English interpersonal communications midterm

Transactional perspective views interpersonal communication as

1. A process with 2. Elements that are interdependent and 3. The participants are mutually influenced

The three types of proxemic markers?

1. Central markers- are items you place in a territory to reserve it for you- for example, a coffee cup on the table, books on your desk, or a sweater over a library chair. 2. Boundary markers- are set boundaries that divide your territory from that of others. In the supermarket checkout line, the bar that is placed between your groceries and those of the person behind you is a boundary marker, as are fenced, the armrests separating chairs in s movie theater, and the contours of the molded plastic seats on a bus. Ear markers- a term taken from the practices of branding animals on their ears are identifying marks that indicate your possession of a territory or object. Trademarks, nameplates, and monograms are all kinds of examples of ear markers.

Name the five styles of listening?

1. Empathic versus objective listening 2. Nonjudgmental versus critical listening 3. Surface versus depth listening 4. Polite versus impolite listening 5. Active versus inactive listening

Identify the three main stages of friendship?

1. Friendship is an interpersonal relationship. Communication interactions mush have taken place between the people. Further the relationship involves a "personalistic focus". 2.friendships must be mutually productive. Friendships cannot be destructive to either person. Once destructive has entered s relationship, it really cannot be called a friendship, lover relationship, marriage relationships, parent child relationships, and just about any other possible relationship can be either destructive or productive but friendship must enhance the potential of each person that any only be productive. 3. Friendships are characterized by mutual productive regard. Like people is essential if we are to call them fitness. The three major characteristics of friendship are trust, emotional support and sharing interests.

The principles of interpersonal communication

1. IPC is a transitional process (trans actions, linear). 2. IPC is purposeful. 3. IPC is ambiguous. 4. IPC may be symmetrical and or complementary. 5. IPC has content and relationship. 6. IPC is a series of punctuated events. 7. IPC is inevitable, irreversible and unrepeatable.

The four proxemic distances with feet and inch parameters?

1. Intimate distance- they range from actual touching to 18 inches, the presence of the other individual is unmistakable. You use intimate distance for lovemaking, comforting, and protecting. This distance is so short that most people do not consider it proper in public. 2. Personal distances- you carry s protective bubble defining your personal distance, which allows you to stay protected and untouched by others. Personal distance ranges from 18 inches to about 4 feet. At times, you may detect breath odor, but generally at this distance , etiquette demands that you direct your breath to some neutral idea. 3. Social distance- at the social distance ranging from 4 to 12 feet you lose the visual detail you had at the personal distance. The close phase is the distance at which you conduct impersonal business or interact at a social gathering. 4. Public distances- public distance ranges from 122 to more than 25 feet. At this distance, you are able to take defensive action should you feel threatened. On s public bus or train for example you might keep at least this distance from a drunk.

The three types of proxemic territories

1. Primary territories or home territories are areas that you might call your own; these areas are your exclusive preserve and might include your room, your desk, or your office that belongs to you. 2. Secondary territories are areas that don't belong to you but that you have occupied; thus, you're associated with them. Secondary territories may include the table that is in the cafeteria to you regularly eat at, or your classroom seat, or your neighborhood turf. 3. Public territories- are areas that are open to all people; they may be owned by some person or organization but they can be used by everyone. Some of the candles for public territories can be a movie, house, a restaurant, or a shopping mall.

List the four communication patterns in families?

1. The equality pattern- the equality pattern probably exists more in theory than in practice, but it is a good starting point for looking at communication in primary relationships. 2. The balance split pattern- in the balanced split pattern an equality relationship can be maintained but each person can have the authority over different domains. 3. The unbalanced split pattern- in this pattern one person dominates: one person is seen as an expert in more than half the areas of the mutual communication. 4. The monopoly pattern- in this pattern one person is seen as the authority. This person will lecture rather than communicate. They rarely seek others for advice and he or she will always receive the right to have the final say.

Name the five friendship needs?

1. Utility- someone who may have special talents, skills, or resources that prove useful to you for example a person who is especially bright who might assist you in getting a better job or introducing you to a possible romantic partner. 2. Affirmation- it is someone that can affirm your personal value and help you to recognize your attributes for example someone who communicates appreciation for your leadership abilities, athletic prowess or sense of humor. 3. Ego support- it is someone that behaves in a supportive encouraging and helpful manner like if a person can help you view yourself as a worthy and competent person would be an example. 4. Stimulation- it introduces you to a new idea and new ways of seeing the world like a person might bring you into contact with previously unfamiliar people, issues, and experiences would be an example. 5.it is someone that does nothing to hurt you or to call your attention to your weaknesses like a person who is supportive and nonjudgmental would be an example.

