English Second Semester

According to Major in chapter 1, what is the "answer" to the woes of the animals?

Get rid of Man

Lord Byron descended from aristocrats on both sides.

True

To Victorian readers, _______ were the most important and meaningful form of literature.

poems

The new (and only) commandment in chapter 10 reads: "All animals are equal, but some animals ____________."

are more equal than others

Shelley faced obstacles in his life because of his unwavering _______ beliefs.

atheist

After the Creature is kicked out of the DeLacey cottage, he declares "everlasting war" against _______.

the human species

What happens to Mollie in chapter 5?

She runs away to a new owner who gives her ribbons and sugar.

The fact that Victor, the creator, has come under the control of his creature is a perfect example of _______.

Irony

In "Prufrock," Prufrock describes the yellow fog as a ______.

cat

In "The Hollow Men," the hollow men are described as ________.

scarecrows

Blake's diction (word choices) in "The Tiger" reveals that the speaker _____________.

sees the tiger and God as frightening and distant

Halfway into his life, Auden became a citizen of _________.

the US

Wordsworth collaborated closely with fellow Lake District poet, ___________.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Rossetti only received critical praise after her death.

False

The Creatures delights in his fall from angel to devil.

False

Why is the speaker sorrowful in "Lines Written in an Early Spring"?

He is grieved by the ways people harm one another.

Charlotte Smith began to publish poetry in order to _________.

release her husband from debtor's prison

Felicia Hemans did not publish her poetry until she was in her 50s.

False

According to chapter 6, which is the strongest animal?

Boxer

Using the literary device of simile, the speaker in "Daffodils" compares himself to a _______.

cloud

Blake's commercial profession was his ________, which he often included alongside his poems.

engravings

In chapter 6, an angel warns one of the ghosts against ___________.

taking an apple back to Hell

"She Walks in Beauty" has a tone of ______, one of the extreme emotions that Romantics prized.

wonder

In chapter 11, Pam says she believes in a God of _______.

Love

Frederick and his men blow up the newly-completed windmill in chapter 8.

True

Hemans' work simultaneously upheld and criticized ________.

traditional womanhood

In "She Walks in Beauty," what does Byron find "gaudy" in comparison with a beautiful starry night?

Day

What does the Creature do to help out the DeLacey family?

He brings them firewood.

At the end of the poem, what does the narrator say will be the fate of Belinda's lock?

It will live on in fame.

Which word best describes Victor as he builds his monster?

Obsessed

What does Ariel do in Canto 2 when he senses that a threat is near?

Orders all the guardian spirits to their battle stations

Orwell believed that a poorly executed revolution will inevitably lead to the same oppression under a different oppressor, or a "change of masters."

True

The Tousle-Haired Poet on the bus in chapters 1-2 is marked by _______.

bitterness that his work has not been recognized

Although he is in the depths of despair after the deaths of his loved ones, Victor says he is "kept alive" by ________.

revenge

The solid people insist that the ghosts will be incredibly useful and need in Heaven.

False

What does the West Wind seem to symbolize for Shelley?

The ability to affect widespread change

There were plenty of labor laws to protect British workers in the 1800s.

False

Thomas Gray was a prolific writer, publishing over 100 poems in his lifetime.

False

In chapter 10, Squealer teaches the sheep a new chant:

Four legs good, two legs better!

________: A literary structure that features a story within a story.

Frame narrative

Barbauld's writing inspired fellow Romantic poet _________.

William Blake

Name the literary device in this line: "She walks in beauty, like the night" (line 1).

simile

In chapter 5, one of the solid people reveals that the grey city from which they came is actually ________.

Hell

According to MacDonald, why doesn't Sarah go down to Hell to get her husband?

Hell is too small to hold her.

What Gothic time does Manfred go out to summon the spirits in Manfred?

Midnight

The Lady's tower and mirror could represent the way that artists must be totally involved in real life to express it well.

False

Who is the narrator's Teacher for the rest of the book?

George MacDonald

Who comes to visit Victor while he is in prison?

His father

"If we let them in, they will steal our daily bread": To what does this refer?

Jobs

The Industrial Revolution marked a shift ________________.

from hand-made to manufactured products

Where does Victor travel to create the female mate?

A remote island off Scotland

What major turning point occurs in chapter 7?

Animals kill other animals

How does Byron view the ocean waves in Childe Harold?

As a guide

What the Creature want the most throughout the story?

Community

Which of the following is a metaphor used in "Song to the Men of England"?

English laborers are bees

Which of the following is NOT something the speaker urges of France in "On the Expected General Rising"?

Fight for freedom without violence Urged: Repent for every action that brings shame on France Bring back the exiles and outcasts Strike tyrants to the ground

Cult of Personality

Finally, Animal Farm's narrative warns against the cult of personality. Cult of personality: A phenomenon in which a country's regime uses mass media techniques to cultivate a godlike image of the leader As we know, Animal Farm is a deliberate allegory of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. Orwell was disgusted by Joseph Stalin's tyranny, which was largely possible because of the cult of personality built around him. Mass media messages, imposing demonstrations, and repetitive propaganda painted Stalin as a heroic savior, whose decisions were perfect and unquestionable. 1938 Soviet poster featuring Stalin In the Animal Farm allegory, Napoleon represents Stalin. He does not work with the other animals and continually makes choices that harm them, and yet Squealer upholds him as their savior. After the expulsion of Snowball, Napoleon begins to act like a dictator. He is surrounded by dog bodyguards and heralded by a cockerel. Squealer paints and hangs a heroic portrait of Napoleon and inscribes a worshipful poem about him next to the Seven Commandments. He was always referred to in formal style as 'our Leader, Comrade Napoleon,' and this pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals, Terror of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep−fold, Ducklings' Friend, and the like. In his speeches, Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart, and the deep love he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms. It had become usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and every stroke of good fortune. Animal Farm, chapter 8 Later on in the story, Napoleon orders more demonstrations and parades to maintain the animals' patriotism. There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows, then the sheep, and then the poultry. The dogs flanked the procession and at the head of all marched Napoleon's black cockerel. Boxer and Clover always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the horn and the caption, "Long live Comrade Napoleon! " Afterwards there were recitations of poems composed in Napoleon's honour, and a speech by Squealer giving particulars of the latest increases in the production of foodstuffs, and on occasion a shot was fired from the gun. Animal Farm, chapter 9 Orwell goes on to write that these demonstrations distracted the animals from their empty bellies. The warning? The cult of personality maintains a dictatorship by leading oppressed people to believe that they are cared for and protected. Conclusion Animal Farm does not present an obvious moral like "smart people are bad" or "capitalism is good." But it does illustrate the ways in which powerful and selfish people maintain their power. The tactics used by Squealer and Napoleon were and are real tactics used by dictators. It is up to you, the reader, to discern why the animals do not fight back.

Claim data warrant model

First claim Second evidence Third explain how the evidence supports the claim

Where do the farm animals get all of their information?

Squealer

In lines 114-115, what does Shadwell swear to do as a ruler?

Stay dull

Authorial Context: T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)

T. S. Eliot was actually born in the United States: in St. Louis, Missouri, to be specific. As a child, his physical disability caused him to spend a lot of time alone, reading American literature. As a teenager, Eliot learned classical languages and began to write poetry and short stories.Eventually, he made his way to Harvard, where several of his poems were published in the student magazine. Although he graduated a year early with a bachelor's degree in philosophy, he soon returned to Harvard to study other subjects. In 1914, at the outbreak of WWI, Eliot moved to Oxford and then London, England. There he met two important people in his life: Ezra Pound, a leading modern poet, and Vivienne Haigh-Wood, who would become his wife. Eliot admitted later that he partly married Vivienne to have an excuse to stay in England; they had an unhappy marriage.Eliot taught at London schools before becoming a publisher for a firm. Nevertheless, he continued to write and publish collections of poems as well as plays and essays.1927 marked major milestones in Eliot's life, as he both secured his British citizenship and converted to Anglicanism. He remained religious for the rest of his life.Eliot and his first wife had slowly drifted apart before their official separation in 1932. 25 years later, Eliot married again, this time to a woman who was less than half his age. The couple was together for almost eight years before Eliot's death in 1965. He never had children.Eliot's LegacyTwo years after his death, a monument was set up to Eliot in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. During the last twenty years of his life, he enjoyed great acclaim from critics, who saw him as the greatest Modern poet. In 1948 he even received the Nobel Prize in Literature for his poetry.Although Eliot was almost universally praised for his craftsmanship, readers both then and now express bewilderment at his poetry, especially The Waste Land (1922). Like other Modernist poets, Eliot wanted to bring something new to the table, to handle words in a way that had never been done before. He wrote that a poet's "direct duty is to his language, first to preserve, and second to extend and improve."When [Eliot] settled in London he saw poetry in English as exhausted, with no verbal excitement or original craftsmanship. He sought to make poetry more subtle, more suggestive, and at the same time more precise.

_____________: A phenomenon in which a country's regime uses mass media techniques to cultivate a godlike image of the leader

The cult of personality

Why does the old man not run away from the Creature when the Creature talks to him?

The old man is blind.

The Warnings of Animal Farm (cont)

The pigs gradually break and change these rules over the course of months and years. Bit by bit, they take away from the other animals and give to themselves. Bit by bit, they lower the animals' expectations. Bit by bit, they convince the animals that Snowball was always evil, that Napoleon was always right, that life under Jones was much worse, etc. Most importantly, bit by bit, the pigs chip away at the animals' dignity until there is nothing left. When the animals are told they are not equal with the pigs after all, they believe it. Why else would they be treated so badly? After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out subscriptions to John Bull, TitBits, and the Daily Mirror. It did not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden with a pipe in his mouth−no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Jones's clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings, while his favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. Jones had been used to wear on Sundays. Animal Farm, chapter 10 In appearance, attitude, and actions, Napoleon has become Jones, the very man the animals rebelled against in the first place. But because of this gradual oppression, it "does not seem strange" to them. Brainwashing One of the tactics of oppression that Squealer uses repeatedly is to question the animals' memories of events, conversations, and commandments. It begins with the expulsion of Snowball: Squealer insists that Snowball's part in the Battle of Cowshed was "much exaggerated," even though "they all remembered, or thought they remembered, how they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the Cowshed" (ch. 7). Do you not remember how, just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard, Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a cry of 'Death to Humanity!' and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you remember that, comrades? Animal Farm, chapter 7 Later, Squealer convinces them that Snowball was actually fighting on Jones' side. The lies slowly build on another, covering up any true memories of the event. As time passes and the past blurs, this tactic becomes easier. It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again Squealer was able to convince them that this was not the case. Animal Farm, chapter 7 When the first killings occur, some animals remember the sixth commandment, but by the time they go back to read it, Squealer has changed it to "'No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.' Somehow or other, the last two words had slipped out of the animals' memory. But they saw now that the Commandment had not been violated" (ch. 8). Eventually, enough time passes and enough animals die that the long-living pigs can craft whatever image they want of the farm before the Rebellion. In summary, Napoleon attacked and manipulated the collective memory of the farm so that the animals would remain in submission. Animal Farm blatantly warns against this cruel and effective tactic.

After drinking Jones' whiskey in chapter 8, the pigs alter another original commandment.

True

"Up-Hill" is structured like a _________.

conversation

What word does the speaker repeat somewhat frantically in stanza 3?

happy

Shelley left his wife, Harriet, and ran off with Mary Godwin because ________.

he believed that it was immoral to stay with a wife he no longer loved

According to Eliot, the poet's first duty is to _______.

language

In line 4 of Elegy, Gray says the plowman "leaves the world to darkness and to ______."

me

Gray is considered to be the central figure of the ____________ era in British literature.

pre-Romantic

Frankenstein illustrates the fruitlessness of ______, no matter how much one's opponent deserves punishment.

revenge

Keats' topic of choice for his poetry: ___________.

the desires and sufferings of the human heart

Lord Byron is perhaps remembered as much for his erratic personality as he is for his writing.

True

Excerpt from the Prelude (1805)

Wordsworth wrote and revised The Prelude from age 28 until his death, when his wife published it for him. This excerpt comes from an 1805 version of the poem. The autobiographical poem contains 13-14 books in which Wordsworth discusses his life and his writing process. In the first lines of the first book, provided below, he describes the way that nature aids him as he writes.

Which items stand in as Shadwell's "ball and scepter?"

A mug of ale and one of Fleckoe's bad plays

Who is Justine?

A servant in the Frankenstein household

Which of the following is an extended metaphor in Canto 1?

Belinda's dressing table is an altar, and she and her maid are priestesses.

In lines 19-23, what metaphor does Ulysses use to describe all of his adventures?

An arch through which he sees the rest of the world

Yeats' Anglo-Irish family discouraged his artistic passions.

False

In chapter 2, what does Victor call his main motivation for his feverish scientific studies?

Glory

Barrett Browning remained in her childhood home until what event?

She eloped.

How did the DeLacey family end up in a cottage in Germany?

They were exiled from France.

"The Second Coming" is written in _________.

blank verse "The Second Coming" has no rhyme scheme and a (fairly) consistent meter, which makes it blank verse. The lack of rhyming makes perfect sense for a poem about "mere anarchy," don't you think? The poem ends with ________. question

"Ulysses" (1842)

Poem Context "Ulysses" is one of Tennyson's dramatic monologues: a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, during which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character. Usually, the speaker of the poem is intentionally different from the poet. In this case, the speaker of the monologue is the Odyssey's mythical hero, Ulysses (Latin version of Odysseus). An aging Ulysses has returned safely to his home country, Ithica, but now he feels sorrowful and restless. Vocabulary Guide Mete: dispense justice Lees: sediment at the bottom of a wine barrel; most worthless parts of something Hyades: a group of stars associated with heavy rains Happy Isles: the final resting place of heroes

Who/what is the speaker's "company" in "Daffodils"?

The flowers

Why does the Creature kill William?

Because William mentions Frankenstein.

Female Romantic poets were the very first female poets in England.

False

Why does Boxer "kill" the stable-lad in chapter 4?

He did not mean to

Why does Smith "envy" the lunatic who wanders on the cliff?

He does not comprehend his own sorrows.

How does Clerval respond to the natural scenery in chapter 18?

He loves and praises it dramatically.

When Victor and the Creature speak for the first time, what does the Creature say?

He tells Victor that rejection and misery have made him wicked.

To what is the thunder rumbling in the sky referring?

Hitler's order to kill all Jews

If you were a British laborer in the 1800s, do you think "Song to the Men of England" would inspire you to rise up and change your circumstances? Why or why not?

I think the poem would have inspired me. It's not fair to toil for the upper class who enjoys the fruits of your own labor. If I was underpaid, I would certainly speak up. Sometimes, people live in a bubble without realizing the oppression of the wealthy and powerful, but criticism could help them wake from their stupor.

Neoclassical period

In 18th-century England, what was old became new. Neoclassicism was a movement in which visual artists like painters, sculptures, and architects revived the Greco-Roman stories, techniques, and images of classical antiquity. Artists throughout Europe longed for and tried to recapture the elegance and grandeur of ancient Greece and Rome.

In "The Lady of Shalott," the only time the people of Camelot see the Lady is after her death. How does this add to the theme of an artist's isolation?

It adds to the theme of an artist's isolation because she was isolated, and it gave deeper meaning to her art. From outside the crowd, her art was creative. What she saw in the mirror was a reflection of life and not life itself. This influenced her art. The broken mirror could symbolize an artist's block. It shows that art and real life do not mix well.

How might the title of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" be ironic?

J. Alfred Prufrock is a stiff, unromantic name.

Is the content objective, subjective, or a mixture of both? Provide a couple of examples.

The content is subjective and written from a single perspective. The author's examples try to support his argument. For example, he uses the competence of AI in chess-playing to demonstrate that humans are being replaced in creativity. He used the example of surveillance systems in democracies as a precedent for digital dictatorships.

Midway through the poem, what does Gray imagine about a humble villager in the grave?

The villager had ambition that was never fulfilled.

In chapter 1, Major uses the rhetorical modes of ethos, pathos, and logos to persuade the other animals.

True

"The Lake Isle of Innisfree" (1892)

Vocabulary Guide Innisfree: Heather Island in the west of Ireland; Yeats had dreamed from his youth of living there Wattles: material for making fences Linnet: a type of finch

Which of the following lines from "The Fugitive Slave" is an example of irony?

"And this land is the free America: / And this mark on my wrist... (I prove what I say) / Ropes tied me up here to the flogging-place"

What is the battle cry of Belinda and her army in Canto 5?

"Restore the Lock!"

What does Jones accidentally leave behind during the Battle of the Cowshed in chapter 4?

A gun

The poem's ______ rhyme scheme allows for more conversational, relaxed phrases.

ABAB

Who wins the card game? Read the end of the game again, carefully.

Belinda

John Keats was rejected by other Romantic poets.

False

As a young man, Wordsworth moved to _______ out of curiosity for the revolution occurring there.

France

Nine fierce dogs expel Snowball from the farm in chapter 5. Where do they come from?

Napoleon raised them to support only him.

"The Hollow Men" (1925)

Poem Context "The Hollow Men" has both historical and spiritual context. In the 1920s, Europe was still reeling from World War I. In the poem, Eliot expresses concerns with the way that Western culture interpreted and dealt with the horrific events.But the poem is also deeply spiritual, as the "hollow men" struggle to keep hold of hope and faith when all that they observe is death and separation.

"The Mouse's Petition" (1773)

Poem Context Barbauld released this poem with the subtitle, "Found in the trap where he had been confined all night by Dr. Priestley, for the sake of making experiments with different kinds of air." She presented the poem to Dr. Joseph Priestley (who would later discover oxygen through his experiments!), in the hopes that he might release the mice he tested on. According to her, the poem is a "petition of mercy against justice."

What is Prufrock's opinion of himself? Describe his feelings in your own words.

Prufrock seems anxious. He is worried about doing the right thing in even the pettiest situations, such as expressing himself or his relationships. His self-image is an issue to him, such as his bald spot or clothes. He also seems to procrastinate. He wants to go somewhere, but he slows down and contemplates. He mentions an "overwhelming question", but never proposes it, and instead wonders about how he might propose it. This anxiety might suggest his lack of self-confidence.

"Ode on a Grecian Urn" (1819)

Remember, Keats tells us in the title who/what he will be addressing in the poem (in this case, it is an urn). So, when the speaker says "you," "thou," or "thy," he is probably speaking to the urn and/or the illustrations on the urn. Vocabulary Guide Sylvan: rustic Tempe: valley in Greece Dales of Arcady: more beautiful valleys in Greece Attic: Greek (Attica was a region in Greece) Brede: braid Pastoral: literature/art depicting a country scene

In "My Last Duchess," what is the speaker's criticism of the Duchess?

She was too friendly and open with everyone.

Who does Napoleon blame for the destruction of the windmill in chapter 6 (without proof)?

Snowball

According to Squealer in chapter 7, why is the song "Beasts of England" abolished?

The Rebellion is completed.

In his essay, what is Lewis's opinion toward the satire and cynicism of Animal Farm?

Though Lewis acknowledges the similarity in subject matter of both books, he thinks Orwell's Animal Farm is superior to 1984. Lewis thought that Animal Farm was "light, strong, balanced" compared to 1984. Lewis says that the shorter-lengthed Animal Farm was more packed in its message than 1984. To Lewis, he thinks Orwell translated his emotion fully into a literary work with Animal Farm. Because of this, the book had better satire and wit than 1984. He also says that tragedy is better built in Animal Farm with deaths and betrayal of important characters. In 1984, Orwell displayed merely odious tyrants which lack the impactful message.

Although the speaker in "Remember" gives commands to the listener, she speaks with tenderness and love as she reminisces on the quiet joys that they shared together.

