English Exam Review
Gerund
(Verbals) Word that ends in "~ing" and functions as a noun.
Simple sentence
1 independent clause (subject and verb)
Complex sentence
1 independent clause and 1 dependent clause
Compound~Complex sentence
2 independent clauses and 1 dependent clause
Compound Sentence
2 independent clauses joined with a comma and conjunction or semicolon
Independent Clause
A clause that can stand alone in a sentence.
Participle
A form of a verb that can be used as an adjective or adverb (in English, They are also used to make compound verb forms)
Ambiguous Pronoun
A pronoun with multiple, possible antecedents.
Infinitive
A verbal consisting of the word "to" and a verb
Pronoun
A word that takes place of one or more than one noun in a sentence
Verbal
Can be a noun, adjective, or adverb. They can also be a participle, gerund, or infinitive.
Clauses
Can be adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. A group of words that contains a subject and a verb.
Three types of Conjunctions (and what are conjunctions)
Combines short choppy sentences and the examples are: Coordinating, Subordinate, and Correlative (didn't talk much about).
Preposition
Comes before a noun or pronoun that expresses a relation to a word or element in the clause
Irony
Expectations contrast with reality
Imperative Verb Mood
Expresses a command
Subjunctive Verb Mood
Expresses a hypothetical situation, or I wish or desire (keyword: were)
What did the second spirit show Scrooge?
He showed him Scrooge's nephew's party and Bob Cratchits family
What did the third Spirit show Scrooge?
He showed him Stolen things getting pawned, the cratchits family after Tiny Tim's death and finally Scrooge"s grave
How did Scrooge change?
He started to give to the poor he gave Bob Cratchit a raise, And he became the Epitome of christmas spirit
What did the Ghost of Christmas future look like?
He wore a dark black robe and only showed his hands He had an ominous feel
Subordinate conjunctions
It is used to join subordinating phrases or clauses and they cannot stand alone (ex. After, before, although, because, since, unless, when)
What did the first spirit show Scrooge?
It showed him Scrooge's childhood and when his fiance broke of the engagement
Mid
Middle
Parts of Speech
Noun, verb, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition
Mono
One
Hyper
Over, above, too much
What lesson did Scrooge learn from the spirits?
Scrooge learned that Christmas was a time of giving and loving so he changed his ways.
Tense and three types of tenses
Shows the time of an action. Past tense ~ something already happened, Present tense ~ Something happening now, Future tense ~ shows what will happen
Punctuating Titles
Small works ~ in quotation marks and major works ~ italics or underlined
Situational Irony
Something happens that is the opposite of what you'd expect
Indicative Verb Mood
States a fact, makes an assertion or denial, or possesses a question.
Coordinating conjunctions
Used to join words, phrases, or clauses that are equal in the idea. (ex. Fanboys ~ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
Review Tell~Tale Heart
What happened in the story?
Subject (Soapstone)
What the piece is about
Conditional Verb Mood
When a condition must be met (keywords: might, could, would)
Occasion (sOapstone)
When and where the passage takes place or What historical or social issues contributed to the text
Active voice
When the subject of the sentence is doing the action
Passive Voice
When the subject of the sentence is not actively doing the action
Dramatic Irony
When we know something a character does not know
Verbal Irony
When we say the opposite of what we mean (sarcasm)
When do you use who and when do you use whom?
Whom should be used to refer to the object of a verb or preposition. When in doubt, try this simple trick: If you can replace the word with "he"' or "'she," use who. If you can replace it with "him" or "her," use whom. Who should be used to refer to the subject of a sentence.
Verb
Word or words that Express action or being in a sentence
Subject
Word or words that tell who or what the sentence is about
Analogy
a comparison between two things, typically for explanation or clarification
Exposition
a comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory
Metaphor
a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable (compares unlike things without using a comparison word)
Simile
a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind using like or as
Resolution
a firm decision to do or not to do something
Dependent Clause (subordinate)
a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought
Prepositional Phrase
a modifying phrase consisting of a preposition and its object
Misplaced Modifier
a phrase or clause placed awkwardly in a sentence so that it appears to modify or refer to an unintended word
Conflict
a serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one
Subplot
a subordinate plot in a play, novel, or similar work
Mood
a temporary state of mind or feeling
Antecedent
a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another (ex. Johnny is excited to be the starting quarterback, and he will play this Friday ~ He is the pronoun and johnny is the word the pronoun is pointing to which is the antecedent)
Dangling modifiers
a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence
Bracchulum
arm
Allusion
biblical, mythological, or historical reference in a work of literature
Corpus
body
Biblos
book
Homophones
each of two or more words having the same pronunciation but different meanings, origins, or spelling, for example, new and knew
What did the Ghost of Christmas Past look like?
he has the face of a child, the hair of an old man, muscular arms and legs, and wore a pure white robe
What did the Ghost of Christmas present look like?
he looks like a middle~aged man, he wore a green robe, he was surrounded by an assortment of foods and Greenery, and he carried a torch by his side
What type of person was Scrooge?
he was a tight~fisted hand self~contained and solitary he spoke out shrewdly in his greeting voice external heat and cold had little influence on Scrooge
Caput
head
Example of: Singular Possessive Pronoun
her, his, mine
Tone (soapsTONE)
how does the speaker feel about the subject or how do you know
Centum
hundred
Neo
new
Auto
self
Types of sentences
simple, compound, complex, compound~complex
Plot
the main events of a play, novel, movie, or similar work, devised and presented by the writer as an interrelated sequence
Climax
the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex
Rising Action
the part of the story after the characters and setting are introduced and where the events of the story begin to create suspense as the character faces conflict
Setting
the place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place
Example of: Plural Possessive Pronoun
their
Personification
to give human like characteristics to inanimate objects
Why do we use Soapstone?
to understand the text, to analyze the meaning of the text, to consider how and why the text was written
Verb Mood Shift
when the mood of the verb changes
Speaker (soapStone)
who is telling the story or giving the information or what do we know about the speaker's background, experiences, opinions, and credentials
Audience (soApstone)
who the speaker is hoping to reach or what details do we know about the audience what is their background experience opinions and credentials
Purpose (soaPstone)
why was this piece written or what does the speaker hope to accomplish through this piece or what is the motivation behind the text/speech