Collective culture

A culture in which the group's goals are given greater importance than the individual's and in which, for example, benevolence, tradition, and conformity are given special emphasis. Opposed to individualist culture.

Individual culture

A culture in which the individual's rather than the group's goals and preferences are given greater importance. Opposed to collectivist culture. Adjust your messages and your listening with an awareness of differences between individualist and collectivist cultures.

Duchenne smile

A genuine smile, as opposed to a smile that is faked.

Family

A group of people with defined roles, recognition of mutual responsibilities, a shared history and future, shared living space (usually) and rules for communicating.

Metamessage

A message that makes reference to another message such as "Did I make myself clear?" Or "That's a lie."

Emotional blackmail

A message threatening punishment for noncompliance and takes the form of " if you don't do what I ask, you'll suffer," for example.

Contrast, principle of

A principle of perception that holds that items that are very distinct from each other are seen as separate and not belonging to the same group.

Friends with benefits

A relationship between friends that involves sex but no real romantic commitment.

Turf defense

A response to territorial encroachment in which you defend the territory against invasion, sometimes with something as simple as saying , "this is my seat'" or you might start a fight as nations do.

James Lange theory

A theory of emotions in which you experience emotions in the following way: (1) an event occurs. (2) you respond physiologically. (3) you experience an emotion; for example, you feel joy or sadness.

Cognitive label theory

A theory of emotions that holds that emotional feelings begin with the occurrence of an event; you respond physiologically to the event, then you interpret the arousal ( in effect, you decide what it is you're feeling), and then you experience (give a name to) the emotion.

Rules theory see relationship rules theory

A theory that holds that people maintain relationships with those who follow the rules the individuals have defined as essential to their relationship and dissolve relationships with those who don't follow the rules.

Script

A type of schema; an organized body of information about some action, event or procedure. A script provides a general idea of how some event should play out or unfold, the rules governing the events and their sequence.

Friendship

An interpersonal relationship between two persons that is mutually productive, established, and maintained brought perceived mutual free choice, and characterized by mutual positive regard. Establish friendships to help serve needs such as utility, ego support, stimulation, and security. At the same time seek to serve your friends similar needs

Affinity seeking strategies

Behaviors designed to increase interpersonal attractiveness.

Construct and label a complete communication model?

Channels, messages, feedforward, channel, messages, feedforward, source/ receiver and encoding/deciding on the outside and on the inside noise in the middle, and feedback on the inside of the dotted line and the outside of the dotted line. The vehicle or medium through which signals are sent for example the vocal auditory channel. Assess your channel options for example face to face email, leaving a voicemail message before communicating important messages. Feedback is a listeners acceptance of a message. Verbal critique of your message. Information that is sent back to the source. Feedback may come from the sources own messages as when you hear what you're saying or from the receiver(s) in forms such as applause, yawning, puzzled looks, questions, letters to the editor of a newspaper or increased decreased subscriptions to a magazine. Listen to both verbal and nonverbal feedback from yourself and from others and these cues to adjust your messages. Encode- means to block a pathway between the sender and the receiver messages translates ideas into a code. Speak to large groups of people. Decode- to interpret a message. Reject a message.evaluate a message. Translate ideas into code. Message- stimuli for a mass audience. Any signal or combination of signals that serves as a stimulus for a receiver. Feedforward- is a type of element or pathway within a control system. Information that is sent before a regular message telling the listener about what their is to follow; messages that are prefatory to central messages. Use feedforward when your listener needs background or when you want to ease in a particular topic, such as bad news. Information that is sent before a regular message telling the listener something about what is to follow; messages that prefatory to more central messages. Use feedforward when you feel your listener needs background or when you want to ease into a particular topic such as bad news. Noise- it is anything that interferes with a message being sent participants in a communication encounter. Channel- encoded messages are sent through a channel or a sensory route on which a message travels to the receiver for decoding.

Olfactory communication

Communication by smell. Become mindful of your own scent messages; they can serve as attraction and as repellants.