True

Auden won a Pulitzer Prize for his poetry.

True

By the end of the book, Napoleon is walking on two legs dressed like a human.

True

As Frankenstein goes from place to place, the settings often reflect one of a few things:

Victor's inner emotional state A direct foil to Victor's emotional state Foreshadowing of future events

In chapter 9, Boxer keeps working hard despite his injury because ___________.

he believes he will retire soon

The speakers in the poems assume that the nature of the animal directly reflects the character of _________.

its maker

Instead of attending university, Orwell (Eric Blair) _____________.

joined the Indian Imperial Police

The tone of "The Lamb" could best be described as _______.

loving, pure, and grateful

In chapter 13, Sarah tells the Dwarf that he uses _____ to blackmail people.

pity

The _______ in this poem reflects Rossetti's shift from the normal cultural mindset.

rhyme scheme

Orwell openly supports __________ in some of his works.

socialism

The spirits in Manfred are _______.

spirits of natural elements

Frankenstein points out society's vice of excluding those who look different and cultivates empathy for "______."

the other

Instead of exercising good dominion over nature, Victor ________ nature.

tyrannizes

According to Canto 1, what do sylphs do?

They keep young women pure and safe.

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

"I rejoice to concur with the common reader ... The Church-yard abounds with images which find a mirror in every mind, and with sentiments to which every bosom returns an echo." Samuel Johnson on Elegy According to legend, Thomas Gray began composing Elegy as he walked through a parish church graveyard in Buckinghamshire. The poem was not finished and published until nine years later, in 1751. One of the Neoclassical influences in this poem is its genre, the elegy. Elegies were widespread in Latin and Greek literature. Elegy: a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead

John Dryden was named the first Poet Laureate of England.

True

At the end of "Song to the Men of England," Shelley accuses English laborers of _________.

building their own tomb

Barbauld's writing career came to an abrupt end when ___________.

she received harsh reviews on a political poem

The two interlocking rhymes in each stanza of "She Walks in Beauty" might represent __________.

the harmony between light and dark

In "The Cry of the Children," who is little Alice?

A child who died before her time

How does the narrator describe the "solid people" in chapter 3?

Ageless

When the Creature first gains consciousness, what overwhelms him?

All of the physical sensations

Where is "this neutral air" of the fourth stanza?

America In stanzas 4-5, the speaker describes the willful ignorance of the United States at the time. He criticizes the way Americans "[c]ling to their average day" (46), living in a "euphoric dream" (41) that they will not have to get involved in the fight. The speaker says that sooner or later this stupid hope will be broken, and they will realize "where we are" (52) and fully see "the international wrong" (44).

From what we have read so far, does Belinda deserve Pope's vicious mockery? Is she as vain as he thinks she is? Explain your answer.

Belinda deserves Pope's mockery because she is self-absorbed. I believe Pope's evaluation of Belinda is accurate and warranted. She does invest a lot of time into improving her outward appearance. Validation seems to be a priority to her.

In stanza 5 of "September 1, 1939," what metaphor does the speaker use to describe people in his time?

Children lost in a dark wood

Justine did not think she was responsible for William's death; she just wanted to save Victor.

False

Keats was able to enjoy a few blissful years of marriage to Fanny Brawne before his death by tuberculosis.

False

What does Victor want the most at the beginning of the story?

Glory

How do Napoleon and Squealer go about oppressing the farm animals?

Gradually

When Victor and the Creature speak for the first time, what is Victor's initial attitude toward the Creature?

Hateful

Why is the painter in chapter 9 discouraged from immediately painting his surroundings?

He must first enjoy the country for itself and not for the sake of a painting.

What does the narrator say to the Baron?

He tells him to cease and to think of the consequences.

Form

Heroic Couplets Heroic couplets are pairs of rhyming iambic pentameter lines. Although Chaucer was the first to use this form in the English language, Dryden popularized and perfected it in the 17th century. Heroic couplets reflect the orderliness and wit of the Neoclassical era. The meter is even and consistent, and the rhyming pairs allow for a lot of sharp humor. "There thou may'st wings display and altars raise,And torture one poor word ten thousand ways." Did you enjoy this form of poetry? Do you find it easier or harder to understand?

"Oh! lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!" (lines 53-54) What is the best paraphrase of these lines from "Ode to the West Wind"?

I wish I could affect change like the wind, but I make mistakes and consequences hurt me!

Upon its completion in chapter 8, the windmill is named _______.

Napoleon Mill

Why does the narrator begin doubting the solid people's intentions in chapter 8?

One of the ghosts tells him it's all a conspiracy.

According to the final stanza of "Daffodils," what extra "wealth" did the dancing daffodils give to the speaker?

Pleasant memories

Which of the following is NOT a Romantic element in the selection from Childe Harold's Pilgrimage?

Presence of the supernatural Romantic elements: Individuality of the poet Intensity of emotion Guidance of nature

"When I have fears" imitates what literary form?

Shakespearean sonnet

What does Shelley ask of the West Wind in the last two stanzas of "Ode to the West Wind"? What does he want as a poet? Use examples from the text to support your response.

Shelley asks the West Wind to help him spread his ideas so he could make a change. "Drive my dead thoughts over the universe, / Like wither'd leaves, to quicken a new birth!" He compares his thoughts to dead leaves blowing in the breeze.

Blake included "The Lamb" and "The Tiger" in his collection, _____________.

Songs of Innocence and Experience

Where is the narrator at the very beginning of the story?

Standing in a queue

In Canto 4, the gnome Umbriel travels to the Cave of Spleen (where Belinda's bad humor lives). This is a parody of which epic convention?

The descent into hell

What happens to the ghost with the little red lizard in chapter 11?

The ghost allows an angel to kill the lizard.

How might the last four lines (some of the most famous in English poetry) express the historical context of the poem? How might the last four lines express the poem's spiritual themes?

The last four lines suggest the effects of World War I on European culture. The speaker's words of "not with a bang but with a whimper" shows the outcome of World War I was less exciting than intended, possibly illustrating that the end of the war didn't bring peace as one might think. There is some other meaning to the first three lines which have a spiritual connotation. The repeated lines of "this is the way the world ends" show a lack of hope and direction. Likewise in the poem, the hollow men were challenged with their faith when they saw destruction and deaths. The devastating effects brought a lack of faith in God.

"Hither the heroes and the nymphs resort, To taste awhile the pleasures of a court" (Canto 3) Who are the "heroes" that Pope refers to?

The lords and ladies

When does Victor plan to tell Elizabeth about the Creature?

The night after their wedding

In lines 41-44, Gray asks two rhetorical questions: "Can storied urn or animated bust Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath? Can Honour's voice provoke the silent dust, Or Flatt'ry soothe the dull cold ear of Death?" Explain the meaning of these questions. Then, answer them in your own words.

The poet questions if an urn or bust can display the achievement of the deceased and asked if breath can return to the dead. He also asks if honor can bring one back to life and also questioned if flattery would avoid death. Gray is implying that regardless of your status, you will not be able to reverse death. The only thing that matters in the end is who will remember you posthumously.

By the end of "The Lamb," the speaker gives a clear answer to the question, "who made thee?" By contrast, "The Tiger" contains 15 questions, and none of them are answered in the poem. Why is this significant? Could it be related to the idea of "innocence and experience?"

The spontaneous questions are unlike "The Lamb". This poem has an unspecified point of view. Since tigers are menacing, the speaker is confused about the origin and purpose of tigers and their creator. This relates to the "Songs of Experience" because the speaker has likely encountered a tiger and can distinguish threats. This is unlike the child speaker of "The Lamb" who has only seen good through innocence.

What does a man on the bus in chapter 2 tell the narrator about the people in the grey city?

They keep quarreling and moving away from one another.

How do the pigs get away with sleeping in the farmhouse beds in chapter 6?

They secretly alter one of the commandments.

What is the speaker's wish in the final stanza?

To help the cause of justice Auden does not finish the poem in a hopeless state. Although the speaker confirms that the "world in stupor lies," there are a courageous few who shine the light of justice (90-94). The speaker wants to join them in their quest to fight for love and not live in selfishness.

Female poets during the Romantic period had to tread carefully to avoid labeling themselves as rebellious women.

True

In "The Charge of the Light Brigade," Tennyson honors the unquestioning obedience of the 600 soldiers.

True

In chapter 11, Pam believes her son, Michael, is hers alone.

True

In lines 94-5, the Empress ______ spreads the word about Shadwell's coronation.

Fame

According to the Industrial Revolution video, Britain was clearly the most powerful nation in the world prior to the Revolution.

False

What word best sums up Walton's attitude toward Victor Frankenstein?

Impressed

In "The Hollow Men," the fact that there are "no eyes" and a "broken jaw" in the dead land could symbolize ________.

the inability to connect and communicate with others the slow decay of a meaningless existence the hollow men's lack of spiritual understanding

One Romantic element in "Evening Prayer at a Girl's School" is __________.

the innocence of children

The form of The Rape of the Lock is __________.

heroic couplets

What song does Major teach his fellow animals in chapter 1?

"Beasts of England"

In chapter 2, the pigs create a complete system of thought called ________.

Animalism

Why do you think Victor often suffers physical and mental breakdowns after making the Creature? What is the literal and literary significance?

As Victor sought glory and knowledge, he is brought down by his failure. As his failure began to take the lives of his loved ones, he suffered great physical and mental pain. Being very secretive caused him to constantly deal with the turmoil without any support. The Creature's threats have also given him anxiety and distress. Victor's thirst for vengeance also caused him to neglect his own physical and mental health. It gives the story a description of what Victor's intentions are in his mind. It allows the reader to understand Victor's irresponsibility, guilt, shame, regret, vengeance, and treatment of others.

In The Prelude, how does Wordsworth receive poetic inspiration?

By feeling the breeze

According to the Industrial Revolution video, what advantages did Britain have access to that allowed it to industrialize so rapidly?

Cheap British coal and higher wages

Stanza 7 of Childe Harold identifies the speaker as a _______.

Byronic hero

What is the speaker in "When I have fears" afraid of?

Dying before he achieves fame and love

After Elizabeth Barrett Browning's death, Robert Browning faded into obscurity.

False

Belinda's sylphs don't even try to stop the Baron from snipping off her lock of hair.

False

Eliot had a brief and slapdash education.

False

Yeats was a/an __________.

Irish nationalist

Pope is known as the quintessential ________ poet.

Neoclassical

In 1923, Yeats received a __________.

Nobel Prize

Which of the following is NOT an invention of the Industrial Revolution?

Printing press Inventions: Lathe Spinning jenny Steam engine

What do you think the committee is supposed to do?

Provide housing for the refugees

One of the defining qualities of Barrett Browning's poems is their moral sensibility.

True

Rossetti was extremely religious, and many of her life decisions revolved around her Anglo-Catholic faith.

True

The Great Divorce gets its title from the William Blake poetry collection, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell.

True

7.25.M Week 25

The Romantic Period

The solid people insist that Heaven is not a place of endless questions but of definite answers in the Face of God.

True

Victor waits to marry Elizabeth until he has finished creating a female mate for the Creature.

True

Provide two examples (moments/events/conversations) that cultivated empathy or pity in you, the reader, for the Creature. Explain why these examples cultivated empathy or pity.

The moment when the Creature tried to justify and propose a female companion made me feel pity. I felt pity every time he was rejected by his creator or other people for being grotesque and menacing. I also felt pity when he had to fight for survival by himself. Even when he was upset and got revenge (killing Victor's loved ones) made me still feel somewhat bad. I think the contrast between someone feeling rejected or disturbed and taking it out on other people is a sad reality.

Authorial Context: Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)

The poet Percy Bysshe Shelley was born in West Sussex. His father, Timothy Shelley, served as a Member of Parliament, while his mother, Elizabeth Pilfold, was a landowner. Shelley spent a pleasant childhood in the warm countryside of southern England, but soon he had to be sent away to school. The young poet had very negative experiences at Syon House Academy and then Eton College: he was bullied mercilessly for his lack of athleticism and interest in science. At Oxford, Shelley began to formulate his progressive ideas through poems and essays, including a pamphlet entitled "The Necessity of Atheism" (1811). The university quickly expelled him when he refused to forsake his beliefs. A few months after his expulsion, the teenage Shelley eloped with another teenager, Harriet Westbrook. Meanwhile, Shelley's father had cut him off, so Shelley sought guidance from an older man who shared his radical views. Eventually, he formed a friendship with William Godwin, the philosopher. On his many visits to Godwin's home, Shelley met and fell in love with Godwin's daughter, Mary. Despite the fact that his current wife, Harriet, was pregnant with their son, Shelley ran off with Mary. He believed that it would be more immoral for him to remain with a wife he did not love (Harriet) than to follow his heart's desires. The couple traveled throughout Europe, estranged from their families for two years until the death of Harriet allowed them to legally marry. As they moved from place to place, they befriended other poets and radicals, such as Thomas Love Peacock, John Keats, and Lord Byron. Between 1816 and 1820, Shelley's creative friendships, combined with his personal sorrows, led him to write his best poems and plays. Percy and Mary Shelley finally put down roots in Pisa, Italy in 1820. Sadly, they only lived there for two years. When Percy was only 29 years old, he and his close friend Edward Williams went out on a boating adventure and perished in a sudden, violent storm. His ashes were buried in Rome, beside his deceased son.

Describe the tone (attitude of the speaker) of "Ode to a Nightingale." Use the text to support your description. Then, describe the mood of the piece (the emotions you felt, as the reader). Why did you feel this way?

The tone of the poem is melancholic but yearning. "My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains / My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk". This beginning line sets the negative tone of the poem. The writer aspires to live like the nightingale to escape from death and misery but becomes confused. When I read the poem, I could easily picture the pain of the writer wanting to be like the nightingale which he believes has immortality.

When the Creature encounters other people for the first time, what happens?

They attack him.

"The Tiger" and "The Lamb" share the same simplistic meter and rhyme scheme.

True

According to Canto 2, Belinda intentionally crafted her locks of hair to get other people's attention.

True

According to the Industrial Revolution video, we still use steam engines to power almost everything today.

True

Smith revitalized the form of the ________.

sonnet

Byron's _______ heavily inspired his writing.

travels

"Ode on a Grecian Urn" Analysis

In this ode, the speaker peers closely at the illustrations on an antique Grecian urn, describing the scenes of life that have been and will remain frozen there "for ever." As with the other Keats poems we have read so far, this ode sustains a tension between the speaker's mortality and the immortality of the thing he observes. The speaker seems to envy the fact that the figures on the urn cannot progress or change. He points out that the trees on the urn will never die, the beautiful youths will never age, and the love between a couple will never "fade" (line 19). In the third stanza, the speaker looks at lovers dancing to music under an ever-green tree and seems to be overcome with emotion, repeating the same words over and over: "Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shedYour leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu;And, happy melodist, unwearied,For ever piping songs for ever new;More happy love! more happy, happy love!For ever warm and still to be enjoy'd,For ever panting, and for ever young" (lines 21-27) Something seems off here. "Happy" is such an empty word: it's not descriptive or meaningful... they are just happy. The apparent happiness of the figures on the urn is, like their image, only surface-level. Perhaps as the speaker witnesses the beauty of immortal love on the urn, he also feels the tug and pain of his own mortality and gets a little frantic. As the poem continues, the speaker begins to consider the urn as a reminder of death. In the fourth stanza, he says, "little town, they streets for evermore / Will silent be; and not a soul to tell / Why thou art desolate, can e'er return" (40). Everyone who inhabited ancient Greece is long dead, as "this generation" will be, too (46). So, you may ask, what is the point of all this? What is the point of living when we are inevitably going to die? At the end of the ode, the urn provides its answer to these questions, declaring boldly that "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" (49). This statement has been interpreted in many ways over the past 200 years. By beauty, the urn may mean artistic beauty, which immortalizes the most poignant parts of human life. By reading this poem, we are experiencing similar emotions and unveiling similar truths about life as the readers 200 years ago did. Beautiful, truthful art links generations together.

"Ode to the West Wind" (1819) Vocabulary Guide Azure: bright blue Clarion: a trumpet Mænad: A frantically dancing worshipper of Dionysus, Greek god of wine and vegetation Zenith: the highest point reached by a celestial object Pumice: porous volcanic rock Lyre: a stringed instrument

Literary Device Symbolism Shelley addresses this poem to the West Wind, a powerful force of nature. For him, the West Wind seems to symbolize the ability to affect widespread change. The West Wind moves freely and swiftly across land, sky, and sea, pushing away dead leaves (the old ways) and preserving seeds (the new ways) in the ground in preparation for winter and spring. Literary Device Apostrophe This poem is essentially one long apostrophe (exclamatory address to an inanimate thing). Shelley begs the West Wind to hear and help him. This relationship between Shelley and the wind is Romantic (in the literary sense): Shelley does not observe and talk about the wind; he talks to the wind, as if they are friends. Form Poem Structure Did you notice how Shelley structured this poem? He drops a clue in stanza 4: "If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear; If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee; A wave to pant beneath thy power. . ." Each line corresponds to one of the previous three stanzas. In stanza 1, the poet describes how the West Wind moves across land and blows away the dead leaves. In stanza 2, the poet describes how the West Wind blows the clouds through the skies. In stanza 3, the poet describes how the West Wind moves the waves in the ocean. Land, sky, and sea!

"Ode to a Nightingale" Analysis

The speaker of "Ode to a Nightingale" is a poet who wants to forget his earthly problems. But instead of drinking his troubles away with alcohol, this Romantic wants to drink up the earth itself: "O for a beaker full of the warm South" (line 15) he cries, that tastes like "Flora and the country green" (13). As he sits in the darkening forest, the reader can almost imagine the flowers and the moss growing up around him so that he can "[f]ade far away, dissolve, and quite forget" the rest of the world (21). For a short while, the speaker is able to remove himself from reality and "dissolve" into the natural world, but then he hits upon the word "forlorn" and remembers his personal sadness. In the final stanza, he expresses his frustration that imagination isn't strong enough to completely remove a person from reality: "the fancy cannot cheat so well / As she is fam'd to do" (73-74). Form Ode This might be stating the obvious, but "Ode to a Nightingale" is in the form of an ode. To be specific, it is a Horatian ode. The tone is melancholy and serious, and the subject matter is intimate and reflective. Literary Device Symbolism In this ode, the nightingale symbolizes an ability to be carefree without worries of personal insignificance or mortality. While the speaker remains on the ground and wishes for forgetfulness/death, the nightingale can flit from tree to tree, singing "in full-throated ease" (10). The speaker longs for the bird's innocence, something the Romantics prized. According to stanza 3, the bird has no knowledge of pain and no ability to reason, which is good, because "to think is to be full of sorrow / And leaden-eyed despairs" (27-28). Literary Device Personification The speaker personifies death in this poem, calling it "he" (52). Rather than seeing death as a frightening, unknowable force, the speaker sees death as an old friend (a lover, even!). Lying in the dark amongst the flowers, the speaker thinks it would be pleasant to slip away from his troubles into the arms of Death. Literary Device Hyperbole The speaker calls the nightingale "immortal" in line 61, saying that the bird's song has been heard since the ancient. This is obviously a hyperbole: an exaggeration. The speaker feels his own mortality so strongly at this moment that, by contrast, the singing bird seems immortal.

The Prelude (Wordsworth) Analysis

Wordsworth tenderly describes his relationship with nature. He describes the country air as a "welcome friend" (line 5) who soothes and accompanies him. He places complete trust in nature's guidance: "should the guide I chuse / Be nothing better than a wandering cloud / I cannot miss my way" (17-19). But nature is more than a personal companion: it is Wordsworth's Muse. He describes the way the "creative breeze" comes over him (43), causing him to "spontaneously" speak poetic prophecies over the landscape (59-61). Of course, this is a very Romantic perspective on the creative process. Wordsworth is a solitary poet, letting the forces of nature affect him as he walks alone through the field. Wordsworth also mentions the Romantic "spontaneity" of his creative expression. The joy and peace he receives from his time and nature "pour out" (57) into poetic verse, without too much crafting or manipulation.

