

Relying on logic and facts to make the argument. Artistic Proof: the writer makes the argument and appeals to reason or common sense

Polarization

Resorts to exaggerations of positions or groups by situating their claims as extreme or irrational

Rhetoric

Rhetoric can be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion. The rhetor is the person or party making the argument.

A Psychologist's View: Rogerian Argument

Rogers suggests, therefore, that a writer who wishes to communicate with someone (as opposed to convincing a third party) needs to reduce the threat. In a sense, the participants in the argu- ment need to become partners rather than adversaries. 1. State the problem, 2. Give the opponent's position, and 3. Grant whatever validity the writer finds in that position 4. Attempt to show how the opposing position will be improved if the writer's own position is accepted. non confrontational, non closing out, heated talks are not good arguments

"The Great Burden of Secularism" by David Brooks

Secularism is hard to stick to because you don't have anything forcing you to do good like christianity.

"religulous" Bill Maher lots of logical fallacies, dogmatic

See, this is my problem, I'm trying - I mean, you're - you're a Senator. You are one of the very few people who are really running this country. It worries me that people are running my country who think - who believe in a talking snake. Um... Mark Pryor: [Arkansas' Democratic Senator] You don't have to pass an IQ test to be in the Senate, though.

Tu Quoque

an attempt to defend oneself from criticism they turn the critique back on the accuser

Qualifiers

Some • Most • Virtually, • Few • It is possible • Rarely • Sometimes • One might argue • In some cases • For the most part • In general • Often • Perhaps

The Women's Crusade By NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF and SHERYL WuDUNN anecdotes- ethos, rogerian

Tererai timidly voiced hope of getting an education. Luck pounced and told her that she could do it, that she should write down her goals and methodically pursue them. After Luck and her entourage disappeared, Tererai began to study on her own, in hiding from her husband, while raising her five children. 3rd world countries, stories, stats, examples

David Foster Wallace Commencement Speech at Kenyon College pathos- humor, self- deprecating, fish and religious anecdote, casual diction "bullshit", rogerian argument?

The story ["thing"] turns out to be one of the better, less bullshitty conventions of the genre, but if you're worried that I plan to present myself here as the wise, older fish explaining what water is to you younger fish, please don't be. I am not the wise old fish The world as you experience it is there in front of YOU or behind YOU, to the left or right of YOU, on YOUR TV or YOUR monitor Commencement speech at Kenyon College- degree is useful, focus on what you want, lots of examples

Partition

Thesis

Pathos

appeal to emotions a writer making a strong appeal to pathos must know how to understand emotions—to be able to name them and know their causes.

Ad hominem

attacking the opponent.

Intellectual humility

awareness of ones own bias and prejudices and limitations of viewpoint

Intellectual integrity

be true to one owns thinking and yourself to high standards

false analogy

because two things are alike in one or more respects they are necessarily alike in some other respect

Peraration

conclusion

non sequitur

conclusion does not follow the premises, evidence is irrelevant

begging the question

conclusion is assumed in one of the premises

hasty generalization

drawing conclusion based on a small sample and not with statistics

Confidence in reason

encouraging people to come up with their own conclusions for the better of humankind

Strawman

false representation of opponents argument, different proposition

Ethos

he Greek word for "character" refers to the personal character of the speaker: "We believe good men more fully and readily than others," Aristotle said . trustworthiness credibility

Intellectual autonomy

internal motivation based on the ideal of thinking for oneself

Stasis theory

is a four-question, pre-writing (invention) process developed in ancient Greece by Aristotle and Hermagoras. Later, the stases were refined by Roman rhetoricians, such as Cicero, Quintilian, and Hermogenes. Working through the four stasis questions encourages knowledge building that is important for research, writing, and for working in teams. Stasis theory helps writers conduct critical analyses of the issues they are investigating. Specifically, stasis theory asks writers to investigate and try to determine: The facts (conjecture) The meaning of the issue (definition) The seriousness of the issue (quality) The plan of action (policy).

Motivated reasoning

is an emotion-biased decision-making phenomenon studied in cognitive science and social psychology. This term describes the role of motivation in cognitive processes such as decision-making and attitude change in a number of paradigms, including: Cognitive dissonance reduction.

"Why Do Many Reasonable People Doubt Science?" by Joel Achenbach

people are stuck with their beliefs even if there are many studies that denounce their beliefs.

B.F. Skinner

psychologist, outsider influence changes rational thinking, rational thoughts not possible.

either/or (false ditchotomy)

suggests that there are only two choices in binary opposition fora given complex situation

Noam Chomsky

the dissident: The United States is unusual among the industrialized democracies in the rigidity of the system of ideological control - "indoctrination," we might say - exercised through the mass media.

Intellectual courage

the need to face and fairly address ideas and beliefs that brings upon negative emotions

Intellectual empathy

the need to face and fairly address ideas and beliefs that brings upon negative emotions

Indoctrination

the process of teaching a person or group to accept a set of beliefs uncritically.

Cognitive dissonance

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.

Confirmation bias

the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.

Dogmatism

the tendency to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true, without consideration of evidence or the opinions of others.

Intellectual perseverance

to work ones way through intellectual complexities despite their frustration inherent in the task

William James

your views come from prior opinions

Aristotelian

• seeks to "win" the argument • sees opponent as adversary • rhetor sees him or herself as 100% right, and therefore the opponent as 100% wrong • is confrontational—wants wants to belittle, mock, or prove the opponent wrong