English Exam Review

Gerund

(Verbals) Word that ends in "~ing" and functions as a noun.

Simple sentence

1 independent clause (subject and verb)

Complex sentence

1 independent clause and 1 dependent clause

Compound~Complex sentence

2 independent clauses and 1 dependent clause

Compound Sentence

2 independent clauses joined with a comma and conjunction or semicolon

Independent Clause

A clause that can stand alone in a sentence.

Participle

A form of a verb that can be used as an adjective or adverb (in English, They are also used to make compound verb forms)

Ambiguous Pronoun

A pronoun with multiple, possible antecedents.

Infinitive

A verbal consisting of the word "to" and a verb

Pronoun

A word that takes place of one or more than one noun in a sentence

Verbal

Can be a noun, adjective, or adverb. They can also be a participle, gerund, or infinitive.

Clauses

Can be adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. A group of words that contains a subject and a verb.

Three types of Conjunctions (and what are conjunctions)

Combines short choppy sentences and the examples are: Coordinating, Subordinate, and Correlative (didn't talk much about).

Preposition

Comes before a noun or pronoun that expresses a relation to a word or element in the clause

Irony

Expectations contrast with reality

Imperative Verb Mood

Expresses a command

Subjunctive Verb Mood

Expresses a hypothetical situation, or I wish or desire (keyword: were)

What did the second spirit show Scrooge?

He showed him Scrooge's nephew's party and Bob Cratchits family

What did the third Spirit show Scrooge?

He showed him Stolen things getting pawned, the cratchits family after Tiny Tim's death and finally Scrooge"s grave

How did Scrooge change?

He started to give to the poor he gave Bob Cratchit a raise, And he became the Epitome of christmas spirit

What did the Ghost of Christmas future look like?

He wore a dark black robe and only showed his hands He had an ominous feel

Subordinate conjunctions

It is used to join subordinating phrases or clauses and they cannot stand alone (ex. After, before, although, because, since, unless, when)

What did the first spirit show Scrooge?

It showed him Scrooge's childhood and when his fiance broke of the engagement

Mid

Middle

Parts of Speech

Noun, verb, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition

Mono

One

Hyper

Over, above, too much

What lesson did Scrooge learn from the spirits?

Scrooge learned that Christmas was a time of giving and loving so he changed his ways.

Tense and three types of tenses

Shows the time of an action. Past tense ~ something already happened, Present tense ~ Something happening now, Future tense ~ shows what will happen

Punctuating Titles

Small works ~ in quotation marks and major works ~ italics or underlined

Situational Irony

Something happens that is the opposite of what you'd expect

Indicative Verb Mood

States a fact, makes an assertion or denial, or possesses a question.

Coordinating conjunctions

Used to join words, phrases, or clauses that are equal in the idea. (ex. Fanboys ~ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

Review Tell~Tale Heart

What happened in the story?

Subject (Soapstone)

What the piece is about

Conditional Verb Mood

When a condition must be met (keywords: might, could, would)

Occasion (sOapstone)

When and where the passage takes place or What historical or social issues contributed to the text

Active voice

When the subject of the sentence is doing the action

Passive Voice

When the subject of the sentence is not actively doing the action

Dramatic Irony

When we know something a character does not know

Verbal Irony

When we say the opposite of what we mean (sarcasm)

When do you use who and when do you use whom?

Whom should be used to refer to the object of a verb or preposition. When in doubt, try this simple trick: If you can replace the word with "he"' or "'she," use who. If you can replace it with "him" or "her," use whom. Who should be used to refer to the subject of a sentence.

Verb

Word or words that Express action or being in a sentence

Subject

Word or words that tell who or what the sentence is about

Analogy

a comparison between two things, typically for explanation or clarification

Exposition

a comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory

Metaphor

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable (compares unlike things without using a comparison word)

Simile

a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind using like or as

Resolution

a firm decision to do or not to do something

Dependent Clause (subordinate)

a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought

Prepositional Phrase

a modifying phrase consisting of a preposition and its object

Misplaced Modifier

a phrase or clause placed awkwardly in a sentence so that it appears to modify or refer to an unintended word

Conflict

a serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one

Subplot

a subordinate plot in a play, novel, or similar work

Mood

a temporary state of mind or feeling

Antecedent

a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another (ex. Johnny is excited to be the starting quarterback, and he will play this Friday ~ He is the pronoun and johnny is the word the pronoun is pointing to which is the antecedent)

Dangling modifiers

a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence

Bracchulum

arm

Allusion

biblical, mythological, or historical reference in a work of literature

Corpus

body

Biblos

book

Homophones

each of two or more words having the same pronunciation but different meanings, origins, or spelling, for example, new and knew

What did the Ghost of Christmas Past look like?

he has the face of a child, the hair of an old man, muscular arms and legs, and wore a pure white robe

What did the Ghost of Christmas present look like?

he looks like a middle~aged man, he wore a green robe, he was surrounded by an assortment of foods and Greenery, and he carried a torch by his side

What type of person was Scrooge?

he was a tight~fisted hand self~contained and solitary he spoke out shrewdly in his greeting voice external heat and cold had little influence on Scrooge

Caput

head

Example of: Singular Possessive Pronoun

her, his, mine

Tone (soapsTONE)

how does the speaker feel about the subject or how do you know

Centum

hundred

Neo

new

Auto

self

Types of sentences

simple, compound, complex, compound~complex

Plot

the main events of a play, novel, movie, or similar work, devised and presented by the writer as an interrelated sequence

Climax

the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex

Rising Action

the part of the story after the characters and setting are introduced and where the events of the story begin to create suspense as the character faces conflict

Setting

the place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place

Example of: Plural Possessive Pronoun

their

Personification

to give human like characteristics to inanimate objects

Why do we use Soapstone?

to understand the text, to analyze the meaning of the text, to consider how and why the text was written

Verb Mood Shift

when the mood of the verb changes

Speaker (soapStone)

who is telling the story or giving the information or what do we know about the speaker's background, experiences, opinions, and credentials

Audience (soApstone)

who the speaker is hoping to reach or what details do we know about the audience what is their background experience opinions and credentials

Purpose (soaPstone)

why was this piece written or what does the speaker hope to accomplish through this piece or what is the motivation behind the text/speech