Yeats' Legacy

Yeats received a Nobel Prize in Literature in 1923, which had special significance because of his Irish heritage. This award gave him a wider readership and financial stability. Yeats is now considered one of the most significant twentieth-century poets, as he bridged the gap between lyrical Romanticism and precise Modernism. He was also a Symbolist poet, which means that he carefully crafted his words into evocative symbols. One key to Yeats's greatness is that there are many different Yeatses . . . That is, he is a literary traditionalist, working within such inherited genres as love poetry, the elegy, the self-elegy, the sonnet, and the occasional poem on public themes. But he is also a restless innovator who disrupts generic conventions, breaking up the coherence of the sonnet, de-idealizing the dead mourned in elegies, and bringing into public poems an intense personal ambivalence. In matters of form, too, he rhymes but often in off-rhyme, uses standards meters but bunches or scatters their stresses, employs an elegant syntax that nevertheless has the passionate urgency of colloquial speech; his diction, tone, enjambments, and stanzas intermix ceremony with contortion, controlled artifice with wayward unpredictability. A difficulty in reading Yeats--but also one of the great rewards--is comprehending his many-sidedness. The Norton Anthology of English Literature

"The unmentionable odour of deathOffends the September night" ("September 1, 1939," lines 10-11). Why is the odour "unmentionable"? Why does it "offend" America's neutral skies and not "terrify" or "concern"?

The odor is "unmentionable" because it's offensive and shameful for the speaker to even want to mention. This meaning in turn only "offends" America's neutral skies because America tried to stay neutral during the war.

Which of the following is NOT one of the Creature's arguments for the creation of his female mate?

He will start his own race. His arguments: He will go away to live in South America. He will have someone who accepts and sympathizes with him. He will leave Victor alone.

Lines 68-71 sound like a parody of the children's song ________.

"Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush" The hollow men are going "round" (eternally circling, never getting anywhere) the "prickly pear" (perhaps Hell?).

What is the one thing Sir Lancelot observes about the deceased Lady of Shalott at the end of "The Lady of Shalott"?

She looks lovely.

Technical Writing

If you think informational sources get straight to the point, technical writing might surprise you. Each piece of technical writing is written to be read by a very specific audience in a technical or business field, such as engineering, medicine, finance, psychology, etc. There are many uses of technical writing, including: User manuals Datasheets Case study Business proposals Resumes Technical writing is severely precise, including only the necessary information. Most technical writers do not waste time with style. For example, most technical papers include abstracts, which clearly communicate the points/purposes of the writing up front. Structure and layout matter the most in the field of technical writing. Technical writers need to communicate a specific set of information to their readers, so that information is carefully ordered in a logical sequence. For example, a medical study might be structured like this: a description of tools, a description of the study, and a description of results. Also, technical sources often use the following tools to communicate clearly: Table of contents Bullet point lists Spreadsheets Illustrations Diagrams Charts Persuasive Writing Persuasive writing intends to persuade the reader of a certain analysis, explanation, or idea. There are several forms persuasive writing can take. Expository Essays Expository essays both explain a topic and offer a complete argument about that topic. They may not contain as much research as other forms of persuasive writing, relying on logic instead. Analytical Essays Analytical essays analyze and discuss a single primary source (a novel) or a group of primary sources, usually putting forth a debatable argument. show relationships between pieces of information Editorials Newspapers and websites publish informational news stories, but they also publish persuasive editorials: the editor's opinions on topical issues. In a less formal way than academic papers, editorials try to convince readers to do or believe something (e.g. stop using plastic bottles, practice meditation, dislike X politician). Scholarly Journal Articles & Books Many scholarly journal articles & books are persuasive by nature. Persuasive articles and books are published because they have something new to add to the conversation of their chosen subject, whether that is technology, literature, or athletics. Each scholarly article presents an argument about a tiny sliver of that field: for example, in English literature, you might find a feminist analysis of the Creature in Frankenstein or an argument against Wiglaf's kingship in Beowulf. Essentially, persuasive writing is structured around one main argument (even if that argument is multi-faceted). Every point, every piece of evidence, every analysis points back to that main argument. Very loosely, the typical structure of persuasive writing is as follows: Introduction to topic (may be spread out over many paragraphs) and thesis statement Series of subpoints that build on top of each other to prove the argumentSubpoints include plentiful examples and citations from other sources Conclusion and summary of ideas

Napoleon is unanimously elected as ________ of the Republic.

President

In "Dead before Death," what does the speaker compare her life to? Select all that apply.

A blossom that bore no fruit A story that was finished a long time ago

What object does Belinda use to threaten the Baron in the final battle?

A bodkin (hairpin)

Who is the speaker in "The Lamb"?

A child

Who conveys the story of the Ozymandias statue to the poet?

A foreign traveler

According to the poem, what is our best hope of living on after death?

Being remembered by loved ones

Who is Ariel?

Belinda's guardian sylph

Old Major's Rhetoric

During the Second World War, leaders like Hitler, Stalin, and Churchill demonstrated the frightening power of language and rhetoric to animate the masses. This dynamic is reflected repeatedly in Animal Farm, beginning with the first chapter. With one speech, Major rallies and inspires all the animals on the farm by using the three modes of classical persuasion: Logos: appeal to mind Pathos: appeal to heart Ethos: appeal to character

In chapter 4, Snowball makes sure that the Rebellion does not spread to any other farms.

False

When Napoleon threatens to take eggs from the hens in chapter 7, the hens successfully rebel and save their eggs.

False

How does Victor describe his childhood in chapter 2?

Happy and affectionate

What happens to Boxer?

He is taken to a slaughterhouse.

Which of the following does Victor NOT do in response to his losses?

He loathes and blames himself for everything. He does: He sees revenge as his only solution. He flees from his problem (the Creature). He places the blame on everyone BUT himself.

In "The Lake Isle of Innisfree," do you think the speaker really plans to "arise and go now"? Or, is it just wishful thinking?

I believe it is wishful thinking. The poem gives clues showing the speaker's uneventful reality. When daydreaming about the lake, the speaker says, "While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey, / I hear it in the deep heart's core". This line shows that he is in a tiresome position, but he cannot escape it due to responsibilities and ties to city life. The image of the lake lifts his spirits.

Did you expect the story to end the way it did? Was this ending realistic? Why or why not?

I didn't expect it to end that way. I was expecting the animals to focus on their community, not a drastic change in Napoleon's character and agenda. I think the author was trying to relay the message that people become docile if they are deceived, and failing to intervene will only lead to greater oppression. The animals allowed Napoleon's rise to power and did not question it. As the indoctrination of the new population grows, compliance will take place because this generation will not know the difference between freedom and dictatorship. I believe it's a realistic ending to the story since this phenomenon can be observed in history.

Irony: a literary technique by which the full significance of a character's words or actions are clear to the audience or reader although unknown to the character How is it ironic that Napoleon ends up looking and acting just like a human? What is the significance of this transformation? Think back to the beginning of the story.

It is ironic because Napoleon hated humans at first. When he gets into power, he acts like a human and eventually befriends humans. I believe the significance of this transformation is how Napoleon becomes the same oppressor he wanted to diminish. This transformation signifies the selfish way rights and rules are broken to better suit oneself.

How is it ironic that the chapter 5 Ghost denies any belief in "reality" or "Existence"?

It is ironic because the Ghost is standing in Heaven while questioning its existence. The Ghost believes that the grey town is a kind of Heaven even though the grey town is actually Hell. He also overlooks the fact that he is speaking to a Spirit that symbolizes Heaven. He equates Hell and Heaven as being the same while denying its existence. The ghost was once a Christian, now doubts the teachings of Jesus Christ. The way that the Ghost goes off on a tangent means that he refuses salvation and has an existential crisis.

Irony: a literary technique by which the full significance of a character's words or actions are clear to the audience or reader although unknown to the character How is it ironic that Napoleon ends up looking and acting just like a human? What is the significance of this transformation? Think back to the beginning of the story.

It's ironic because Napoleon hated humans at first. When he gets into power, he acts like a human and eventually befriends humans. I believe the significance of this transformation is how Napoleon becomes the same oppressor that he wanted to diminish. This transformation signifies the deception and continual oppression as he changes the commandments to better suit himself and his fellow pigs.

Christina Rossetti's parents were ________.

Italians

Which of the following phrases are repeated in the poem? Select all that apply.

There will be timeLet us goDo I dareIn a minuteWould it have been worth it, after allThese are not the only phrases that repeat, either! The poem is only 131 lines, but, like the mind of the speaker, it goes back over and over to re-state a familiar thought. The words roll and recede like the "waves blown back" at the end of the poem (line 127), never really getting anywhere.

How are Squealer and Napoleon able to begin trading with humans in chapter 6?

They convince the animals that they simply imagined any rules against trading with humans.

Why do the refugees have no passports?

They have been running for so long that their passports have expired

What does MacDonald essentially tell the narrator about those who are in Hell?

They have chosen to be there.

Child laborers, in particular, suffered in the factories, mills, and mines of the Industrial Revolution.

True

Victor utilizes which of the following scientific trends of the 19th century? Check all that apply.

Vivisection, graverobbing, galvanism

Umbriel observes Belinda in her bedchamber after the assault, "Wrapp'd in a gown, for sickness, and for show. / The fair ones feel such maladies as these, / When each new night-dress gives a new disease." Which of the following is the best summary of these lines?

Women pretend to be ill so that they can show off their new clothes.

Victorian poets established the __________, a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person.

dramatic monologue

In stanza 6 of Childe Harold, Byron says that by creating a character, _______.

he receives some of the character's life and feelings

Many British writers wanted to show how nature could be a _______ power.

healing

In Manfred, Manfred is a tormented, guilty soul. He wants the spirits to ________.

help him forget his sin

What issue bitterly divides Snowball and Napoleon, and consequently the farm, in chapter 5?

An idea for a windmill

Does "Ozymandias" portray nature as having a positive, negative, or neutral relationship with humanity? Use examples from the poem in your argument.

It portrays a neutral relationship. The particular setting in the poem is the vast, empty desert. "Nothing beside remains. Round the decay / Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare / The lone and level sands stretch far away." Since the setting is a desert and not a dense forest that humans had to deforest, it doesn't suggest the negative impact on nature. However, it shows the indifference of nature and over time will consume the works that stand on it. The time that humans have is temporary, and their use of nature will degrade itself.

A convention of Victorian poetry is its ______ of sensory details.

abundance

Anna Letitia Barbauld lived within the _______ community for most of her life.

academic

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of Rossetti's poetry?

academic illusions Hallmarks: religious themes effortless lyricism power in limitations

__________: The belief that humans are born with empty minds and that all knowledge comes from experience and perception after birth.

Blank slate theory

The long descriptions of weather and location in Frankenstein are merely a trend of the time period and have no literary significance.

False

What is the speaker's conclusion about imagination in "Ode to a Nightingale"?

Imagination cannot completely remove a person from reality.

Should the farm animals fight back against Napoleon? Has their passivity played any part in their oppression?

Their passivity obviously played part in their oppression. Some of the animals saw signs of something wrong but were either silenced, afraid, or felt mistaken. I think the animals should have fought back against Napoleon. If they could have fought against Mr. Jones, a human with weapons, then they could have fought back against Napoleon.

How does the Creature manage to murder Elizabeth on their wedding night?

Elizabeth goes into the bedroom alone.

Describe Elizabeth (her personality) in one sentence.

Elizabeth was kind, jovial, loving, responsible and in many ways portrays Caroline (Victor's mother).

Which of the following questions does Pope NOT ask in the first 12 lines of Canto 1?

Why don't women protect themselves? What he ask: Why would a lady reject a lord? How can women be so furious? Why would a lord assault a lady?

What is the best paraphrase for the following quotation from the Creature? "Remember that I am thy creature; I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed."

"As my creator, you should have loved me and not spurned me like a rebel!"

MLA 8 Citations

1 Author's last name, author's first name. 2 "Title of source." 3 Title of container, 4 Other contributors, 5 Version, 6 Number, 7 Publisher, 8 Date of publication, 9 Location. According to the MLA Style Manual, a container can be understood as "a larger whole ... that holds the source" ("Works Cited: A Quick Guide"). A container is like an envelope while the source is a letter within that envelope. Because so many sources are pulled from places on the internet, MLA 8 introduced the idea of a container within a container. For example, a short story can be contained in an anthology, but that entire anthology can also be contained in a database.

Gray tells _______ and _______ not to disdain the humble villagers.

Ambition; Grandeur

What is the essence of Clarissa's speech at the beginning of Canto 5? In what way does this speech reflect Pope's real opinion on the situation?

Clarissa states that in society women are called angels and adored for their beauty. She believes that personality and virtue should be more esteemed than beauty. She also claims that the Baron cutting Belinda's lock should be viewed as good humor. With the sarcastic tone of the mock-epic so far, it is easy to infer that Pope's real opinion was that beauty can fade away and personality is more promising.

Which of the following best describes working conditions in 19th-century factories?

Dangerous and grueling

In your own words, explain the poem's message about death. You may use examples from the text to support your position.

Death is inevitable. Regardless of your status in life, the best thing you can do is live a simple life. Work towards what you want people to remember you by after your death. Happiness and health should lead one's life and not wealth because you cannot take any of your worldly possessions with you. "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of pow'r, / And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, / Awaits alike th' inevitable hour" (lines 33-34). Live your life to the fullest in a righteous way. Leave behind a legacy that would make your loved ones proud and remember you.

Tennyson's first poems earned him immediate fame and financial success.

False

Objective and Subjective Titles

Examples: Aristotle's Definition of a Tragic Hero; Objective Beowulf's Failed Heroism; Subjective Queen Elizabeth I's Long Reign; Objective New Technological Advances Change Archaeology; Objective Satire Keeps Politicians Honest; Subjective Cell Phones Are Ruining Our Lives; Subjective

MacDonald tells the narrator that the concepts of choice and Time are perfectly clear and understandable to mortals.

False

Tennyson has been popular with every generation of critics.

False

Flecknoe looks for an heir to "wage immortal war with wit" (line 12). What is Dryden satirizing with this line?

Flecknoe and Shadwell's lack of wit.

What does Victor do when the Creature comes alive in chapter 5?

Flees in terror

Logos (Appeal to Mind)

Logos (Greek for "word") is used as an appeal to our intellect. When a source wants to persuade the reader's minds, it provides the indisputable facts, figures, and reasons that support its claim. This is the most common appeal in nonfiction sources like scholarly journals or books, which usually provide full bibliographies and/or footnotes. Scholarly journals and books painstakingly build persuasive arguments by stacking up example on top of example, reason on top of reason, fact on top of fact. When you begin to work on your research paper next week, we will stress the importance of proving your points with data and logic. The sources you choose, therefore, should also be filled with true facts and clear information.

The Warnings of Animal Farm

Objectives Students will evaluate the warnings in Animal Farm against gradual oppression, brainwashing, fake news, and the cult of personality. Animal Farm: A Fable? As mentioned previously, this book is often called a fable: a short story, with animals as characters, conveying a moral. By now, however, we know that Animal Farm ends inconclusively. As Woodhouse wrote in the introduction, "it is impossible to attach a moral in any familiar sense to Animal Farm, where wickedness ends in triumph and virtue is utterly crushed." Besides noticing similarities between the pigs and humans, the animals have no grand epiphanies about their passivity and consequent oppression. They do not learn or grow from their experiences; instead, they die off in misery one by one. Ultimately, the book neither celebrates nor condemns wickedness: it demonstrates it. Although the animals do not learn, the story teaches its readers how powerful people take and maintain their power. It provides warnings for the future using the events of the past. Gradual Oppression The narrative of Animal Farm serves as a heavy warning against gradual oppression. If, after the Rebellion, Napoleon tried to take charge right away, he probably would not have been successful. After all, the animals freshly remembered their abuse under Jones and would have pushed back against similar treatment. Napoleon would not have been able to immediately change all the commandments, reduce rations, or walk on two legs. Therefore, his oppressive regime comes slowly and gradually. One by one, the commandments are secretly altered (and the changes explained away by Squealer). 1 Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.Napoleon breaks this first rule when he realizes how beneficial a relationship with humans will be to him personally. The sheep's maxim is changed to "four legs good, two legs better." 2 Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.Obviously, no friendship occurs between the pigs and dogs and the rest of the animals. The little pigs are specifically instructed not to interact with other beasts. 3 No animal shall wear clothes.The pigs begin to wear ribbons on Sundays; eventually, they wear clothing as they start to walk. 4 No animal shall sleep in a bed.Napoleon moves into the house and begins sleeping in the bed. The commandment is altered to read, "No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets." 5 No animal shall drink alcohol.The pigs discover Jones' whiskey, enjoy being drunk, and thereafter brew their own alcohol from farm-grown barley. The commandment is altered to read, "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess." 6 No animal shall kill any other animal.Napoleon violently and publically executes many animals for their alleged loyalty to Snowball. Squealer explains that there was ample cause for the "traitors" to be killed, and the commandment is quickly altered to read, "No animal shall kill any other animal without cause." 7 All animals are equal. After the pigs begin walking on two legs, this commandment is altered to read, "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others."

Heroic couplets: _____________.

Pairs of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter

Mary Shelley wanted her readers to draw parallels between Frankenstein and ________.

Paradise Lost

How does the rhyme scheme of "Up-Hill" help establish that there are two distinct voices in this poem?

Speaker 1's lines have one rhyme and Speaker 2's lines have another (ABAB).

Why does the Rebellion finally occur?

The animals are starving.

According to the Norton Anthology of English Literature, Blake often paired his poems with "enlightening" engravings. Describe two things that the engraving of "The Lamb" reveals about the poem's tone, message, meaning, speaker, imagery, etc.

The child is nude which shows purity and innocence, otherwise, the artist would have not put that detail. He is feeding the lambs because he is grateful for the serenity of animals and nature. The blissful imagery reflects the songlike effect of the poem. I believe this engraving gives context to the poem.

Explain how "Ozymandias" could be read as a political statement.

The pharaoh of Egypt was a ruler, and the fact that his statue has crumbled shows that power is temporary. His statue told people to fear him and his kingdom as if it were timeless, but it fell to pieces. Times and rulers change in the grand scope of humanity.

Isolation and alienation are common themes in "Refugee Blues." Write a four to five sentence paragraph about the themes, using examples from the poem.

The poem portrays the speaker as Jewish. This poem tries to reveal two types of anti-Semitism through these themes. It includes Hitler's ambition to exterminate Jews. The speaker said, "It was Hitler over Europe, saying, "They must die" / O we were in his mind, my dear, O we were in his mind". It also features the discrimination of Jews in other countries that refused to help in their refuge. The speaker brings multiple subjects up with the reiteration of his misfortune. The better treatment of pets than Jews is one of his examples. The speaker says, "Saw a door opened and a cat let in: / But they weren't German Jews, my dear, but they weren't German Jews".

Summaries and paraphrases

The second part of the annotated bibliography entry, the summary or paraphrase, will take you a little more time to create. First, read through your source carefully, taking notes as you go. Write the summary or paraphrase as soon as you're done reading while the source's content is still fresh on your mind. Your summary or paraphrase should contain a minimum of 3-4 sentences for each source. Remember, a summary does not need to include every little detail from the source, just the main points. That way, when you look back at your annotated bibliography, you can remember which source had which main ideas. Write a paraphrase if you wish to document a specific point or idea in the work rather than its entire span of thoughts. Include page numbers for the portion of the work you are paraphrasing.