Asynchronous communication

Communication in which the individuals send and receive messages at different times (as e-mail communication). Opposed to synchronous communication

Synchronous communication

Communication that takes place in real time; sending and receiving take place at the same time (as in face-to-face communication. Opposed to asynchronous communication.

Name the four characteristics or families?

Defined roles, recognition of responsibilities, shared history and future and shared living space.

Markers

Devices that signify that a certain territory belongs to a particular person.

Blended emotions

Emotions that are combinations of the primary emotions; for example, disappointment is a blend of surprise and sadness.

Information that is handled by many people have a chance to maintaining its integrity

False

It is unhealthy to use your social comparisons to form your self concept

False

Self concept is the extent to know you actually know yourself

False

You can take back a message

False

Laissez-faire families

Families who avoid interaction and communication l, encourage privacy and maintain a"do what you want" attitude; low in confirmation and low in conversation.

Consensual families

Families who encourage open communication and agreement high in conversation and high in conformity.

Protective families

Families who stress agreement and strive to avoid conflict but with little communication.

Pluralistic families

Families whose members are encouraged to express different attitudes and points of view and to engage in open communication while being supportive of each other.

Primacy-recency

Giving more importance to that which occurs first instead of that which occurs last or more recently. Opposed to recency effect.

Stereotype

In communication, a fixed impression of a group through which we then perceive specific individuals. Stereotypes are most often negative but may also be positive. To avoid stereotypes, focus on the individual rather than on the individual's membership in one group or another.

Feedback

Information that is given back to the source. Feedback may come from the source's own messages (when you hear what you're saying) or from the receiver(s)-- in forms such as applause, yawning, puzzled looks, questions, letters to the editor of a newspaper, or increased or decreased subscriptions to a magazine. See also negative feedback, positive feedback. Listen to both verbal and nonverbal feedback--from yourself and from others--and use these cues to adjust your messages.

Feedforward

Information that is sent before a regular message, telling the listener something about what is to follow ; messages that are prefatory to more central messages. Use feedforward when you feel your listener needs a background or when you want to ease into a particular topic, such as bad news.

Emoticon or simley

Is a typed symbol that communicates through a keyboard the nuances of the messages conveyed by nonverbal expression and nonverbal communication is communication without words.

Construct and label a complete Johari window?

Known to others open self- information about yourself that you and others know. Not known to self Blind self- information about yourself that you do not know but that others do know. Hidden self- information about yourself that you know but others don't know. Unknown self- information about yourself that neither you nor others know. Another example Open self- information about yourself that you and others know. Blind self- information about yourself that you don't know but that others do know. Hidden self- information about yourself that you know but others don't know. Unknown self- information about yourself that neither you nor others know. Another example- Open self- information about yourself that you and others know. Blind self- information about yourself that you don't know but others do know. Hidden self- information about yourself that you know but others don't know. Unknown self- information about yourself that neither you nor others know. The hidden self contains all that you know of yourself that you keep a secret. The unknown self represents truths about yourself that neither you nor others know. The blind self represents all the things about you that others know but of which you're ignorant. The open self represents all the information about you behaviors, attitudes, feelings, desires,motivations, and ideas that you and others know.

I-messages

Messages in which the speaker accepts responsibility for personal thoughts and behaviors and states his or her point of view explicitly. Opposed to you- messages. Use I- messages when communicating your feelings; take responsibility for your own feelings rather than attributing them to others.

List the four sources of the self concept?

Others images- according you Charles Horton cooley's 1922 concept of the looking- glass self when you want to discover, say, how friendly or how assertive you are, you look at the image of yourself that others reveal to you through the way they treat you and react to you. You look especially to those who are most significant in you life. Social comparison- another way you develop self- concept is by comparing yourself with others most often with your peers. For example after an exam you probably want to know how you performed relative to the other students in your class Self- concept- you no doubt have an image of who you are; this is your self concept. It consists of your feelings and thoughts about your strengths and weakness, your abilities and limitations, and your aspirations and worldview. Your self concept develops from at least four sources 1. The images of you that others have and that they reveal to you. 2. The comparisons you make between yourself and others. 3. The teachings of your culture. 4. The way you interpret and evaluate your own thoughts and behaviors. Your interpretations and evaluations- much in the way others form images of you based in what you do and you also react to your own behavior; you interpret and evaluate it. These interpretations and evaluations help to form your self- concept.;94 example let us say that you believe lying is wrong. If you life you will evaluate this behavior in terms of your internalized beliefs about lying.

