English: Communication

Shannon-Weaver Model

A mathematical model originally conceptualized for telephone communication Five basic components: (1) information source, (2) transmitter, (3) receiver, (4) destination, and (5) noise One key feature of this model is the introduction of noise

Information source

Also referred to as the sender The person who makes the message, chooses the channel and sends the message

Sender/Speaker

Initiates the communication A person who has a need or desire to convey an idea or concepts to others

Physiological noise

Involves biological factors in the receiver or sender that interfere with accurate reception

Psychological noise

Involves mental forces within a receiver or sender that might inhibit his pr her ability to either encode or decode a message correctly

Models of communication

Ways of representing how things happen in real life Help concretize the abstract idea of communication by indentifying specific components and providing a structure for perceiving relationships among these components Help understand what takes place during acts of communication Help us make predictions about communication behaviour Approximations of reality and have limitations

Logos

Logic

Receiver

Reconstructs the message from the signal

Noise

Refers to any interference that does not allow the receiver to get the message by the sender

External noise

Refers to any physical phenomenon that might impair a receiver's ability to decode a message

Environment

Refers to the fields of experience or cultural backgrounds that influence the way communicators encode and decode messages

Communication skills

Skills in speaking, listening, organizing thoughts and using facial expression and body movements

Horizontal bi-directional arrow

Symbolises that communication is a continuous, constantly changing process

Dance's model

A spiral figure or a helix The helix takes on different shapes in different situations and for different individuals Depicts the dynamic nature of communication - communication contains elements and contexts that are continually changing For some, the helix tends to widen very much because of prior knowledge of the topic, whereas for others with very little basic knowledge, the helix expands moderately

Harold Lasswell

An American political scientist Popularly known to have asked the following questions in relation to each element He said, "a convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer fhe following questions"

Noise/Barrier

Anything that distorts the message Different perceptions of the message, language barriers, interruptions, emotions, and attitudes are examples Any force that interferes with effective communication

Schramm's model

Applies images of electronic communication to human communication The source has to put the idea or feeling inside him/her into a form that can be transmitted, a signal (language) Once the source codes and sends his/her message, it becomes separate from the sender, in the sense that the sendercannot be sure that the message will reach the destination as he/she intended it to What will reach the destination depends on the decoding Encoding and decoding are done according to a communicator's field of experience How well the communicators will understand each other depends on the overlap or similarity in their fields of experience

A helical model

Captures that the continuum of past events influences a person's present acts of communication

Interactive models

Captures the reality that the received interacts with the sender The receiver responds to the sender through words or actions, which may be intended or unintended The sender then responds to the receiver's response, creating interaction

Osgood-Schramm model

Communication as a two way process Each participant in the communication process is both an encoder of messages to the other party and a decoder of the other party's responses One party always communicates back to another party, be it in the form of words or facial expressions or actions

Aristotle's model

Considered as the earliest of all models Regarded as a basic model Composed of (1) speaker, (2) message, and (3) audience Speaker centered model; considers the role of the speaker who is the only one active in the communication process The speaker delivers a speech to an audience who passively listens to a message

Transmitter

Converts messages into signals or binary data May also be the machine itself

Ethos

Credibility

Frank Dance

Developed a model based on Schramm's circular model

David K. Berlo

Developed his SMCR Model in his book The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice

Pathos

Emotional

Three key elements which define a good public speaker

Ethos (credibility) Pathos (emotional) Logos (logic)

Elements

Facial expression, gestures, and body movements

Berlo's model

Four basic components: (1) source, (2) message, (3) channel, and (4) receiver The encoding of the source and the decoding of the receiver are influenced by several factors

Knowledge

How much the source or the receiver knows about the topic of conversation

Field of experience

Includes the communicator's knowledge, past experience, social background, culture as well as the language and symbols a communicator is familiar with

Vertical bi-directional arrows

Indicate that the communicators' fields of experience and the shared field of experience change along with the interaction over time

Points in time on the left margin

Indicate that the way people communicate varies over the history of their interaction

Content

Matter of the message Accompanied by elements

Channels

Means by which communication is shared Involve the senses of hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting

Feedback

Occurs when the receiver responds to the sender's message and returns the message to the sender Allows the sender to determine whether the message has been received and understood Gives each communicator a chance to modify his/her succeeding acts of communication

Two way communication

Occurs with feedback and is more desirable

Julia Wood's model

Parties involved in communication are not identified as sender or receiver; instead, they are simply called communicator A and B in recognition that both send and receive messages, often simultaneously The way each communicator constructs and interprets messages is influenced by his or her field of experience Also includes noise

Wilbur Schramm

Proposed many ideas about communication The Process and Effects of Communication

Medium/Channel

The carrier of the communication Cna be in the form of a face-to-face conversation, telephone call, e-mail, or written report

Message (Berlo)

The actual physical product of the source encoder Affected by (1) content, (2) elements, (3) treatment, (4) structure, and (5) code

Culture

The beliefs, values, traditions, and rules of conduct in the communities of which the sender or receiver are part

Linear models

The early models of communication depicted this process as proceeding in a straight line or in one direction from sender to receiver

Receiver

The individual to whom the message is sent

Shared field of experince

The intersection between the fields of experience of the two communicators, the larger it is, the better the communicators can understand each other

Code

The language, symbols, and form the sender uses to express it

Treatment

The manner in which the sender delivers it

Message

The outcome of encoding, which takes the form of verbal, nonverbak, or written language Transmittedthrough a medium or channel

Destination

The person who gets the message or the place where the message must reach The receiver gives feedback according to the message

Encoding

The sender processes ideas by selecting words, symbols, or gestures with which to compose a message This occurs when a sender attempts to replicate his or her internal thoughts or feelings into an external message for the sake of transmitting those thoughts or feelings to another

Communication

The process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another Derived from the latin word, communis, which means common The definition underscores the fact that unless a common understanding results from the exchanbd of information, there is no communication

Decoding

The receiver processes the received message into meaningful information Occurs when the receiver attempts to ascertain the meaning of the sender's message

Social System

The roles played by the sender and receiver in the groups to which they belong

Transactional models

The two parties involved in the communication process can be communicating simultaneously: a person who is talking can also be simultaneously interpreting the non-verbal messages that the other party is sending while the first party is talking Capture how communicative activity simultaneously involves the parties concerned and how it reciprocally affects these parties

Structure

The way the sender organizes it

Attitudes

Views and feelings towards the self, receiver, various topics, and environment

One way communication

When feedback does not occur

Laswell's model

Who? - Says what? - In which channel? - To whom? - With what effect?