Why does Hemans urge young school girls to pray?

Their lives will soon be clouded with sorrow.

"The Fugitive Slave" was originally published in an abolitionist pamphlet.

True

In what ways has Victor failed as a creator? Give at least three examples from the story.

Victor failed as a creator by abandoning his creation and never trying to plan anything afterward. He did not care about the well-being of his creation. He did not teach his creation the good and bad or the right and wrong. He did not nurture his creation as you would with a child. Victor's lack of responsibility as a creator resulted in the Creature's horrible actions that caused pain and suffering of Victor's loved ones. Even after the creature explained to him his problems, he doesn't seem to be sympathetic at first, and later decided against creating a companion for his creation.

What is the "romantic lie" the speaker wants to undo in stanza 8?

We can exist alone The "man-in-the-street" wanted to believe that he could live entirely for his own sensual pleasures (81), believing the lie that we are all independent of one another. But the speaker of the poem insists that "no one exists alone . . . We must love one another or die" (85, 88). We have to help each other or else we all perish.

In literature, an unreliable narrator _____________.

colors the truth in his or her flavor

"She Walks in Beauty" Highlights

1815 Theme Beauty in Darkness The "first generation" of Romantic poets, like William Wordsworth, primarily reflected on the joys of the sunshine, breeze, and colors of nature. But the second generation of Romantic poets found beauty and wonder in the darkness of night. Do you agree with Byron that the daylight is "gaudy," and that the starry night holds more beauty? Literary Device Simile The entirety of "She Walks in Beauty" centers around a simile (a comparison between two things using "like" or "as"): "She walks in beauty, like the night / Of cloudless climes and starry skies" (lines 1-2). The speaker points out several comparisons between the woman and a clear, starry night. She combines "all that's best of dark and bright" (3) She is mellow, not "gaudy" like the day (6) Everything in her appearance is perfectly placed (7-12) Like a starry night, she is "at peace with all below" (17); that is, her heart Poets use similes to explain specific things about their subject. A clear, starry night was the perfect way to describe this woman's aura. Literary Device Paradox A paradox is a person or thing that combines contradictory qualities. In this poem, both the starry night and the woman combine the best parts of darkness and light, which most people consider to be opposing things. Literary Element Tone The speaker in "She Walks in Beauty" has a tone of wonder. We can imagine him standing and staring, open-mouthed, at this beautiful lady. Wonder is one of those extreme emotions that Romantics liked to seek after and write about, especially wonder at the beauty and power of nature. Therein lies a problem: the speaker looks at the woman as if she were a part of nature. In fact, he directly compares her to a natural thing (the starry sky). He then continues to assume things about her character based on only her appearance, without taking the time to speak with her. Although the speaker only says nice things about the woman, the wonder in his tone and the ways he describes her make her seem more like an object than another human being. Form Rhyme Scheme This poem's rhyme scheme is A-B-A-B-A-B. That means there are two rhyming sounds in each stanza which evenly interlock with one another. Does this rhyme scheme have a meaning? "She Walks in Beauty" emphasizes the harmony between light and dark. It argues that the two can be unified into one beautiful thing... kind of like the two interlocking rhymes in each stanza of the poem.

The Rape of the Lock (1717)

Poem Context The Rape of the Lock was first published in 1712 in two "cantos" (sections of a poem). The poem was then re-published in 1714 and 1717 with a total of five cantos. We will be reading this longer, five-canto edition over two lessons. The poem is based on a real quarrel between Pope's acquaintances Lord Petre and Lady Arabella. Lord Petre had snipped a lock of hair from Lady Arabella's head without her consent, resulting in her bitter outrage. Pope's mock-epic poem turns that minor event into a full-scale war between male and female. By exaggerating the episode, he satirizes the trivial concerns of nobility as well as both men and women's artificiality. We will see lots of Neoclassical elements in The Rape of the Lock. Like most of Pope's works, the poem is composed entirely of heroic couplets (pairs of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter). The Rape of the Lock also borrows from classical genres: Pope parodies the "epic" form and writes in Horatian satire (named after the Roman satirist Horace). There are countless allusions to Greco-Roman myths and figures. And of course, Pope's wit and rationalism are essential Neoclassical traits. Vocabulary Guide Sol: Sun Sylph: a being of the air in folklore Nymphs: beautiful maidens of mythology living in the sea, in the trees, in the rivers, etc. Beaux: male suitor Billet-doux: love letter Betty: the maid Thames: river in London Springes: snares Pheobus: the sun Fay: fairy Vernal: spring Diana: goddess of chastity

The passengers on the bus all believe the same thing about their destination.

False

In chapter 8, why does the second battle occur?

Frederick, the human, paid counterfeit money for the farm's lumber.

In chapter 12, Sarah comes to meet her husband, who appears as _________.

a dwarf and a collared tragedian

What is the mouse's petition in "The Mouse's Petition"?

Give me freedom!

Which of the following is NOT one of the books the Creature finds and reads?

Romeo & Juliet He read: Paradise Lost Sorrows of Werter Parallel Lives

In "The Cry of the Children," how do the children see God?

They doubt his love because of their suffering.

William and Justine are the first physical consequences of Victor's creation.

True

Classical Stories and Characters Poems in this period are full of allusions to ancient myths and figures. Here is a reference to Homer's Odyssey in Alexander Pope's famous poem:

Rationalism and Didacticism Like ancient philosophers, neoclassical writers favored mind over heart, intellect over emotion, reason over imagination. They generally approached writing as an opportunity to teach, enlighten, or challenge, rather than an opportunity to express their deepest feelings. Perhaps this is why so much neoclassical poetry is satirical: satire requires a strong intellect, as well as a strong sense of right and wrong and a desire to correct society.

How does "The Fugitive Slave" prove that politics and poetry can be an effective mix?

"The Fugitive Slave" can be an effective mix because it has a deeper meaning and a thought-provoking argument. Browning used a creative technique of art to present her poem and not just a simple essay. It allows readers to casually absorb and understand it. Though Browning wrote the poem from her point of view, the readers can still get a basic idea of the suffering of a slave, as it was prominent in that era.

T. S. Eliot was born and raised in _________.

St. Louis, Missouri

Annotated bibliography

An annotated bibliography might sound complicated, but it is really just a tool to help you keep track of your sources' publication information and main points as you read through your research. To "annotate" just means to take notes on or explain something. Not only will you create a works cited entry for the source, but you will also keep track of its main ideas and helpful quotations. For this research paper, you required to include at least six (6) of your sources in the annotated bibliography. Each entry in your annotated bibliography must contain 3 things: 1 The Works Cited entry (MLA formatting) 2 A summary/paraphrase of the source (3-4 sentences minimum) 3 2 direct quotations + their page numbers

Before the "turn" at line 8, what is the speaker doing?

Comparing who owes each other the most

Which of the following is NOT an element of traditional epics that Pope mocks in The Rape of the Lock?

Descent into hell Elements: Lofty language Presence of supernatural beings Invocation of the muse

What is "Nature's holy plan," according to "Lines Written in an Early Spring"?

For humans to find pleasure in nature

Which of the following is the internal narrative of Frankenstein?

Frankenstein and the Creature

Based on his writing, John Dryden seemed to switch back and forth between political alignments over the course of his life.

True

Choose one of the four poems and explain how Yeats uses rhyme and meter to reveal some truth or meaning in the poem.

I believe "Sailing to Byzantium" uses a certain meter to express the speaker's feelings of aspiration and sensation. "Caught in that sensual music all neglect / Monuments of unageing intellect". The iambic pentameter allows these syllables to be pronounced. "Come from the holy fire, perne in a gyre, / And be the singing-masters of my soul". For the latter stanzas, Yeats makes many of the lines show an image or idea that the speaker strives for. The slant rhymes throughout the poem resemble the limitations of the real world that the speaker suggests.

What does the line "weights and measures do us both a wrong" mean in "I loved you first"?

Love is not meant to be compared.

What does the little red lizard in chapter 11 represent?

Lust

As Christians, how should we respond to the plight of refugees throughout our world? Write a four to five sentence paragraph response. Give a Bible reference in your response.

Many people see refugees as a threat to society's security and jobs. However, as a Christian, one should not mistreat any refugees. The Bible argues this a few times, especially in the book of Leviticus. God said that no land really belongs to anyone, neither did Israel to the Israelites (Leviticus 25:23). God also said that the Israelites were once aliens to the land of Egypt themselves, so they must treat refugees well (19:34).

In "The Lady of Shalott," why does the Lady suddenly look out the window?

She sees Sir Lancelot riding down to Camelot.

What derogatory word does the Creature call Victor?

Slave

In what way is the painting of the Duchess different from the way the Duke describes her?

The Duke controls the painting, but he could not control the Duchess.

What is the mood in the "The Second Coming"? How does Yeats phrase things or describe things to create this mood?

The first stanza has a desolate mood. Yeats describes the lack of direction and motivation in the world. Yeats' use of blank verse relates to these catastrophic events. The second stanza has the mood of some hope when the speaker mentions the Second Coming of a being. This stanza ends with a rhetorical question, suggesting an uncertain future.

Does the narrator criticize the Baron for snipping the lock as much as he criticizes Belinda for her reaction? Use examples from the text in your response.

The narrator is harsher in the criticism of Belinda for her whiny and angry reaction. According to paragraph 16 of Canto 3, "Then flash'd the living lightning from her eyes, / And screams of horror rend th' affrighted skies." The narrator is scoffing at Belinda's reaction with dramatic language. Meanwhile, the narrator addresses the Baron in a mostly objective way and lets him speak for himself. Though, he calls him "the victor" at some point.

What would you say is the overall message of the poem? Use evidence from the text in your answer.

The overall message of the poem is the superficial living of the elite and their concern for petty things. Beauty is momentary while personality triumphs. The poet also emphasizes the out-of-touch actions of the elites compared to the common people. There are more important issues that need to be worried about rather than the flashy (looks, wealth, etc). Pope also describes the simple act of losing the lock as a tragic event for the wealthy that would be insignificant to commoners. In Paragraph 10 of Canto 1, "Now awful beauty puts on all its arms; / The fair each moment rises in her charms, / Repairs her smiles, awakens ev'ry grace". This shows Belinda's dependence on makeup to make her feel content.

What is the overall mood of the first half of Frankenstein? In other words, how has the story affected your emotions, as the reader?

The overall mood of the first half was intense and dark. There are already many depressing events in the story, including Caroline Frankenstein's death, Victor becoming obsessive during his time alone, and William and Justine's deaths. Victor's irresponsibility and instability build up the story's suspense, creating anticipation for the reader. The author also included noble-spirited characters like Henry Clerval, Elizabeth, and the beautiful imagery of nature to contrast the dark mood mentioned above.

Authors like William Blake, Charles Dickens, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning shed light on ________.

The suffering of impoverished children

According to Canto 1, what are sylphs before they become spirits?

Women

Wordsworth consistently personifies elements of nature in his poems. This means he describes them with human attributes. What does this tell us about Wordsworth's attitude toward nature? How does this personification fit into the Romantic viewpoint?

Wordsworth appreciates nature, glorifies it as peaceful, and sees it with life. He believes that nature says a lot, and humans can learn from it. This personification gives the relatable imagery and emphasis on nature that Romantic writing celebrates. Wordsworth translates the beauty of nature into the beauty of words and emotions through personification.

Pope had a difficult youth, due to ________.

his rocky education his crippling disease his Roman Catholic faith

In chapter 5, a solid person and a ghost discuss the validity of ______ opinions.

honest

The _________ genre "treats the low, mean, or absurd in the grand language, lofty style, and solemn tone of epic poetry."

mock-epic

In chapters 3 and 4, Victor casts off the ancient scholars he admired and devotes himself to the field of ___________.

natural philosophy

Plagiarism

1 Direct Plagiarism: Copying and pasting someone else's work and treating it as your own, without quotation marks or reference to the original author 2 Self-Plagiarism: Submitting something you've written for a different assignment or class, or combining parts of previous assignments and turning them in again 3 Careless Plagiarism (or "Patch" Writing): Borrowing multiple phrases from a source without using quotation marks, rearranging but not changing someone else's words, using synonyms to replace a few words but keeping the sentence structure the same, and/or giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation Document your sources (books, magazines, websites) when you take notes. This includes keeping track of the author's name, the title of the source, and the page number of the source where you found the information, and including it all in your paper and on the Works Cited page using MLA formatting. We will talk more about this later on in this course as you put together your Annotated Bibliography. Summarize and paraphrase well! This means representing the author's ideas accurately, but undoubtedly in your own words and not in theirs. We will talk about that in this lesson!

Allegory: A story that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one Why might allegory be an effective and smart way to criticize a political regime?

Allegory is an effective way to bring thoughts or meanings across. Writing allegorically is more successful and safe than without allegory. Allegory allows the writer to use anonymous characters without targeting real subjects. It also simplifies a point or idea so the reader can better comprehend the issue. When a reader understands the issue indirectly, it allows them to consider the narrative casually.

Literary Device

Allusions In Mac Flecknoe, Dryden layers one insult on top of another, but he does it in a very well-read, classy way. If you paid attention to the annotations, you saw how often he refers to an ancient myths, the Bible, Paradise Lost, and even current events. This is a Neoclassical convention: Neoclassical poets incorporated both classical literature and the politics of the day in their writing.

Explain, in your own words, why gradual oppression was more successful for Napoleon's regime than brute force.

Because brute force would cause the animals to try to rebel like before, as it is still fresh in their memory. The animals were able to free themselves from Mr. Jones because they realized his mistreatment towards them. Napoleon's tactic of gradual deceit convinced the animals that he was a caring leader but became unknowingly docile to him.

Is Belinda justified in her rage over the stolen lock? Why or why not? Use examples from the text in your answer.

Belinda seems to be overreacting to the situation as if it's the end of the world. She ignores Clarissa's speech and wants to attack the Baron. In paragraph 10 of Canto 4, "Belinda burns with more than mortal ire, / And fierce Thalestris fans the rising fire." It might have been a little annoying to lose a piece of hair, but the drama of Belinda waging war against the Baron is too much.

Frankenstein was the first English novel to include fictional letters.

False

Gray uses contrasting imagery to show that the life of a powerful person looks much better than the life of a poor person.

False

In chapter 4, the Big Ghost decides to go up into the mountains with the solid person sent to fetch him.

False

Charlotte Smith published ten novels which influenced the _______ and sentimental genres.

Gothic

T. S. Eliot chooses his words very carefully. In modernist poetry, one word could have an array of meanings. Look up "hollow" in the dictionary. Choose three of the definitions. Then, briefly explain how the hollow men embody that definition of hollow, using examples from the text.

Having a hole or empty space inside. Physically, the hollow men have their "headpiece filled with straw". The straw is mere fodder, illustrating the hollow men's incapable mind. Without significance or value. We can tell that the hollow men are a metaphor for sheep-like people. The speaker says, "We whisper together / Are quiet and meaningless". Eliot criticizes them for their aimless conversations. He references cultural decay and points out the negative influence of the hollow men on their surroundings. Toneless voice. The speaker says, "Our dried voices, when / We whisper together". A hollow voice might be described as dull, empty, and toneless. If their speech is synonymous with the wind, then it has no human emotion or meaning.

For what reason is Victor apprehended when he arrives in Ireland at the end of chapter 20?

He is accused of murder.

Lord Byron originated the Byronic hero. Which of the following is NOT a typical quality of the Byronic hero?

Honest They are: Secretive Brooding Arrogant

Provide your interpretation of the line "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" (line 49) from "Ode on a Grecian Urn." You may use examples from the text to support your interpretation.

I think this line relates to art and how humans express themselves through it. The immortality of great art brings positivity and connection. Great art represents and survives the thoughts, emotions, and environment of past people. There is great variance in art and has inspired generations throughout all of history.

Ethos (appeal to character)

Old Major begins his speech by reminding the animals of his wisdom and experience. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living.

"Refugee Blues" (1939)

Poem Context Like our first Auden poem, "Refugee Blues" was also written in 1939. The poem describes the discrimination and antagonization of the German Jews. Fleeing from Hitler and his Nazi regime, the pair of German Jewish refugees have made it to "safety" in a large city, thought to be New York City. Remember, Auden is living in New York City at this time. How might he know of the experiences of the Jewish refugees?

In chapter 2, what have the pigs taught themselves to do?

Read and write

Why does the Creature say that even Satan has it better than him?

Satan has companions.

What do you infer (conclude) about the Duke's character from his dramatic monologue? What does he care about? What are his fears? Use examples from the text in your answer.

The Duke is very controlling and self-absorbed. He cares about his status, and he fears losing control. The Duke even got rid of his wife, as he feels that he couldn't control her when she was alive. "Oh, sir, she smiled, no doubt, / Whene'er I passed her; but who passed without / Much the same smile?" He felt that his wife shouldn't smile without his approval. He now feels he can easily control her when she is a lifeless portrait. He sees the painting as a mere part of his collection, as he displays the art like a showcase. The Duke says about the Count, "Though his fair daughter's self, as I avowed / At starting, is my object". He treats women like objects; as one passes on, he gets another.

In "Ode to a Nightingale," what does the nightingale seem to symbolize?

The ability to be carefree

Even in the first three chapters, Orwell leaves clues that all is not well at Animal Farm. Give two examples from these chapters which foreshadow the pigs' tyranny.

The foreshadowing of the pigs' tyranny begins when they claim superiority by taking the leadership role. They did not do physical labor even though they claim that all animals are equal. Squealer justifies taking the milk and apples for themselves by stating that they need the nutrients to sustain themselves for the better of all animals. Squealer scares the animals with the idea that the farmer would return if they did not agree with the pigs' sole consumption of milk and apples. The pigs also take all the puppies, intending to train them to be their personal guards.

In chapter 3, where do the apples and the milk go?

The pigs take them for themselves

What is the purpose of "Why Technology Favors Tyranny": to persuade, inform, entertain, or some combination? How can you tell?

The purpose of this article is to persuade. It clearly presents an argument that technology favors tyranny. He also argues how the flow of data should be regulated. The author tells the reader about current events and how artificial intelligence undermines them. He does not assume anything about the readers, nor does he direct the article to a specific audience.

Although this is not the only interpretation, let us say that in "Dead before Death," Rossetti speaks from the perspective of the women in her society. What are these women bitter about? Why do they feel defeated? Give your interpretation using examples from the text.

These women are likely bitter about traditional womanhood. They feel their role is misdefined, and this was a common issue addressed by these women. "Grown hard and stubborn in the ancient mould, / Grown rigid in the sham of lifelong lies". They are told to adhere to conventions set by men. They feel their life is set up by society to defy their progress. They feel cheated, lied to, and defeated. "All fallen the blossom that no fruitage bore, / All lost the present and the future time". These women believe their lives are purposeless like a blossom with no fruit. They believe that nothing will change for the betterment of women's lives.

Wordsworth broke with poetic convention by writing in "common language" that anyone could understand, not just highly-educated readers.

True

Who is ultimately responsible for the deaths of William and Justine? Explain your choice(s) with evidence from the text.

Victor Frankenstein is ultimately responsible for the deaths of William and Justine. He created the Creature and neglected it. As per revenge, the Creature eventually killed William. It also caused Justine to be accused of William's murder and was later executed. Victor Frankenstein had the opportunity to tell the truth about William's murderer at the court hearing but selfishly did not do so. He was worried people wouldn't believe his scientific efforts and the public would deem him insane.

How should Victor have dealt with the Creature once it came alive? Why?

