English: Communication
Shannon-Weaver Model
A mathematical model originally conceptualized for telephone communication Five basic components: (1) information source, (2) transmitter, (3) receiver, (4) destination, and (5) noise One key feature of this model is the introduction of noise
Information source
Also referred to as the sender The person who makes the message, chooses the channel and sends the message
Sender/Speaker
Initiates the communication A person who has a need or desire to convey an idea or concepts to others
Physiological noise
Involves biological factors in the receiver or sender that interfere with accurate reception
Psychological noise
Involves mental forces within a receiver or sender that might inhibit his pr her ability to either encode or decode a message correctly
Models of communication
Ways of representing how things happen in real life Help concretize the abstract idea of communication by indentifying specific components and providing a structure for perceiving relationships among these components Help understand what takes place during acts of communication Help us make predictions about communication behaviour Approximations of reality and have limitations
Logos
Logic
Receiver
Reconstructs the message from the signal
Noise
Refers to any interference that does not allow the receiver to get the message by the sender
External noise
Refers to any physical phenomenon that might impair a receiver's ability to decode a message
Environment
Refers to the fields of experience or cultural backgrounds that influence the way communicators encode and decode messages
Communication skills
Skills in speaking, listening, organizing thoughts and using facial expression and body movements
Horizontal bi-directional arrow
Symbolises that communication is a continuous, constantly changing process
Dance's model
A spiral figure or a helix The helix takes on different shapes in different situations and for different individuals Depicts the dynamic nature of communication - communication contains elements and contexts that are continually changing For some, the helix tends to widen very much because of prior knowledge of the topic, whereas for others with very little basic knowledge, the helix expands moderately
Harold Lasswell
An American political scientist Popularly known to have asked the following questions in relation to each element He said, "a convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer fhe following questions"
Noise/Barrier
Anything that distorts the message Different perceptions of the message, language barriers, interruptions, emotions, and attitudes are examples Any force that interferes with effective communication
Schramm's model
Applies images of electronic communication to human communication The source has to put the idea or feeling inside him/her into a form that can be transmitted, a signal (language) Once the source codes and sends his/her message, it becomes separate from the sender, in the sense that the sendercannot be sure that the message will reach the destination as he/she intended it to What will reach the destination depends on the decoding Encoding and decoding are done according to a communicator's field of experience How well the communicators will understand each other depends on the overlap or similarity in their fields of experience
A helical model
Captures that the continuum of past events influences a person's present acts of communication
Interactive models
Captures the reality that the received interacts with the sender The receiver responds to the sender through words or actions, which may be intended or unintended The sender then responds to the receiver's response, creating interaction
Osgood-Schramm model
Communication as a two way process Each participant in the communication process is both an encoder of messages to the other party and a decoder of the other party's responses One party always communicates back to another party, be it in the form of words or facial expressions or actions
Aristotle's model
Considered as the earliest of all models Regarded as a basic model Composed of (1) speaker, (2) message, and (3) audience Speaker centered model; considers the role of the speaker who is the only one active in the communication process The speaker delivers a speech to an audience who passively listens to a message
Transmitter
Converts messages into signals or binary data May also be the machine itself
Ethos
Credibility
Frank Dance
Developed a model based on Schramm's circular model
David K. Berlo
Developed his SMCR Model in his book The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice
Pathos
Emotional
Three key elements which define a good public speaker
Ethos (credibility) Pathos (emotional) Logos (logic)
Elements
Facial expression, gestures, and body movements
Berlo's model
Four basic components: (1) source, (2) message, (3) channel, and (4) receiver The encoding of the source and the decoding of the receiver are influenced by several factors
Knowledge
How much the source or the receiver knows about the topic of conversation
Field of experience
Includes the communicator's knowledge, past experience, social background, culture as well as the language and symbols a communicator is familiar with
Vertical bi-directional arrows
Indicate that the communicators' fields of experience and the shared field of experience change along with the interaction over time
Points in time on the left margin
Indicate that the way people communicate varies over the history of their interaction
Content
Matter of the message Accompanied by elements
Channels
Means by which communication is shared Involve the senses of hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting
Feedback
Occurs when the receiver responds to the sender's message and returns the message to the sender Allows the sender to determine whether the message has been received and understood Gives each communicator a chance to modify his/her succeeding acts of communication
Two way communication
Occurs with feedback and is more desirable
Julia Wood's model
Parties involved in communication are not identified as sender or receiver; instead, they are simply called communicator A and B in recognition that both send and receive messages, often simultaneously The way each communicator constructs and interprets messages is influenced by his or her field of experience Also includes noise
Wilbur Schramm
Proposed many ideas about communication The Process and Effects of Communication
Medium/Channel
The carrier of the communication Cna be in the form of a face-to-face conversation, telephone call, e-mail, or written report
Message (Berlo)
The actual physical product of the source encoder Affected by (1) content, (2) elements, (3) treatment, (4) structure, and (5) code
Culture
The beliefs, values, traditions, and rules of conduct in the communities of which the sender or receiver are part
Linear models
The early models of communication depicted this process as proceeding in a straight line or in one direction from sender to receiver
Receiver
The individual to whom the message is sent
Shared field of experince
The intersection between the fields of experience of the two communicators, the larger it is, the better the communicators can understand each other
Code
The language, symbols, and form the sender uses to express it
Treatment
The manner in which the sender delivers it
Message
The outcome of encoding, which takes the form of verbal, nonverbak, or written language Transmittedthrough a medium or channel
Destination
The person who gets the message or the place where the message must reach The receiver gives feedback according to the message
Encoding
The sender processes ideas by selecting words, symbols, or gestures with which to compose a message This occurs when a sender attempts to replicate his or her internal thoughts or feelings into an external message for the sake of transmitting those thoughts or feelings to another
Communication
The process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another Derived from the latin word, communis, which means common The definition underscores the fact that unless a common understanding results from the exchanbd of information, there is no communication
Decoding
The receiver processes the received message into meaningful information Occurs when the receiver attempts to ascertain the meaning of the sender's message
Social System
The roles played by the sender and receiver in the groups to which they belong
Transactional models
The two parties involved in the communication process can be communicating simultaneously: a person who is talking can also be simultaneously interpreting the non-verbal messages that the other party is sending while the first party is talking Capture how communicative activity simultaneously involves the parties concerned and how it reciprocally affects these parties
Structure
The way the sender organizes it
Attitudes
Views and feelings towards the self, receiver, various topics, and environment
One way communication
When feedback does not occur
Laswell's model
Who? - Says what? - In which channel? - To whom? - With what effect?