What are the four types of communication noise?

Physical noise- interference that is external to both speaker and listener and that interferes with the physical transmission of a signal or message. Physiological noise- interference within the sender or receiver of a message, such as visual impairments, hearing loss, articulation problems, and memory loss. Psychological noise- mental interference in the speaker or listener, such as preconceived ideas, wandering thoughts, biases and prejudices, closed- mindedness, and extreme emotionalism. Semantic noise- interference created when a speaker and listener have different meaning systems; such noise can include language or dialectical differences, the use of jargon or overly complex terms, or ambiguous or overly abstract terms whose meanings can be easily misinterpreted.

Civil inattention

Polite ignoring of others (after a brief sign of awareness) to avoid invading their privacy.

The five ingredients of paralanguage?

Rate- in relation to voice qualities the speed at which you speak generally measured in words per minute. Pitch- in relation to voice qualities the highness or lowness of the vocal tone. Volume- in relation to voice qualities the relative loudness of the voice. Hesitations- verbal expression such as "er" or "ah" that signal a lack of preparation and certainly. Pauses- interruptions in the normally fluent stream of speech. Pauses are of two types filled interruptions filled with such focalization as "er" or "um" and unfolded pauses silences of usually long duration.

Display rules

Rule or custom ( of a culture or an organization) that governs what is and what is not permissible communication

Name and explain the five steps in the listening process?

Stage 1 receiving- at the receiving stage you note not only what is said verbally and nonverbal but also what is omitted. Stage two understanding- understand is the stage at which you learn what the speaker means- the stage at which you grasp both the thought and the emotions expressed. Stage three Remembering- effective listening depends on remembering. Perhaps the most important point to understand about memory is that what you live member is not what was said but what you remember was said. Stage four- evaluating- it consists of judging the messages in some way. Stage five responding- responding occurs in two phases: responses you make while the speaker is taking immediate feedback and responses you make after he speaker has stopped talking delayed feedback.

List and explain the five steps in the perceptual process?

Stage 1 stimulation- at this first stage of perception your sense organs are stimulated- you near a new cd, see a friend, smell someone's perfume, taste an orange, receive an instant message, feel another's sweaty palm. Stage two organization- at the second stage you organize the information your senses pick up. Stage 3 interpretation evaluation- the interpretation evaluation step in perception (s combined term because the two processes cannot be separated) is greatly influenced by your experiences; needs; wants; values; beliefs and about the rays things are or should be expectations; physical and emotional and so on. Stage 4- memory- your perceptions and their interruptions- evaluations are put into memory, they are stored so that you may retrieve them at some later time. Stage 5: recall- the recall stage of perception involves accessing the information you have stored in memory.

Explain the four kinds of communication context?

Temporal communication context- the messages that your time orientation and treatment of time communicate. Temporal context means has to do only with the time of day and moment in history but also where a particular message fits into the sequence of communication events. Social psychological dimension context- includes for example, a status relationships among the participants; roles and games that people play; norms of the society or group; and the friendliness, formality, or gravity of the situation. Social networks such as Facebook and google+ are informal and largely for fun communication; LinkedIn and Plaxo, on the other hand, are primarily for serious business oriented communication. Cultural dimension context- the cultural dimension context includes the cultural beliefs and customs of the people communicating. When you interact with people from different cultures, you may follow different rules of communication. This can result in confusion, unintentional insult, inaccurate judgments, and a host of other miscommunications.

Selective attention

Th tendency to attend to those things that you want to see or that you expect to see.

Silence

The absence of vocal communication; often misunderstood to refer to absence or communication. Examine silence for meanings just as you would eye movements or body gestures.

Ventilation hypothesis

The assumption that expressing emotions that is giving vent to the emotions lessens their intensity.

Sex

The biological distinction between males and females; the genetic distinction between men and women. See also gender.

Network convergence

The blending or sharing of one individual's circle of friends with another person's circle of friends.

Ambiguity

The condition in which a message or relationship may be interpreted as having more than one meaning.

Pygmalion effect

The condition in which you make a prediction of success, act as if it is true, and thereby make it come true ( for example, acting toward students as if they'll be successful influences them to become successful); a type of self-fulfilling prophecy.

Gender

The cultural roles of "masculine" and "feminine" that are learned from one's culture. See also sex.

Conversation orientation

The degree to which family members can speak their mind.