Victor should not have fled from the situation and abandoned the Creature. He should have been more understanding of his creation and showed care. Victor should have given him shelter and taught him to be senseful. If Victor had treated the Creature with care, he would have probably not caused the deaths of two of Victor's loved ones. The Creature did this to rebel against Victor who he deemed as his creator.

How does Elizabeth come into the Frankenstein family?

Victor's mother adopted her from an Italian peasant family.

The first three stanzas of "Ode to the West Wind" describe the wind's effect on which three things? Select the three (and only three!) that apply.

clouds in the sky leaves and seeds on land waves in the sea

What do Major and the pigs call their fellow animals?

comrades

As a Neoclassical poet, Pope emphasizes a rational mindset. In the poem, he mocks those with an overly _______ mindset.

emotional

Hearing the story from the Creature's perspective helps the readers cultivate ________ the Creature.

empathy for

In most of his experiences, the Creature receives the message that _________.

he will never be accepted

As Victor travels through the Alpine valleys, finds that nature has the power to ________.

heal him

In "September 1, 1939," Auden criticizes America's ________.

neutrality

Neither Victor nor the Creature truly take responsibility for their actions.

True

What chilling words does the Creature say to Victor after Victor refuses to make a female mate?

"I shall be with you on your wedding night!"

Which of the following lines implies that the Duke may have had the Duchess killed?

"This grew; I gave commands / Then all smiles stopped together"

The pigs encourage the other animals to dress up in pretty human clothes.

False

Although he had seemed anti-Commonwealth before, the young man went on to work within Oliver Cromwell's government until Cromwell's death in 1658. He even wrote Heroic Stanzas (1658) to eulogize Cromwell. Then, once the Restoration of the monarchy occurred, Dryden wrote several panegyrics (texts in praise of someone) for the king and the Lord Chancellor. No one is sure whether Dryden's ideas really kept changing or if he was just a cunning sympathizer. Following his marriage to Lady Elizabeth Howard in 1663, Dryden began writing plays to help support his family. He began with comedy — The Wild Gallant, Marriage à la Mode — and moved on to dramatic tragedies, such as Aureng-zebe, All for Love, and The Conquest of Granada. But Dryden also well-known for his satirical poetry in the 1680s: Mac Flecknoe, The Medal, and Absolam and Achitophel. Absolam and Achitophel is not a mock-epic, like Mac Flecknoe, but a somber allegory of King Charles II and the Exclusion Crisis, in which Charles II tried to exclude his brother from the throne because he was a Roman Catholic. In his prologue to the poem, Dryden lays out the definition of satire as we know it today, writing that "the true end of satire is the amendment of vices by correction." In his later years, the accomplished Neoclassical poet published many translations of the classical writings by Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Lucretius, and more. He died in May of 1700 and was buried in the "Poet's Corner" in Westminster Abbey. Dryden's Legacy Dryden was named England's first Poet Laureate in 1668. But his influence would prove to be far more long-lasting and widespread than he could have known. He excelled in all literary forms: poetry, plays, essays, and translations. He set the standards and conventions for Neoclassical literature, such as the universal use of the heroic couplet, poetic satire in the English language, the mock-epic genre. Later Neoclassical poets Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope would become more popular for their satire and mock-epic poetry, but both took their cues from Dryden. Dryden's rational, frank style reflects the spirit of his age (the Age of Enlightenment) and sets him apart from most of the poetry in the following centuries.

After John Donne and John Milton, John Dryden was the greatest English poet of the seventeenth century. After William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, he was the greatest playwright. And he has no peer as a writer of prose, especially literary criticism, and as a translator.

Types and Forms

A source's form might also be determined by its specific type. Believe it or not, informational, technical, analytical, and narrative sources can all be identified by their distinctly different forms and structures. Informational Writing Informational sources present clear, straightforward information on a given topic. In the age of the internet, if you want to learn more about anything in any field of study, there is probably a readily-available informational text on that topic. Informational texts take several forms. The most common forms include: Informative Essays An informative essay defines or explains a topic without giving an opinion on that topic. Book reports, lessons, definition essays, and encyclopedia entries are examples of informative essays. Encyclopedias Encyclopedias are information hubs: each entry in an encyclopedia is its own informative/expository essay. Nowadays we tend to turn to online encyclopedia entries (Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Britannica) when we need quick information, but there are physical encyclopedias which are printed in multiple hefty volumes, like the ones pictured here. Anthologies Anthologies are published collections of poems, plays, essays, and/or other pieces of writing. You can find anthologies themed around science fiction short stories, modern drama, world literature, and more. Besides the pieces of writing themselves, anthologies usually include lots of helpful commentary on authors and cultural contexts. Newspapers The news sections of newspapers and news websites should be entirely based on true information, without bias. News stories inform readers about local, national, or global events. They are a great way to stay up-to-date on what is happening around the world or to research how a historical event was reported. Textbooks Textbooks provide thorough information on topics like math, English, history, and science. Textbooks are educational materials written with the reader's age in mind: for example, an 8th-grade textbook presents information very differently than a 12th-grade textbook presents information. Manuals Manuals are pure information: they provide instructions on how to build, use, play, or fix something. Informational sources simply collect and provide facts, figures, and processes, hopefully with as little bias as possible. They do not center around an opinion. Therefore, do not look for a thesis statement, main claims, or any persuasive appeals. Instead of slowly working to build an argument about the subject, informational texts present the subject either chronologically or topic-by-topic. Sources like book reports typically summarize the book's plot in chronological order, while sources like textbooks or anthologies systematically address topics in an order that builds upon previous knowledge.

Every time the Creature comes across other people, they see his grotesque appearance and react with fear and violence. They do not take the time to speak with him. What does this say about the assumptions we make based on physical appearance?

As a famous saying, you should not judge a book by its cover. One should try to understand a person through their character and not their appearance. It is the norm to make assumptions from physical appearance. In the Creature's case it seems like people viewed him as threatening since it was nothing they have ever seen before. Though society has changed, we feel the same whenever we encounter a physical anomaly, as it is part of human nature.

Explain, in your own words, why gradual oppression was more successful for Napoleon's regime than brute force.

Because brute force would cause the animals to try to rebel like before or migrate elsewhere. The animals were able to free themselves from Mr. Jones because they realized their mistreatment. But when the animals are being deceived by the pigs that they are being treated well, they become unknowingly docile to the pigs.

Which of the following is NOT a motive behind supernatural elements in Romantic poetry?

Converting readers to the Christian faith Elements: Inserting medievalism into modern poetry Putting characters under extreme psychological and emotional stress Undermining the importance of science and technology

"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" Analysis

Did you notice how Eliot gives no context for the speaker or the setting before launching into the poem? Instead, he drops clues along the way to help the reader piece the puzzle together.

What is Belinda doing while the Baron swoops in with scissors?

Drinking coffee

Lord Byron's other name is _______.

George Gordon

Which of the following is NOT a reason that Victor ultimately destroys the female body?

He (Victor) might fall in love with her Reasons: The female may hate the Creature The female may be more wicked than the Creature The two might create a race of devils

How does Squealer brainwash the animals?

He questions and then replaces their memories.

Do you agree with the speaker of "Remember" that it is better to forget and be happy than to remember and be sad? Is possible to remember and be happy at the same time?

Mourning and grieving are part of life after someone's death. I think it is possible to remember the deceased and be happy at the same time; good memories never fade away or become obstructive. As time goes on, one should appreciate the good memories of the deceased, and they should continue their lives with happiness. One should feel peace with their passing as it is part of life.

Napoleon rules both with physical force (enacted by the dogs) and mental persuasion (enacted by Squealer). Would he be able to keep total control with only one of these things, or does he need both to keep his throne? Explain.

Napoleon needs both. Since Napoleon is absent most of the time, his speaker Squealer uses mental persuasion to make the animals docile and loyal. Napoleon needs an entourage of dogs as his bodyguards in case of rebellion against him.

After reading "Ode on a Grecian Urn," do you think you would rather remain forever in a moment of bliss, even if that meant never changing or experiencing new things? Why or why not?

No, I would not want to remain forever in a moment of bliss. I would rather live life with its reality rather than an image. Part of life is to go through goodness and hardship. One will grow as a wiser person as they endure this learning process. The impractical eternity of bliss would eliminate the learning process of life.

"Sailing to Byzantium" (1927) Poem Context By the 1920s, Yeats had reached old age. In this poem, Yeats uses a pilgrimage to Byzantium (an ancient Greek colony which would later become Constantinople) to symbolize the spiritual journey of an aging artist. Vocabulary Guide Paltry: small and worthless Perne in a gyre: whirl in a spiral Artifice: a cunning device

Poem Analysis In "Sailing to Byzantium," Yeats' loyalty to traditional forms is clear. The poem is structured in ottava rima, an Italian form typically used for epic poems. Each stanza has eight lines and a rhyme scheme of ABABABCC... except that Yeats quickly lets go of that scheme as the rhymes dissolve into slant rhymes. Were you confused by this poem? You're not the only one! "Sailing to Byzantium" embraces the symbolism and enigmatic diction of Modernist poetry. For example, the very first line--"That is no country for old men"--makes us wonder which country Yeats is talking about. It is never clarified in the poem, beyond the fact that "that" country is not Byzantium. "Sailing to Byzantium" takes careful reading and, ultimately, individual interpretation to understand. In stanzas 1 and 2, which of the following does the speaker's dislike about "that" country? Check all that apply. There are too many young people Generations are dying Everyone is setting up momuments to themselves Nothing lasts: people live and die. Essentially, the speaker looks around and sees vanity and youth that will vanish like a puff of smoke. What is the speaker most likely talking about here? "O sages standing in God's holy fire As in the gold mosaic of a wall . . ." (lines 17-18) A mosaic wall depicting Christian saints He is talking about famous mosaics in Ravenna, Italy: a work of art. Metonymy is the substitution of an attribute of a thing for that of the whole thing (e.g. saying "the Crown" instead of "the Queen"). Which of these stanzas contain metonymy? "Consume my heart away; sick with desireAnd fastened to a dying animalIt knows not what it is" (lines 21-23). Yeats describes the state of his heart to describe the state of his whole self. He often uses this technique.

Explain what Sarah Smith means when she says this to the Tragedian: "If it would help you and if it were possible I would go down with you into Hell: but you cannot bring Hell into me."Why isn't it possible for her to go down into Hell? Why can he not bring Hell into her?

Sarah cannot go into Hell or have it brought to her because she is a spirit. As a spirit, Sarah has accepted God and obtained her salvation. Spirits are too big and righteous for Hell. In Sarah's case, she is full of love, and hell could not contain her love. The Tragedian tries to make her feel bad until he completely disappears when she tells him she cannot go out of love and accept lies. The message is that people are given the free will to either choose Hell or Heaven. Choosing Heaven takes self-sacrifice and accepting reality.

Animal Farm was written specifically about __________.

Soviet Russia and Joseph Stalin

"Lines Written in an Early Spring" (1798)

The Prelude discusses nature in relation to the creative process, while this poem contrasts the pleasure of nature with "[w]hat man has made of man" (line 8). It could be the bloodshed of the French Revolution that causes the speaker to "lament" (23): Wordsworth was horrified by its escalation. But the speaker intentionally leaves his meaning vague. He wishes humanity, in general, could be like the elements of nature, which appear to live in happy harmony.

Describe one of the following conflicts in "The Fugitive Slave": Individual vs. Individual Individual vs. Deity Individual vs. Self What is the conflict? How does it play out? How does it affect the speaker?

The conflict of individual vs self shows the speaker tackling the question of her identity. The speaker feels that everything has been taken from her by the white captors. She feels that she conceived her baby not by free will but by force. She refuses to accept the baby and eventually kills it. She feels the turmoil of being victimized by white men and even her own Creator. She eventually kills herself.

Several times in these chapters, Victor speaks of his desperate desire to be alone. When he finally manages to break free of Clerval, he moves to the most remote location he can find to work. What is the symbolic significance of Victor's unhealthy isolation? In what way does his physical isolation reflect his current mental, spiritual, and emotional states? Use examples from the story.

The symbolic significance of Victor's isolation is his preoccupation, fear, distress, and guilt. He lacked responsibility when he selfishly neglected his creation and caused several problems (including deaths). Victor did not want to be accountable for the Creature's havoc but he is in distress and a guilty state of mind. He is preoccupied with the dangers of creating a female companion and lacked contact with his family. He doesn't confide in anyone and pursues his secretive mission. No one really knows what he is doing. He is also fearful and nervous about not complying with the request of the Creature.

Should the farm animals fight back against Napoleon? Has their passivity played any part in their oppression?

Their passivity obviously played part in their oppression. Some of the animals saw signs of something wrong, but were either silenced, scared, or felt mistaken. I think the animals should have fought back against Napoleon. If they could have fought against Mr. Jones, a human with weapons, then they could fight back against Napoleon.

Is there a discernable bias in this piece? Why or why not?

There is a discernable bias in this piece. The author clearly prefers the idea of data ownership being regulated instead of data being handled to small elites. This is why he wrote the article in the first place.

At the end of chapter 10, what does the Creature ask of Victor?

To hear his tale

Why does the speaker of "The Fugitive Slave" commit infanticide?

To save the infant from the curse of being half-white and half-black.

As a young man, Orwell would wear disguises to immerse himself in lower class communities.

True

By framing Frankenstein with fictional letters, Mary Shelley probably wanted to add a sense of realism to her far-fetched story.

True

Eliot received a Nobel Prize in Literature for his poetry.

True

Neither Victor nor the Creature is purely monstrous or purely good.

True

According to Barbauld, "The Mouse's Petition" is a "petition of ___________."

mercy against justice

Prufrock repeatedly uses ________ to symbolize the normalcy and repetition of daily life.

tea and coffee

In chapter 3, Snowball creates a flag for ___________ out of an old tablecloth.

the Republic of Animals

What did some British writers see as an assault on the God-given dignity of human beings?

the abuse of the working class

According to the poem, "all paths of glory lead but to ________."

the grave

The repetition in "Dead before Death" could represent _______.

the speaker's hopelessness and inability to escape death

The spread of factories and mills across Britain contributed to the country's _________.

urbanization

Gray's Legacy

Although Gray's bibliography is relatively small, he was extremely popular in his day; everyone assumed he was the next Milton. He was even offered the Poet Laureate title! Looking back, literary scholars see Gray as the central figure of the "pre-Romantic" era. The poet wrote with classical genres, allusions, and diction like his Neoclassical predecessors. However, his tone is decidedly Romantic. We will observe this blend of Neoclassicism and Romanticism in his poetry.

Realism Again, Neoclassical writers felt it was their responsibility to accurately portray the world around them. Unlike some Renaissance writers and Romantics, they tended not to view the world through rose-colored lenses.

Classical Form and Style Neoclassical poets usually adhered to the strict rules of classical form and style. This includes everything from rhyme scheme to syntax to tone to genre. Alexander Pope, in particular, loved to play with classical genres, penning many "mock" epics and pastoral poems.

Which of the following is presented as a contrast in the poem? Select all that apply.

Country vs City Past vs Future Memory vs Reality Color vs Colorless What is the rhyme scheme in this poem? ABAB CDCD EFEF

Mac Flecknoe (1682)

Dryden wrote Mac Flecknoe about one of his contemporaries, the poet and playwright Thomas Shadwell. Although the two used to be good friends, after many years of arguments over literature and politics, Dryden decided to write what he really thought about Shadwell's writing. In this mock-epic poem, Dryden sarcastically hails his contemporary as the king over the "realm of Nonsense." Every line is essentially one vicious burn after another. This is also one of the earliest examples of the mock-epic in the English language, a genre that would become the staple of the Neoclassical period. Mock-epic: "treats the low, mean, or absurd in the grand language, lofty style, and solemn tone of epic poetry. The obvious disparity between subject and style makes the satiric point" - The Norton Anthology of English Literature We will see lots of Neoclassical elements in Mac Flecknoe. First, the poem is composed entirely of heroic couplets (pairs of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter). It also borrows from classical genres of epic poetry and Horatian satire (named after the Roman satirist Horace). There will be countless allusions to Greco-Roman myths and figures.

The Shift from Neoclassicism to Romanticism In British literary history, the pendulum tends to swing from one extreme to the opposite extreme. Renaissance writers emphasized passion and abundance, so Neoclassical writers swung to the opposite side to emphasize reason and restraint. The pendulum swung again at the turn of the 19th century. This time, writers turned away from the rational, classical verse of Dryden and Pope in favor of poetic passion and freedom. Stormy Coast Scene after a Shipwreck, ca. 1825 Romanticism influenced not just literature, but also art, music, science, education, and philosophy. The movement reflected and expressed, through many facets, the general spirit of an age in which all manner of political rebellions and social upheavals occurred. While the French and the Americans revolted against their governments, England's poor and ostracized also began to seek their rights. Let's review the conventions of Romantic poetry during this topsy-turvy time in British and world history.

Individualism and the Poet The Romantic period is largely responsible for our contemporary image of writers as brooding, solitary people. Romantic poets wanted to be seen as individuals, not bound by any society or rules or ideals that they did not choose themselves. Therefore, these poets wrote less external things and more about their own experiences and feelings. More than ever before, there was less separation between the poem and the poet: "[I]n most Romantic lyrics the 'I' is no longer a conventionally typical lyric speaker . . . but one who shares recognizable traits with the poet. The experiences and states of mind expressed by the lyric speaker often accord closely with the known facts of the poet's life." Norton Anthology of English Literature When they did write about others, it was with special empathy for that person's individual experience (e.g. Blake's The Chimney Sweeper and Barrett Browning's Cry of the Children).

John Dryden (1631-1700)

The English poet John Dryden was born in Northamptonshire in 1631 as the oldest of fourteen children. When Dryden was still a teenager, the English Civil War (1642-1651) broke out, bitterly dividing the country. Although his family was Puritan and Parliamentarian, Dryden was mainly educated by a Royalist. At eighteen years old, Dryden rebelled against his family by publishing a poem with Royalist sympathies. He did not publish another significant work until after he had attended and graduated from Trinity College in Cambridge.

Cantos 4-5: The Final Battle Vocabulary Guide Manteau: wrap Spleen: ill humor Megrim: headache Pipkin: clay pot Spleenwort: healing herb Sconce: candlestick mounted to the wall Bodkin: hairpin

The battle becomes physical in the last two cantos. Belinda receives enough bad humor from the "Cave of Spleen" to publicly lament her loss, but the Baron has no sympathy for her. He refuses to yield his prize. Ignoring Clarissa's plea for common sense, the two "armies" (separated into lords and ladies) charge at one another with fans and hairpins. They metaphorically "kill" with slaps, dirty looks, and frowns. This must have been a hilarious and pathetic sight, but the narrator describes it like the Iliad: "Like Gods they fight, nor dread a mortal wound." Pope's satire of the English nobility pulls no punches. In a way, they are like the gods of classical epics: shallow, petty, vain, and slightly ridiculous. They are unable to work out such a small issue, and instead resort to a fight. Again, through exaggeration and humor, he points out the folly in their behavior. Finally, in this poem, modern readers get a glimpse of the ease and frivolity of the lives of English nobility. Pope saw the ways that the wealthy wasted their time, money, and energy on their appearances rather than their character or country. As a Neoclassical poet, Pope emphasizes a rational mindset over a mindset clouded with strong emotions. Therefore, he mocks the way that the lords and ladies treat a trivial thing like an eternal thing. Pope titles the poem The Rape of the Lock, hugely exaggerating Belinda's violation. There are constant references to fate and destiny, just like any other epic poem. The narrator writes that the lock had been parted from Belinda's for "forever and forever!" Obviously, though, hair grows back -- this is a very temporary issue! The narrator sarcastically assures Belinda that "This lock, the Muse shall consecrate to fame / And 'midst the stars inscribe Belinda's name." Although the lock does live on in Pope's famous poem, this is still a huge exaggeration Certainly, it was not acceptable for the Baron to take Belinda's hair without asking her. But the snipping of a lock of hair that will grow back is hardly the end of the world.

"Remember" (1862) In the later Victorian years, mourning was almost fashionable: Queen Victoria mourned for 40 years after the death of Prince Albert in 1861. In the first eight lines of this poem, Rossetti mirrors this glorification of mourning; ultimately, however, she comes to a very un-Victorian conclusion.

"Remember" is a Petrarchan sonnet, which means that a "turn" (shift in tone or message) occurs at the beginning of line 9. What new message does the speaker shift to after line 9? It's alright if you don't remember me: I would rather you be happy! What is the rhyme scheme of this poem? ABBA ABBA CDD ECE The first 8 lines (the octave) of the poem have a typical rhyme scheme for a Petrarchan sonnet. The last six (the sestet) are a little different, which makes sense for this poem! Rossetti is breaking from the cultural norm in the message of the last 6 lines.

"The Lady of Shalott" (1842)

"The Lady of Shalott" is a perfect example of Victorian interest in English medieval fantasy. The story takes place in the mythical time of King Arthur and mentions Camelot and Lancelot. Theme Art vs. Life and the Isolation of the Artist Many readers have enjoyed this poem as a mysterious and lyrical fantasy story. And it is! But "The Lady of Shalott" also contains valuable reflections on art, life, and the artist. Although the Lady is confined to her tower by a mysterious curse, "she still delights" to create art and weave her beautiful web. Because she cannot look out at the world directly, she watches it in a mirror. Therefore, the life she reflects in her web is not authentic but reflected, removed, framed, and slightly foggy. The first time she looks out the window, however, the mirror cracks and the illusion breaks. She can no longer see the world in the removed way she did before. This change is so devestating to her that she gives up her art and even her life. What does this say about art, life, and the artist? Perhaps that the artist must be isolated and removed from life to depict it in a heightened, beautiful way. Perhaps that art and real life do not mix well: they are too contradictory. Perhaps this is all the Romantic longing for a return to innocence. Literary Element Setting As in "Ulysses," Tennyson uses setting to mirror the poem's themes. The juxtaposition between the quiet island of Shalott and the bustling roads and fields of Camelot highlights the Lady of Shalott's isolation as a character. Later, the peaceful setting is interrupted by a "stormy east wind" and heavy rain. This only occurs when the Lady comes down from her tower and lays herself to rest in the river. Her action disturbs the established norm. Form Rhyme Scheme The rhyme scheme of "The Lady of Shalott" is unique: did you notice it? Each stanza is nine lines and follows the same pattern: the first four lines rhyme with each other; the fifth line ends with "Camelot" or "Lancelot;" lines six through eight rhyme with each other; and then, the final line usually ends with "Shalott" (there is one exception in line 108). "On either side the river lie [A]Long fields of barley and of rye, [A]That clothe the wold and meet the sky; [A]And through the field the road runs by [A]To many-towered Camelot; [B]And up and down the people go, [C]Gazing where the lilies blow [C]Round an island there below, [C]The island of Shalott. [B]" (lines 1-9) Perhaps the two distinct sets of rhyming lines emphasize the Lady of Shalott's isolation from Camelot. Although she is only across the river, she lives an entirely separate life.

Tennyson's Legacy

Alfred Tennyson was well-decorated during his career. He was Poet Laureate for England for an impressive 42 years! In 1884, Queen Victoria made Tennyson made him 1st Baron Tennyson. Later that year, Tennyson took a seat in the House of Lords. Tennyson's reputation has risen and fallen over the years: Modernists found him overly-sentimental, while contemporary critics value his unparalleled lyrical power. Regardless, Tennyson by far remains the most well-known Victorian poet. His work illustrates all the conventions of Victorian poetry: imitation of the Romantics, melancholy tone, sensory descriptions, and revival of medieval stories. [T]o some extent, Tennyson's poetry was derivative. He was not dismissive about his predecessors: rather, he built upon the foundations established by earlier Romantic writers, and he certainly shared their reverence for nature. . . . Tennyson always had a deep sense of responsibility and duty. Like many troubled figures of his era, he was well aware of disturbing aspects of contemporary life: for example, the sense of uncertainty evoked by the promulgation of scientific theories and the voicing of religious doubts. The British Library

Authorial Context: Anna Letitia Barbauld (1743-1825)

Barbauld grew up in Leicestershire, England. Her father was the headmaster of a progressive boys' school, so she had a unique exposure to the arts and sciences. Still, she had to beg her father to teach her classic languages and literature. Barbauld did not publish her first collection of poems until 1773, at the encouragement of her friends. The collection established her as a respected poet, and she continued to publish poems, essays, and children's books. Simultaneously, she taught alongside her husband at an academy in Suffolk and maintained a household. Following her husband's tragic suicide in 1808, Barbauld picked up writing again. Unfortunately, her political poem Eight Hundred and Eleven (1812) was attacked violently by the critics; as a result, Barbauld never published again. Despite this abrupt end to her career, Barbauld had a lasting impact on Romantic poetry and female poets. For example, her works Lessons for Children and Hymns in Prose influenced William Blake's poems. In her poems and essays, Barbauld fought for the oppressed with the rationality of the Enlightenment and the passion of Romanticism.

Authorial Context: William Blake (1757-1827) English poet William Blake was born in Soho, London in 1757. Because the Blake family was not wealthy, his mother educated him at home. As a boy, Blake demonstrated passion and talent for drawing, so he was sent to drawing school and then an engraving apprenticeship. It was not long before he also ventured into reading and writing poetry. Soon after joining the Royal Academy of the Arts in 1779, Blake met and married Catherine Boucher, who was five years younger than him. He ended up teaching his illiterate wife to read, write, and engrave. Over the course of his career, Blake wrote and published poems alongside his commercial work of engraving and etching. Often the two were intertwined: "Blake places words and images in a relationship that is sometimes mutually enlightening and sometimes turbulent, and that relationship is an aspect of the poem's argument" (Norton Anthology of English Literature). Below are some of his most famous pieces:

Blake died while working on one of his biggest projects: engravings to accompany all of Dante's Divine Comedy. Blake's Legacy Blake was not successful or popular during his lifetime; in fact, many who read his works considered his ideas to be heretical. It was not until his biography was published in 1860 that he began to be viewed in a different light. Now, Blake is admired for his extremely unique artistic expression. Although he pioneered many of the conventions of Romantic poetry, Blake cannot be labeled as a "Romantic poet" or any other kind of poet. He translated his supposedly-frequent spiritual visions into intense poetry, using his art to wrestle with the purpose of Man and the nature of God.

Selection from Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Canto III (1816) Context and Analysis

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage put Byron into the public eye as a writer. He published the first two cantos in 1812 but did not return to the work until 1816. The poem follows a young nobleman (called a "childe" in middle English) named Harold as he travels through Europe and the Mediterranean in search of meaning and truth. Many readers believe that Harold represents Byron himself. In the opening lines of Canto III (below), Byron describes his own experience and feelings as he is "once more upon the waters." He addresses Ada, his daughter and his muse. Byron's verse is moving and beautiful. It seems to flow as naturally as the waters he writes about. His verse also contains clear fingerprints of Romanticism: Byronic hero: In these lines we get a taste of the Byronic hero, which was based both on Byron's characters and Byron himself. This figure suffers internal torment, a "haunting" of his heart, mind, and soul. In the last stanza, Byron describes this state:"Yet must I think less wildly; I have thoughtToo long and darkly, till my brain became,In its own eddy boiling and o'erwrought,A whirling gulph of phantasy and flame:And thus, untaught in youth my heart to tame,My Springs of life were poisoned." Guidance of nature: Like Wordsworth, Byron is led by the waves of the sea: "And the waves bound beneath me as a Steed / That knows his rider. Welcome to their roar! / Swift be their guidance, wheresoe'er it lead!" (11-13) Intensity of emotion: Romantic poets embrace their strong emotions, even emotions like despair. Individualism of the poet: Byron Romantically expresses his physical isolation, as well as the grief he has suffered for his art.

Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)

English poet Alfred Tennyson was born into a middle-class family in Somersby, England. His father George was a vicar, while his mother Elizabeth was the daughter of a vicar. Tennyson's family life could be chaotic, with several siblings who brought shame to the family and a father who drowned his bitterness in alcohol. Still, Tennyson's parents gave him and his siblings enough of a classical education that Tennyson could attend university. Around the time young Tennyson arrived at Cambridge, he published Poems by Two Brothers (1827) with his brother Charles. Tennyson had a very shy and reserved personality, but many of his classmates knew about this collection, sought him out, and convinced him to seriously pursue poetry. Unfortunately, Tennyson was unable to finish his education at Cambridge due to family troubles, but he did follow his friends' advice and worked on his poetry. For years, Tennyson lived in poverty and received negative reviews for his writing. After a few heavily-criticized volumes, his collections Poems (1842) and In Memoriam (1850) finally earned him praise and money, and he was able to marry his love of 14 years, Emily Sellwood, in 1850. Also in 1850, Tennyson was made Poet Laureate after the death of William Wordsworth. Over the second half of his life, Tennyson became a literary icon; the British public loved him for his way with words, his opinions, and his eccentric personality. The beloved poet continued to write poetry and live comfortably until his death in 1892.

Christina Rossetti (1830-1894)

English poet Christina Rossetti was born in London to an exiled Italian father and an Anglo-Italian mother. Her father, Gabriele, was a poet and encouraged Christina and her siblings to pursue the arts. Their house was full of philosophers, writers, and fellow Italian exiles, so Rossetti had a varied education. Unfortunately, when Rossetti was a young teenager, the family faced health and financial troubles. As these events unfolded, Rossetti devoted herself more and more the Anglo-Catholic faith, which would go on to dictate many of her life choices. Rossetti broke off three romantic relationships in her young adulthood for religious reasons. Rossetti had written steadily throughout her youth, but in 1848 she published her first two poems in a literary magazine. Goblin Market and Other Poems was released in 1862 to widespread acclaim from fellow poets, including Tennyson. "Goblin Market," a moral fairy tale about resisting temptation, embodies Rossetti's spiritual fervor. Although Rossetti had always dwelt on spiritual issues in her poetry, devotional writing characterizes her later career. She also published successful children's poetry. In 1894, Rossetti died of breast cancer and was buried in north London. In the Victorian period, Christina Rossetti was quickly recognized as one of the greatest female poets of her age, and so she remains today. Her poems "In the Bleak Midwinter" and "Love Came Down at Christmas" even became popular Christmas carols! At the end of the twentieth century, her poems began to be analyzed from a feminist angle; her words speak to the repression and inner conflict many women suffered 150 years ago. Rossetti is also remembered for her lyrical gift: her poems, unencumbered by academic allusions, speak directly and effortlessly to the heart. She found strength in the limitations put on her as a woman:

Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861)

English poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning was born as one of 12 children in 1802, right after her family moved away from their sugar plantations in Jamaica and settled back in England. As a young girl, Barrett Browning was so inspired by Shakespeare and Milton that she wrote her own epic poem at 12 years old. Though Barrett Browning was a sickly youth, she continued to read, write, and learn new languages. Barrett Browning's poems and essays were received well when she began publishing them as a young woman. Although Barrett Browning's work was admired by the public, she was not an independent woman. Her father had forbidden her to marry, so she remained in isolation in his house until the age of 39! At that time, fellow poet Robert Browning began to take great interest in her work. The two exchanged hundreds of letters before their eventual elopement in 1846 to Florence, Italy. Barrett Browning's later writings were often social and political, such as the poems in this lesson, "The Cry of the Children" and "The Runaway Slave." Her sonnets in Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850) were also renowned at the time. Have you heard the phrase "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways..."? That is from one of Barrett Browning's sonnets! In 1861, while she was still in Italy, Barrett Browning died at the age of 59. Barrett Browning's Legacy Today, Elizabeth Barrett Browning is remembered as one of the best 19th-century poets and one of the greatest female poets of all time. Edgar Allan Poe called her style "pure in itself" and dedicated one of his poetry collections to her. Emily Dickinson also admired her, so much so that a portrait of Barrett Browning hung in her bedroom. Barrett Browning's poems express the "fervent moral sensibility" of the Victorian age (The Norton Anthology of English Literature). She was a fierce advocate for the oppressed and used her words to fight moral battles in England. This extended to women's rights: Aurora Leigh was the first story written by a woman in English whose heroine is an author. This heroine, Aurora, says to an insulting suitor, You misconceive the question like a man,Who sees a woman as the complementOf his sex merely. You forget too muchThat every creature, female as the male,Stands single in responsible act and thoughtAs also in birth and death. Aurora Leigh

Authorial Context: Charlotte Smith (1749-1806)

English poet and novelist Charlotte Smith was born into a wealthy family in London. Alongside the typical music and art lessons that young ladies received in the 1700s, Smith was encouraged to write poems and submit them to ladies' magazines. Sadly, because her father fell into financial troubles, Smith was married off at age 15 to a wealthy merchant named Benjamin Smith (she later called this a form of prostitution). Benjamin proved to an abusive and irresponsible husband, and his overspending landed him in debtor's prison in 1783. Benjamin's imprisonment led Smith to get her writing published for the first time; Elegiac Sonnets (1784) did well enough to pay the Smiths' way out of prison. With the knowledge that she could support herself with writing, Smith gathered the courage to leave her husband in 1787. For ten years, Smith enjoyed popularity for her poems and novels, but she eventually fell out of the spotlight and back into poverty. She died of gout in 1806. Although she suffered many ups and downs throughout her personal life, Smith's writing had a lasting impact on British literature. Her novels (she published ten!) influenced the Gothic and sentimental genres/modes. In poetry, her sonnets proved that the English sonnet was not a dead form; she revitalized the form with a melancholy tone and Romantic themes.

"Ulyesses" Analysis

Form Dramatic Monologue There are three signs that "Ulysses" is a dramatic monologue: The poem is a speech by one character. Throughout the poem, Ulysses inadvertently reveals things about himself: for example, that he would rather be out adventuring than taking care of his country and that he does not care much for his "aged wife." The speaker, Ulysses, is very different from Tennyson himself. He's an old mythical hero, while Tennyson was a very young poet at the time of writing this poem. The character of Ulysses/Odysseus is a fascinating choice for a dramatic monologue. For thousands of years before this, poets had described Ulysses' journey from an outside perspective. Tennyson explores his story from a first-person perspective: what is it like to be an aging Ulysses? Form Blank Verse & Enjambed Lines Tennyson chose to write "Ulysses" in blank verse: (mostly) iambic pentameter that does not have a consistent rhyme. The lack of rhyming adds to the intimacy of the poem. It's also worth noting that many lines in the poem are enjambed: they contain both the end of one sentence or phrase and the beginning of a new one. Here are some examples: "As tho' to breathe were life. | Life piled on life" (line 24) "There gloom the dark broad seas. | My mariners,Souls that have toiled, and wrought, and thought with me" (45-46) "The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deepMoans round with many voices. | Come, my friends,'Tis not too late to seek a newer world" (56-58) The last example, in particular, illustrates Ulysses' determination to not "end his sentence." After all, he says, "How dull it is to pause"! He wants to press on into the night with his crew, even though his health is failing. Literary Element Setting Tennyson deftly uses setting to mirror the theme and tone of the poem. As Ulysses laments the closing of his life, he looks out at the dusk over the sea. "The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks:The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deepMoans round with many voices" (lines 54-56)

Genre

Genre Mock-Epic Elements There are many ways we can tell that Mac Flecknoe is a mock-epic. Flecknoe (who was also a real poet) and Shadwell are "mock heroes." They are the opposite of strong, brave heroes like Odysseus or Hector: "dullness" and "stupidity" are their signature traits. In lines 121-129, Dryden paints a silly image of Shadwell as a hero-king, with a mug of ale and Flecknoe's terrible play in his hands instead of a ball and scepter. Shadwell also wears a crown of poppies to symbolize his dreariness. Dryden sarcastically uses the lofty language and style of epics when describing Shadwell's lame writing: "Thy Tragic Muse gives smiles, thy Comic sleep. / With whate'er gall thou sett'st thy self to write, / Thy inoffensive satires never bite." To point out the long history of bad writing, Dryden uses the classical imagery of kings and prophets."Heywood and Shirley were but types of thee,Thou last great prophet of tautology:Even I, a dunce of more renown than they,Was sent before but to prepare thy way" (lines 29-32). Dryden takes the genre, conventions, and imagery that his readers would have been very familiar with and turns them on their head.

"The Cry of the Children" (1842)

In 1842, Browning was horrified when she found out the terrible conditions of the working children in Britain. At the time, there were hardly any laws to stop child labor (or the abuse of child labor). Mining children were often killed or injured by cart accidents or explosions. Those who survived had to work in dark hundreds of feet underground for 12 hours at a time. Factory children were forced to crawl under the machines to fix parts, which was extremely dangerous. They were paid almost nothing for their work. When an official report was released with this information, Browning decided to plead with Parliament (her "brothers" in the first line) through the medium she knew best: poetry. "The Cry of the Children" is a heavily rhetorical poem. Since her audience is Parliament, she uses rational, emotional, and spiritual arguments to prove her point. As a result, the poem is more convincing than a dry essay would be. The reader hears the "cry" of the children and witnesses, through Barrett Browning's imagery, the abuses that they suffer. Not only this, but Barrett Browning accuses Parliament of robbing the children of their faith in God (lines 131-136): the ultimate evil. Which, to you, was the most powerful argument in "The Cry of the Children": the rational, emotional, or spiritual?

The Blank Slate Theory

In chapter 16, the Creature confesses to William's murder. Now that the reader has cultivated empathy for the Creature, this is heartbreaking. Why did he commit such an evil deed? Through the Creature's story, Shelley suggests that our good and bad decisions are not determined before birth, but by the experiences we have. This is a form of the blank slate theory (or "tabula rasa"), which was popularized at the turn of the 19th century by scholars Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke. In general terms, the blank slate theory proposes that humans are born with "blank" minds and that all knowledge comes from experience and perception after birth. Therefore, people are primarily formed by the cultures and experiences they are exposed to. Many scholars suggest that Shelley used Frankenstein to illustrate the blank slate theory. Although he is composed of pre-existing bodies, the Creature awakens as an original being. At first, he has no concept of self or truth and simply experiences thirst, hunger, joy, and fear at face-value. It is only when he encounters others that he loses his "blank" innocence. Although the Creature witnesses the love between the peasant family, he is overwhelmingly punished for any normal or positive behavior. Victor abandons him immediately The first villagers he meets abuse him The DeLacey family does not know or thank him for his help He is beaten and kicked out of the house for simply speaking with the old man He is shot with a gun for rescuing a young girl from drowning All of these experiences write on the Creature's "blank slate" mind, telling him that he could never be more than the terrifying monster that everyone else labels him. He gives up trying to do good and embraces evil.