Conformity orientation

The degree to which family members express similar or dissimilar attitudes, value, and beliefs.

Negative face

The desire to be autonomous, to have the right to do as you wish.

Positive face

The desire to be viewed positively by others, to be thought of favorably.

Emotions

The feelings we have- for example, our feelings or guilt, anger, or love.

List and define the resonance three major friendship types?

The friendship of reciprocity is the ideal type, characterized by loyalty, self- sacrifice, mutual affection, and generosity. In the friendship of reciprocity ( receptivity) there is an imbalance in giving and receiving; one person is the primary giver and one is the primary receiver. The friendship of association is a transitory one. It might be described as a friendly relationship rather than a true friendship. Associative friendships are the kind that we often have with classmates, neighbors or coworkers.

Facial feedback hypothesis

The hypothesis or theory that your facial expressions can produce physiological and emotional effects via a feedback mechanism.

Home field advantage

The increased power that comes from being in your own territory.

Enculturation

The process by which culture is transmitted from one generation to another

Accultration

The process by which one culture is modified or changed through contact with or exposure to another culture.

Emotional contagion

The process by which the strong emotions of one person are taken on by another person; the assumption that, like the flu, emotions may be contagious.

Primary relationship

The relationship between two people that they consider their most or one of their most important for example the relationship between husband and wife or domestic partners.

Self- fulfilling prohecy

The situation in which you make a prediction or project and fulfill it yourself. For example, expecting a person to be hostile, you act in a hostile manner toward this person, thus doing so, elicit hostile behavior in the person, thus confirming your prophecy that the person will be hostile. Take a second look at your perceptions when they correspond very closely to your initial expectations; the self- fulfilling prophecy may be at work.

Kinesics

The study of the communicative dimensions of facial and bodily movements.

Proxemics

The study of the communicative function of space; the study of how people unconsciously structure their space- the distance between people in their interactions, the organization of space in homes and offices, and even the design of cities. Maintain distances that are comfortable and that are appropriate to the situation and to your relationship with the other person.

Chronemics

The study of the communicative nature of time, how a person's or a culture's treatment of time reveals something about the person or culture. Often divided into psychological and cultural time.

Occulesis

The study of the messages communicated by the eyes.

Haptics

The study of touch or tactile communication.

Selective exposure

The tendency to expose your senses to certain things and not others, to actively seek out information that supports your beliefs and to actively avoid information that contradicts these beliefs.

Halo effect

The tendency to generalize a person's virtue or expertise from one area to other areas. Beware of this tendency; it can lead you to misperceive a situation or person.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to see others and their behaviors through your own culture filters, often as distortions of your own behaviors the tendency to evaluate the values and beliefs of your own culture more positively than those of another culture. Recognize your own ethnocentric thinking and be aware of how it influences your verbal and nonverbal messages.

Complementary relationships

The two individuals engage in different behaviors

paralanguage

The vocal but nonverbal aspects or speech. Paralanguage consists of voice qualities for example, pitch range, resonance, tempo); vocal characteristics ( laughing or crying, yelling or whispering); vocal qualifiers ( intensity, pitch height); and vocal segregates ( "uh- uh") meaning "no" or "sh" meaning "silence"). Vary paralinguistic features to communicate nuances of meaning and to add interest and color to your messages.

Tactile and haptical

They both mean a sense of touch.

Name the three couple types?

Traditional couples, independent couples, and separate couples.

List the principles of interpersonal communication?

Traditional media newspapers, magazines, a television compared to you. Social media, wikis, social networks, dating sites , photo and video sharing compared to you.

In conversation a women is more likely to say huh likely to be mor apt for men like saying yeah.

True

The study of the communicative function of space is chronemics

True

Code switching

Using different language styles depending on the situation; changing from one language or style to another, often in the same sentence.

Schemata

Ways of organizing perceptions; mental templates or structures that help you organize the millions of items of information you come into contact with every day as well as those you already have in memory; general ideas about groups of people or individuals, about yourself, or about types of social roles. The word schemata is the plural of schema.

Meformer

Were those who mainly gave out information about themselves; these made up about 80 percent.

Informer

Were those who shared information and also replied to others; these made up about 20 percent.

Self-concept

Your self- image, the view you have of who you are. To increase your understanding of self, try to see yourself, as objectively as you can, through the eyes of others; compare yourself to similar ( and admired) others; examine the influences of culture; and observe and evaluate your own message behaviors.