John Keats' Legacy

John Keats never enjoyed financial success or stability from his works, but he was greatly admired by his contemporaries. On the other hand, his literary allies -- particularly Shelley -- are also responsible for his lasting image as a frail, emotionally unstable poet. Whether or not this is true, Keats' poems do display a sensitivity to the "spontaneity of emotion" that Romantics prized. He always attempted to express "the desires and sufferings of the human heart," not the distant stories of Neoclassical literature (Poetry Foundation). His poems embrace complexity and contradiction in a unique way. Today, Keats is studied and taught alongside the other great Romantic poets; despite his short life, he is considered to be one of the greatest English poets of all time. No one can read Keats's poems and letters without sensing the tragic waste of an extraordinary intellect and genius cut off so early. What he might have done is beyond conjecture; what we do know is that his poetry, when he stopped writing at the age of twenty-four, exceeds the accomplishment at the same age of Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Milton. Norton Anthology of English Literature

Shelley's Legacy

Like his friend Lord Byron, Shelley is perhaps remembered as much for his life as for his writing. The actions that [Shelley] justified to himself because they were true to his convictions often led to disastrous consequences for those near him, especially women; and even recent scholars . . . attribute some of these actions to a self-assured egotism that masked itself as idealism. Norton Anthology of English Literature It is important that we do not dismiss the personal failures of an author, especially the way that he/she hurt other people. An artist's good art does not morally excuse them. In Shelley's case, some believe that he simply behaved like a "true Romantic." The life and works of Percy Bysshe Shelley exemplify Romanticism in both its extremes of joyous ecstasy and brooding despair. The major themes are there in Shelley's dramatic if short life and in his works, enigmatic, inspiring, and lasting: the restlessness and brooding, the rebellion against authority, the interchange with nature, the power of the visionary imagination and of poetry, the pursuit of ideal love, and the untamed spirit ever in search of freedom—all of these Shelley exemplified in the way he lived his life and live on in the substantial body of work that he left the world after his legendary death by drowning at age twenty-nine. Poetry Foundation Shelley's works prove that Romantics did not have their heads in the sand. He did his best to mix poetry and politics in works like Queen Mab and Prometheus Unbound. The young poet also expresses more skepticism than the first generation of Romantic poets, perhaps because of his atheistic viewpoint. For example, he finds nature to have more of an "awful blankness" (Poetry Foundation) than friendly helpfulness.

Metonymy, a common modernist device, is the substitution of a part of a thing for that of the whole thing (e.g. "the Crown" as a substitution for "the Queen"). Which of these lines contain metonymy?Lines 15-22

Lines 62-67 Prufrock substitutes "arms" to refer to all the women he has known (perhaps "known" in the biblical sense). This metonymy may serve several purposes:It is poetic and differentIt dehumanizes the women and dismisses any personal connection he had with them; these relationships weren't healthyIt symbolizes the separation between the artist and the work the artist creates with his/her hands

Ozymandias Analysis Ozymandias is the Greek name for Ramses II, an Egyptian pharaoh in the 13th century, B.C.E. This poem references a sculpture of this pharaoh with an ironic inscription.

Literary Device Imagery In this short poem, Shelley offers the reader a vivid picture of the crumbling statue of Ozymandias. Only the statues legs remain standing (line 2) while a "shattered" head has fallen into the sand (4). There is something almost funny about the image of a "sneering" stone face lying by itself! The traveler describes how the ruins are surrounded not by slaves or admirers but by the empty, indifferent desert. Literary Device Irony Paired together, the imagery and the inscription on the statue create irony. The statue declares: "My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings,Look at my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!" Of course, 2,000 years later, the almost comical image of the beheaded, crumbling statue as it is does not cause any despair in the "Mighty." Although Ramses calls himself "King of Kings," he died and wasted away like all rulers before and after him. Literary Device Alliteration Alliteration is the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. There are a few examples of alliteration in "Ozymandias": "sneer of cold command" (5) "that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare" (13) "lone and level sands stretch far away" (14) Theme Man's Impermanence vs. Nature's Permanence "Ozymandias" illustrates the tension between the brief lifespan of human beings and the perpetuity of the natural world. Even the most powerful kings and nations will return to dust. Although a work of art lasts much longer than its creator, even the most impressive creations, like this massive Egyptian statue, will eventually return to their raw form.

Literary Device Euphony Euphony is the quality of being pleasing to listen to because of a harmonious combination of words. Blake achieves euphony in this poem by using long vowels ("lamb," "thee," "stream," "wooly,") and soft consonants (lots of Ls, THs, Ms, and Fs). Form Meter and Rhyme Scheme The meter in "The Lamb" is trochaic: each foot is one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable: "He is | meek and | He is | mild" The meter remains this simplistic throughout the whole poem. The rhyme scheme is also simplistic, with pairs of rhyming lines that sometimes rhyme the same word! "Little Lamb I'll tell thee,Little Lamb I'll tell thee!" Significantly, the poem's two stanzas begin with a repeated variation of the "Little Lamb" line, like choruses in a song. The reader can imagine the child singing a joyful, innocent song to the lamb.

Literary Element Structure You may have noticed that "The Tiger" is only four lines longer "The Lamb," but instead of two unified stanzas, there are six separate stanzas! This poem is far more fragmented. Literary Element Tone The speaker of "The Tiger" is not a child, as far as the reader can tell. There is no child in the illustration with the tiger. Still, the tone of the speaker is somewhat childlike in its fearful wonder.The speaker asks a total of 15 questions in this 24-line poem, many beginning with "and." These questions tumble over each other, adding urgency and fear to the overall tone. "And when thy heart began to beat,What dread hand? and what dread feet?What the hammer? what the chain?In what furnace was thy brain?What the anvil? what dread graspDare its deadly terrors clasp?" Notice how none of these questions receive answers. The poem ends with the same question that started it.

"The Lamb" (1789) and "The Tiger" (1794) Poem Context In 1794, Blake published a collection of poems entitled Songs of Innocence and Experience, meant to express "the two contrary states of the human soul." By innocence, Blake means the way that a child views the world: seeing evil but not quite understanding it. Experience comes from the practical contact with and observation of evil that we gain as we age. For much of this collection, Blake looks at the same thing or concept from the two different "states" of innocence and experience: for example, "The Lamb" in Songs of Innocence and "The Tiger" in Songs of Experience both consider the nature of God. Let's begin with "The Lamb." What does it suggest about who God is?

Literary Element Tone Evaluating the tone (attitude of the speaker) in "The Lamb" is the key to understanding this poem. First, we should note that the speaker is a child (line 17), whom we can see in Blake's accompanying engraving. The child and the lamb have a gentle relationship. At the start of the poem, the child asks sweet questions, inviting the lamb into the conversation. He describes all the good things about the lamb, like its soft wool and "tender voice." By the end, the child says a blessing over the lamb (lines 19-20). The tone of this poem could be described as loving, pure, and grateful

Daffodils (1815) Wordsworth

Literary Element Tone The tone (attitude of the speaker) is crucial in "Daffodils." At first, it seems as though the speaker is currently wandering through the daffodils, peacefully enjoying them. But, as we learn from the final stanza, the speaker is actually dwelling on a memory. The tone becomes nostalgic as the speaker remembers this solitary moment in nature with wistful affection. Nostalgia is a common feature of Wordsworth's poetry and Romantic poetry as a whole. Literary Device Personification The speaker walks alone through the daffodils. However, in a sense, he considers himself to have the company of the daffodils. He personifies them by giving them human attributes: They are a "crowd" (3) and a "host" (4) They are "dancing" (6) They are "[t]ossing their heads in sprightly dance" (12) They express "glee" (14)

Poem Highlights This "elegy" is not meant for one dead person, but for everyone -- especially those who lived humble, unnoticed lives. While Neoclassical poets typically wrote about great leaders and historical figures, Gray brings the "rude forefathers of the hamlet" into the light. He wonders what their lives were like, and if they had unfulfilled aspirations. After asking these universal questions, however, Gray returns to a more personal question: "will anyone remember me?" He imagines who will notice his departure from the world, and what his epitaph will say. 18th-century readers loved the refreshing nature of Elegy. Although the topic of death was nothing new to poetry, Gray beautifully blends the universal with the personal, the rational with the sentimental. Let's look closer at a few elements and devices he used to accomplish this unique balance. Form Meter & Rhyme Scheme Gray writes in the typical Neoclassical meter: iambic pentameter. It creates an easy, natural rhythm that is perfect for this thoughtful, sober poem. However, he breaks the norm with Elegy's rhyme scheme, which is ABAB and not heroic couplets. ABAB allows for more conversational, relaxed phrases. The breaks between stanzas allow for brief, reflective pauses. Overall, the reader feels like he or she is sitting with Gray in the hushed graveyard.

Literary Element Tone The tone of a poem is the author's attitude toward the subject matter. In Elegy, Gray's tone is complex: on one hand, he is fairly removed. As he sits in a graveyard at twilight, he quietly ponders life, death, and memory from a universal perspective. He shares his philosophy on the lives of the humble and the great. On the other hand, as the poem draws to a close, Gray takes the subject more personally. Referring to himself in the third person (the "thee" in line 93), he wonders whether anyone will remember him. He ends up writing his own epitaph. Ultimately, Gray's tone is as serious and melancholy as the "parting day" (line 1), as he considers the universal and personal implications of death. Literary Device Imagery To communicate what he is thinking and feeling, Gray uses imagery throughout the poem. Two sets of imagery, in particular, are meant to contrast with each other: As he looks at the "moldering heap" of a villager's grave, Gray imagines what his humble life looked like:"For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn,Or busy housewife ply her evening care:No children run to lisp their sire's return,Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share.Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield,Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke;How jocund did they drive their team afield!How bow'd the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!" (lines 21-28) Later, he imagines the life of a powerful ruler:"Th' applause of list'ning senates to command,The threats of pain and ruin to despise,To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land,And read their hist'ry in a nation's eyes,Their lot forbade: nor circumscrib'd aloneTheir growing virtues, but their crimes confin'd;Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne,And shut the gates of mercy on mankind,The struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide,To quench the blushes of ingenuous shame,Or heap the shrine of Luxury and PrideWith incense kindled at the Muse's flame." (lines 61-72) Notice how different these pictures are! The humble man's life is warm and fulfilling, while the powerful man's life is bloody and grim. Through imagery, Gray convinces his reader that it is actually better to live a simple life. In this poem, Gray reminds us that all "paths of glory lead but to the grave" (line 36). But he also encourages us to look at our own lives and consider the legacy we have left within our families and communities. After all, it is "[o]n some fond breast the parting soul relies" (line 89).

Byron's Legacy

Lord Byron is perhaps remembered as much for his life and personality as he is for his writing. Even he knew he was erratic, admitting in a letter that he was "so changeable" and "such a strange melange of good and evil." As we will see, his poems and plays reflect this radical personality, drawing criticism from many. Nevertheless, the quality of his writing has always been universally admired. He created the figure of the Byronic hero: the brooding, arrogant, secretive protagonist that would become a staple of Romantic and Gothic literature. According to the Poetry Foundation, "In his dynamism, sexuality, self-revelation, and demands for freedom for oppressed people everywhere, Byron captivated the Western mind and heart as few writers have, stamping upon nineteenth-century letters, arts, politics, even clothing styles, his image and name as the embodiment of Romanticism."

Selection from Manfred (1817) Context and Analysis

Manfred: A dramatic poem is something called a "closet drama:" it is written in the form of a play, but it is meant to be read like a poem. In the first scene, the titular character, Manfred, summons the spirits of the earth. He commands them to help him forget his past sins, but they refuse. At the end of the scene, a Voice speaks an incantation over an unconscious Manfred, cursing him to face his past without taking his own life or losing his memory. The Byronic hero makes another appearance in this work. Manfred is so haunted by his guilt that he resorts to supernatural means to help himself. Beyond this, he is arrogant, morbid, and active: all traits of the Byronic hero. This play/poem also displays a prominent element in much of Romantic literature: the supernatural. This was the Romantic poet's way of: Undermining the importance of science and technology Putting characters under extreme psychological and emotional stress Inserting medievalism into modern poetry

Cont.

Meads: meadows Hampton: Hampton Court, the royal palace Ombre: a card game Matadore: the highest trump in ombre Moor: open, uncultivated land

How old is Prufrock (roughly)?

Old Although we don't know this at first, Eliot begins to drop hints that Prufrock has begun the aging process (and he is not happy about it!)."With a bald spot in the middle of my hair—(They will say: 'How his hair is growing thin!')My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin,My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin—(They will say: 'But how his arms and legs are thin!')" (40-44)"I have measured out my life with coffee spoons" (51)"I grow old ... I grow old ..." (120)Eliot prefers to slowly peal back layers of information, relying on the reader to pick up the hints.

"Dead before Death" (1862)

Poem Analysis What word best summarizes the tone of this poem? Defeated Which of the following lines contains a simile? Line 8 Which of the following words are repeated in the poem? changed cold all lost ever-

"Evening Prayer at a Girl's School" (1826)

Poem Analysis "Evening Prayer at a Girl's School" encapsulates the tension in Hemans' poems between the beauties and sorrows of womanhood. The poet upholds the traditionally feminine virtues of prayer, forbearance, and meekness. But she also laments all the sorrow that await young girls when they grow into wives and mothers.

"Song to the Men of England" (1819) Poem Context Shelley wrote "Men of England" with the hope that it would become an anthem for downtrodden British laborers. Vocabulary Guide Wherefore: for what reason; why Drone: a useless person; a male bee who does no work except to fertilize the queen Sepulchre: tomb

Poem Analysis In "Men of England," we see Shelley's fiery politics. He, the poet, is enraged at the injustices British laborers suffer under "ungrateful drones." He boldly calls out the laziness and cruelty of the upper classes, challenging lower class workers to rise up against their masters. This is a controversial position! At the same time, Shelley criticizes the workers themselves. He taunts them, almost blaming them for their own suffering: "Shrink to your cellars, holes, and cells—In hall ye deck another dwells.Why shake the chains ye wrought? Ye seeThe steel ye tempered glance on ye. With plough and spade and hoe and loomTrace your grave and build your tomb . . ." (lines 25-30) Shelley speaks the truth in this poem. Many laborers were perpetuating their own sorrow, and many masters did treat their workers poorly. However, the young poet speaks from a position of privilege. He has not experienced the oppression of British laborers, so his poem lacks compassion and understanding for their situation. His tone -- a mixture of inspiring and condescending -- adds a layer of tension to the poem.

"Up-Hill" (1862)

Poem Analysis This poem is unique: did you notice how Rossetti put it together? The structure of "Up-Hill" is a conversation. The non-indented lines are one speaker, and the indented lines are another speaker. We don't know who these speakers are, but Speaker 1 seems to have all the questions, while Speaker 2 has all the answers! Because there are two speakers, there are two different tones at play. Speaker 1's attitude is fearful and unsure. He/she basically asks, in different ways, "Is everything going to be okay?" By contrast, Speaker 2 responds with gentle confidence; he/she speaks with a seemingly complete understanding of the situation. Speaker 2 says, in different ways, "It will be okay."

"The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1854)

Poem Context "The Charge of the Light Brigade" depicts a part of the Battle of Balaclava (1854) in the Crimean War. During the battle, a small group of light cavalry courageously carried out faulty orders and faced Russian forces head-on. The cavalry endured major casualties, but they inspired the British public (and Tennyson!) with their bravery. Literary Device Refrain In a poem, a refrain is a repeated line or number of lines in a poem, typically at the end of each stanza. Tennyson used a refrain in "The Lady of Shalott," and he uses it again here. At the end of every stanza in "The Charge of the Light Brigade," Tennyson repeats "six hundred." He wants to remind the readers of these things: The light brigade was only 600 strong, which is small for an army! At the same time, 600 men is a lot of individuals. Many of those individuals died in the charge. Finally, Tennyson honors the 600 by making them the center thread that runs throughout the poem. Literary Device Repetition Tennyson also uses repetition within the poem. A few other times, he employs parallelism: the use of successive phrases which correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, etc. Repetition: "Half a league, half a league,Half a league onward" (lines 1-2) Parallelism:"Theirs not to make reply,Theirs not to reason why,Theirs but to do and die" (13-15)"Cannon to right of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon behind them" (18-20; 39-41)

"On the Expected General Rising of the French Nation in 1792" (1792)

Poem Context Many tenets of Romanticism -- individual freedom, passionate beliefs, spontaneity of emotion -- reflect the "Age of Revolutions" that occurred at the end of the 18th century. Romantic poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge fully supported the French Revolution at its earliest stages. Here, Barbauld expresses her feelings about the revolution in verse. Vocabulary Guide Despots: tyrants Tocsin: alarm bell Plighted: pledged to be married Briareus: 100-armed, 50-headed giant of Greek mythology Transient: impermanent Barbauld seems generally supportive of the revolution. Does she include any cautionary words to the rebels?

"Easter 1916" (1916)

Poem Context William Butler Yeats was a passionate Irish nationalist for most of his life. In April 1916, a group of Irish nationalists (many of whom Yeats knew personally) rebelled against Britain and established an independent Irish Republic. Britain squashed this Easter Rising in only six days. In lines 17-40, Yeats reflects on a few of the leaders who were either executed or imprisoned for life after the uprising. He then names them in lines 75-76. Stanza 1: Before the uprising, Yeats found his interactions on the street of Dublin to be _____. dull What is the refrain at the end of stanzas 1, 2, and 4? A terrible beauty is born In stanza 3, Yeats compares the leaders' goal to _________. Stone in the middle of a rushing stream Yeats describes the way that the rest of the world changes "minute by minute," while the leaders of the uprising keep a tight hold on their goal to free Ireland. On the one hand, this is a compliment: they are steadfast. On the other hand, such determination can lead to a hard heart and much unneeded sacrifice (57-59).

"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915)

Poem ContextWhen Eliot first published "Prufrock," most readers thought it was a nonsense poem. Now, critics identify the stream of consciousness style and confusing structure as a mark of the changing times. "Prufrock" embodies the modernist spirit: its narrator expresses apathy, isolation, uncertainty, and frustration. The whole poem is a series of questions, sometimes repeated questions, which never get answered."Prufrock" begins with a quotation from Dante's Inferno. The speaker (who is burning in hell) tells Dante his story because he's convinced Dante will not get out alive. Of course, Dante does get out alive and publishes his story for the whole world to see.S`io credesse che mia risposta fosseA persona che mai tornasse al mondo,Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse.Ma perciocchè giammai di questo fondoNon tornò vivo alcun, s'i'odo il vero,Senza tema d'infamia ti rispondo.If I but thought that my response were madeto one perhaps returning to the world,this tongue of flame would cease to flicker.But since, up from these depths, no one has yet returned alive, if what I hear is true,I answer without fear of being shamed.Vocabulary GuideEtherised: anesthetized with etherMalingers: pretends to be sickLinnet: a type of finch

Poetry During the Victorian Period

Queen Victoria ruled over England from 1837 to 1901: an impressive 64 years! The literature of this time, which unfolded after the Romantic period, is referred to as Victorian literature. Although contemporary readers might think first of Victorian novels, the Victorians themselves still believed that poetry held the most importance and communicated the most meaning. In addition, Victorian poets did not try to "swing the pendulum" away from Romanticism; rather, they admired and imitated the Romantic poets. The themes of personal freedom, nature, and imagination endured, although Victorian poets did not display "the confidence that the Romantics felt in the power of the imagination" (The Norton Anthology of English Literature). Instead, there is a pervading cynicism in Victorian poems. With the scientific and industrial progress of the later 1800s came new doubts about religion and social convention. Victorian poets excelled at bringing new life into old stories, especially medieval myth, folklore, and romance. They also established the dramatic monologue. Dramatic monologue: a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, during which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character; usually the speaker is intentionally different from the poet Famous examples of Victorian dramatic monologues include Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Ulysses (1842), Matthew Arnold's Dover Beach (1867), and Robert Browning's My Last Duchess (1842). A final characteristic of Victorian poetry is the emphasis on creating visuals in the reader's mind. These poems contained an abundance of sensory details.

"Ode to a Nightingale" (1819)

Remember, Keats tells us in the title who/what he will be addressing in the poem (in this case, it is a nightingale). So, when the speaker says "you," "thou," or "thy," he is probably speaking to the nightingale. Vocabulary Guide Hemlock: a poisonous herb that could also be taken as a sedative Lethe: in Greek mythology, a river in Hades that causes memory loss Draught of vintage: wine Provençal: of Provence, France, which used to be known for its music Hippocrene: the Muse's fountain on Mount Helicon, through which flowed the waters of inspiration Palsy: paralysis Bacchus: the Roman god of wine and feasting Pards: leopards Poesy: poetry Haply: by chance Fays: fairies Verdurous: green-foliaged Eglantine: honeysuckle Requiem: mass for the dead Sod: a piece of turf; unpleasant person Casements: windows

Authorial Context: Robert Browning (1812-1889)

Robert Browning was born in London to a well-read father and an artistically-accomplished mother. Browning received most of his education in and near home. He read and studied eagerly, understanding multiple languages by the time he was fourteen. Browning also enjoyed poetry from a young age, particularly the Romantic poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley. Beginning in 1833, Browning began to publish poems and plays. Although his early work was not well-received, later critics have admired his experimental form and diction. In 1844, Browning read Elizabeth Barrett's collection Poems and struck up correspondence with her. By 1846, he had arranged for a secret elopement, and they ran away to Italy. There they had a son and continued to write until Elizabeth's death in 1861. Browning and his son moved back to London after Elizabeth's death. Happily, Browning went on to write his most acclaimed works, including the The Ring and the Book, and was known as more than "Elizabeth Barrett Browning's husband" before his death in 1889. Brown's Legacy According to critics, Browning's poetry is not typically Victorian, and his energetic style reflects Shakespeare and Donne more than Milton or Wordsworth. He is set apart by the "buoyancy" and "creative vitality" in his writings (Norton Anthology of English Literature). Browning is also remembered for his establishment of the dramatic monologue. His monologues are densely layered, requiring the reader to infer pieces of information about the speaker and the poet in each unfolding line.

Many influential artists and philosophers of the time proposed that in order to achieve artistic greatness, it was necessary to model the ancients, who expressed their ideals gracefully and exquisitely. In this way, neoclassical art contrasted strongly with the previous style of art, Rococo, which was highly ornamental and flashy. The scene was primed for a more refined and meaningful mode of artistic expression.

Several things sparked this "new classicism" in Western art. First, around the middle of the 18th century, more and more Greek and Roman sites were uncovered, including Pompeii in 1748! These discoveries excited popular interest in Europe; in England, much of the Georgian architecture, fashion, literature, and music took inspiration from the classical period.

Authorial Context: William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

Shortly after, Wordsworth began working The Prelude, an autobiographical work about the life of a poet that he would continue to tweak for decades. Wordsworth continued to write throughout the 1800s, but never quite as potently as during his collaboration with Coleridge. His later life was marred by tragedies like the deaths of his brother and three of his children. A few years before his death, Wordsworth accepted the title of Poet Laureate. The Romantic poet died and was buried in the Lake District, his true Muse. Wordsworth's Legacy William Wordsworth became increasingly popular over his lifetime, and this popularity only grew after his death. He is now known as one of the "Lake Poets" (alongside Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey). Wordsworth broke with poetic convention by writing in "common language" that anyone could understand, not just highly-educated readers. His writing clearly expressed the Romantic understanding of the poet, as well as the Romantic perspective on nature.

Form Meter and Rhyme Scheme The meter and rhyme scheme in "The Tiger"is identical to the meter and rhyme scheme in "The Lamb," although Blake does not rhyme the same word together in "The Tiger." The speaker clearly feels overwhelmed and frightened of the tiger and the God who made it but can only express those feelings in a simplistic form. Literary Device Diction Blake's diction (specific word choices) give the reader important clues into what he thinks of the tiger and of the tiger's maker. He says that the tiger is "burning bright" (line 1) painting an image of a destructive forest fire. The tiger is "fearsome" (4) and made with "dread feet" (12) and "deadly terrors" (16). Meanwhile, the tiger's maker (God) is "immortal" (3, 23) with a "dread grasp" (15). The speaker imagines God creating the tiger in "distant" places (5) and with aggressive tools like a hammer, anvil, and furnace. This is not a organic, creative event.

Side-by-Side Analysis In both "The Lamb" and "The Tiger," the speakers consider the maker of the animals. The speakers assume that the nature of the animal directly reflects the character of the maker. In "The Lamb," there is an easy and pleasant answer to the question, "who made thee?" Even the child narrator can tell the lamb about its creator. Lambs are "meek" and "mild," so God is also meek and mild. Lambs are soft and live in the happy countryside, reflecting God's soft and kind heart. But the existence of the tiger shakes up this theology. The tiger is powerful, destructive, and flashy. Unsettled, the speaker asks, "Did he who made the Lamb make thee?" (line 20). He cannot understand how the same God who made the lovely lamb could make the fearful tiger. Why would the creator "dare" (24) to bring this frightening creature into the world? You could say that, for the speaker, the tiger represents all the fearful, untamable elements of the natural world. Are they really a part of God's good creation? Together, the two poems ultimately ask: Can God be both loving and fearsome? Can he be both approachable and distant?

Form Mock-Epic Elements In the first two cantos, Pope demonstrates in many ways that he is writing a mock-epic. His mock-epics do poke fun at the dramatic, over-the-top language of ancient epics, but they also pay loving tribute to it. The Rape of the Lock opens as all good epics do: with the invocation of the muse. First, Pope dedicates the poem to his real-life friend, Caryll, who asked him to write the poem for their feuding friends. Then, Pope asks the muse why the "rape of the lock" happened in the first place. The presence of supernatural beings like sylphs, nymphs, and gnomes also reflects the traditional epic. In ancient epic poems, supernatural beings are fairly nosey, constantly getting involved in the affairs of mortals. Pope mocks this by making the sylphs very, very involved in mortal affairs, to the point where they direct how a lady puts on her makeup. Through the entire poem, Pope writes in the lofty language of classical poetry. He uses it satirically, juxtaposing the elevated style with the trivial subject matter. For example, in this passage Belinda's maid helps Belinda get ready at her dressing table."First, rob'd in white, the nymph intent adoresWith head uncover'd, the cosmetic pow'rs.A heav'nly image in the glass appears,To that she bends, to that her eyes she rears;Th' inferior priestess, at her altar's side,Trembling, begins the sacred rites of pride.Unnumber'd treasures ope at once, and hereThe various off'rings of the world appear;From each she nicely culls with curious toil,And decks the goddess with the glitt'ring spoil."

Style Satire Pope's approach to the subject matter is heavily satirical. In other words, he uses humor and exaggeration to reveal folly. But whose folly does he reveal? Obviously, Belinda is at the center of this satire. She lives an easy and abundant life, as evidenced by her servants, her lapdog, and her "glittering spoil." Upon waking, Belinda immediately starts beautifying herself with lots and lots of expensive tools. In Canto 2, Pope explicitly writes that Belinda curls her locks to "ensnare" men. She focuses on her physical appearance so that men will pay attention to her. By exaggerating Belinda's beauty routine with lofty language, Pope exposes the folly of spending so much time, money, and effort on one's appearance. But Pope also makes fun of the Baron. The Baron treats his quest for the lock like the quest for the Holy Grail: he prays dramatically to heaven and to love to help him succeed in his ridiculous mission. Pope shows how silly the lord is to put all his hopes in this one thing.

Alexander Pope (1688-1744)

The English poet Alexander Pope was born in London to Alexander Pope Sr. and his wife Edith. Although Pope Sr. was a wealthy linen merchant, the family faced many difficulties because of their Catholic faith. At this time, Catholics were forbidden to practice their religion or go to schools within London, so the Popes moved outside of the city. Alexander's classical education came from private tutors and semi-illegal Roman Catholic schools. Besides his religion, a severe bout of illness at age 12 drove a wedge between Pope and the rest of England. Pott's disease turned Pope into a sickly, 4'6" hunchback for the rest of his life. But Pope did not allow these impediments to set him back too far. By age 21 he had already published his poetry collection, Pastorals (1709): four classical poems about life in the country. Pastorals was immediately popular, so Pope continued to compose poems for periodicals like The Spectator. His next big hit was An Essay on Criticism (1711), a discussion of the ways writers and literary critics do and should interact. The poem is written in classical heroic couplets (pairs of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter). Let's look at a few of the most famous lines from this Neoclassical poem!

Authorial Context: Felicia Hemans (1793-1835)

The English poet Felicia Hemans was born in Liverpool, England, but spent her childhood in Wales. She began publishing much earlier in her life than other Romantic poets, releasing her first two volumes by age 15! These collections attracted the attention of Romantic Percy Bysshe Shelley. Later, other Romantics like William Wordsworth expressed great admiration for her work. Hemans continued to write poetry during her marriage to Captain Alfred Hemans. After their separation, Hemans moved to Dublin, Ireland, and published more poetry collections, which garnered even more success. She died of dropsy in 1835 as a revered and widely-read Romantic poet. The unique pressure of the female poet in the 1800s is evident in Hemans' poems. Her self-abasing women of the domestic affections and her scimitar-wielding superwomen of the revenge narratives exist side-by-side throughout her works. These and other seeming dissonances clearly enhanced the strong appeal of her poems to a wide range of readers, men as well as women. The Norton Anthology of English Literature

Authorial Context: Thomas Gray (1716-1771)

The English poet Thomas Gray was born in London in 1716 to a turbulent household and abusive father, Philip Gray. He was the only one of 12 siblings to survive into adulthood. Despite these hardships, his mother Dorothy paid for him to have a good education at Eton College and Cambridge. Early in his studies, Gray met close friends like poet Richard West who would encourage his writing. Gray spent most of his life in Cambridge, writing poems sporadically. Only 13 of his poems were published: less than 1,000 lines! His beautiful, reflective poems include Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College, Ode on the Spring, and The Bard. In true Neoclassical form, he also wrote a short mock-elegy entitled Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat. But he is most well-known for Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, which we will discuss today.

Spontaneity of Feeling The swelling emotion of awe in one's chest while looking over a wild landscape. The joyous discovery of love-at-first-sight or a child being born. The nostalgic sadness of a fading memory. The terror of an uncontrollable storm. Romantic poets believed that poetry should spring out of these spontaneous moments of extreme emotion. The subject matter could be mundane or supernatural; what mattered was the expression of emotion around that subject. Still, William Wordsworth stressed that care and thought should fine-tune the poem. The feeling therein developed gives importance to the action and situation, and not the action and situation to the feeling. . . . For all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: and though this be true, Poems to which any value can be attached were never produced on any variety of subjects but by a man who, being possessed of more than usual organic sensibility, had also thought long and deeply. William Wordsworth in the preface to Lyrical Ballads John Keats, another Romantic poet believed that the emotions in the poem should be so strong that they infect the reader, too: [A poem's] touches of beauty should never be half-way, thereby making the reader breathless, instead of content. The rise, the progress, the setting of Imagery should, like the sun, come natural to him, shine over him, and set soberly, although in magnificence, leaving him in the luxury of twilight. . . . [I]f poetry comes not as naturally as the leaves to a tree, it had better not come at all. John Keats in an 1818 letter In particular, Romantic poets emphasized the most extreme human emotions: awe, love, terror, agony, etc. Obviously, this outpouring of personal feeling from the poet to the reader is very different from the more distant tone of Neoclassical writers.

The Natural and the Supernatural At the turn of the 19th century, Britain was changed forever by the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution marked a shift from handmade to machine-made, from rural to urban living. Romantic poets saw nature as central to the human experience and lamented this shift in their poetry. More often than not, however, the poets simply described nature as they saw it. They painted it as joyful (The Daffodils), dangerous (The Tyger), eternal (My heart leaps up), and uncontained (Rime of the Ancient Mariner). Some poets wished to elevate normal sights, like Wordsworth, who added "a certain coloring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect." Other Romantic poets were obsessed with the supernatural: the hauntings and bewitchings of old folklore (Cristabel, Manfred). Conclusion As we begin to read poetry from this unique and rich time in British literary history, we must keep in mind that the Romantics valued freedom of expression. Although at least one of these key components will appear in each of the poems we read, literature has never fit perfectly neatly into categories. That is one of the best things about it!

Authorial Context: John Keats (1795-1821)

The Romantic poet John Keats was born in London, England. Though his family was not well-off, Keats still enjoyed a good education in history and literature. Sadly, both his father and mother died before he turned fifteen. His two appointed guardians decided to remove him from school and place him in an apprenticeship with an apothecary-surgeon. The young poet went on to study at a hospital until he became a licensed apothecary in 1816. However, in these last few years of study, Keats felt more and more of a pull to poetry. In 1816, he declared to his guardians that he would follow in the footsteps of his contemporaries: Leigh Hunt, Percy Shelley, William Wordsworth, and Lord Byron. These Romantic poets helped Keats publish his first collection, Poems of John Keats. Unfortunately, he received a few viciously negative reviews on the collection, which possibly affected his future mental and physical health. Keats continued to write poetry with the encouragement of his friends. Following a walking tour of Britain in 1818, Keats met and fell in love with Fanny Brawne, who eclipsed earlier interest in Isabella Jones. In one letter to Fanny, he wrote, "Love is my religion - I could die for that - I could die for you." Perhaps inspired by his violent love for Fanny alongside sorrow for his dying brother (for whom he was caring at this time), Keats wrote his best poetry between 1819 and 1820. These poems were universally loved by critics. But these would be the last years of his life. Before he could scrape up enough money to marry Fanny, Keats fell ill with tuberculosis and had to move to the warmer climate of Rome. After months of fighting both the disease and mental depression, Keats died in February of 1821 in Rome. He was only 25 years old.

Which of the following lines is a paradox (a thing that combines contradictory features or qualities)?Lines 1-2

The first two lines contain a paradox!"We are the hollow menWe are the stuffed men""Hollow" and "stuffed" contradict each other, right? Perhaps Eliot is saying that the men might as well be hollow, because the only thing that they are stuffed with is straw (4).

"My Last Duchess" (1842)

The inspiration for this dramatic monologue was an Italian duke of the Renaissance era, Alfonso II, whose young first wife, Lucrezia, died in 1561. Soon after her death, the duke courted and married another woman, the niece of the Count of Tyrol. The last three lines imply that the Duke has already set his sights on his next wife. "Innsbruck" is the location of the Count of Tyrol's capital.

What does Prufrock keep putting off?

The overwhelming questionIn the first stanza, he says he plans to "lead you to an overwhelming question," but not yet (10-12). Then he keeps saying that "there will be time," as if he does not really believe it. Eventually, he questions whether it is even worth it to consider the overwhelming question. After all, he is not a prophet (83) or Prince Hamlet (111): he grows old and finds it "impossible to say just what I mean" (104).

Authorial Context: William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

The poet William Wordsworth was born in the "Lake District" of northwestern England. As a boy, he read and memorized classic plays and poems while enjoying the quiet beauty of the English countryside. Wordsworth began attending St. John's College in 1787, but he would return in his later years to the Lake District, his poetic inspiration, to live and write. Soon after graduating, the young poet moved to France for a year, soaking up the ideals of the French Revolution. He believed the revolution would have a positive impact on society. But the revolution was not the only thing Wordsworth fell in love with in France: he also met a French woman, Annette, with whom Wordsworth had a daughter named Caroline. The couple could not marry before a nearly-penniless Wordsworth had to return to England. (The escalating revolution meant that Wordsworth could not return to France for many years. When he did visit, it was to settle things with Annette before marrying his wife, Mary.) Back in England, Wordsworth moved in with Dorothy, his sister, who encouraged and aided his poetry. Wordsworth also made a friendship with Samuel Taylor Coleridge which would heavily impact his writing career. The two were inseparable for several years, sharing ideas, philosophies, and even lines. Together, they published a formative book for Romantic poetry: Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems (1798). The book contained poems from both of them.

Authorial Context: Lord Byron (1788-1824)

The poet and politician Lord Byron was born in London to a British officer, Captain John Byron, and his second wife, Catherine. Although Byron descended from aristocracy on both sides, he was raised in reduced circumstances. John Byron, who was known as a greedy womanizer, died when Byron was only 3 years old. Byron attended and graduated from Trinity College like many great English writers before him, but he was not a model student. Instead of studying, he preferred chasing women and excelling at sports. He also began writing poetry at school. After graduating, Byron toured through Europe and Asia Minor: a common aristocratic practice. He used these new experiences to inspire Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812) and a series of Eastern tales, which skyrocketed him into fame once he returned to publish them in England. But Byron did not stay in England for long. Following a brief stint in the House of Lords, during which he fought for the rights of industrial workers, Byron entered into a series of affairs. He had a brief marriage with Lady Caroline Lamb before it, and his reputation, crumbled under rumors of his sexual exploits. Byron left the country for good in 1816. 1816 and 1817 were wild years for Lord Byron, during which he both wrote prolifically and, according to his count, had over 200 promiscuous encounters! He traveled with Romantic writers Percy Shelley and Mary Shelley before settling in Italy. There, he worked on his masterpiece, Don Juan, as well as tragedies and satires. Shelley's career and life ended when he decided to support the Greek revolution against the Ottoman empire. He won the favor of the Greek people for his spirit and his leadership, but sadly Byron fell ill under the harsh conditions and died. He was partially buried in Greece, but most of his body was returned to England.

"To Night" (1788) Poem Context This poem and the following are English sonnets. Their form contains: 14 lines total Iambic pentameter rhythm A "turn" (shift of subject, tone, or perspective) at the beginning of the ninth line Rhyming couplet at the end

The speaker describes Night as a "mournful," "quiet gloom" with "deaf cold elements." Why, then, does she still love it?

Finally, Greco-Roman images and ideals fit well with and helped spark the Age of Revolutions. Supporters of the American Revolution (1765-1783), the French Revolution (1789-1799), and Irish Rebellion (1798) longed for the democratic/republican governments of ancient Greece and Rome.

Unfortunately, there is no way to classify British literature perfectly neatly! The labels on these periods of literature reflect either their general time period or their relation to important movements (like Romanticism). With this in mind, Neoclassical literature is a broad term that includes: Restoration literature (1660-1700) Augustan literature (1700-1750) Pre-Romantic literature (1750-1790) Like neoclassical art, this literature took cues from classical stories, characters, styles, and philosophies.

"I loved you first" Analysis

Who does the speaker address in this poem? Her lover Like most sonnets, this poem has a "turn": a shift in tone or idea. Where does this shift occur? Between lines 7 and 8 "I loved and guessed at you, you construed meAnd loved me for what might or might not be -Nay, weights and measures do us both a wrong." (lines 6-8) After 7 lines of balancing who loves the other the most, the speaker stops herself and firmly denies the need for such a judgement. For the rest of the poem, she discovers that true love is not weighed and measured but shared as one. What is the purposeful difference between the first and last line? First line begins with "I"; last last begins with "both"

Evaluating a Source's Form

Before evaluating the content of a source, it is important to identify the form in which the source was published. Understanding a source's form sets up correct expectations before reading: you should approach a journal article differently than an online encyclopedia entry.

Dryden says that Flecknoe, Shadwell, and other bad writers are rulers over the "realms of Non-sense." But, even though they are dull and witless, their subjects love them! Describe how Dryden points out the folly of the reading public. How is he criticizing and questioning their taste in literature?

Dryden points out the folly of the reading public because they enjoy Flecknoe and Shadwell's work. He describes the two's writing skills as dull and witless. He asserts that Shadwell is a needy and unoriginal poet. In the mock-epic, Dryden describes Shadwell's style as too derivative of Ben Jonson. He also claims Shadwell required help from fellow poet Charles Sedley. He insists that Shadwell is unschooled in the classics and implies the same for Shadwell's readers.

The Industrial Revolution was primarily a philosophical revolution.

False

Victor is incredibly glad to have Clerval with him on his journey.

False

William Blake was born into a wealthy and privileged life.

False

Direct Quotations

Finally, you will include at least 2 direct quotations from each source in your annotated bibliography entry. They should be quotations that you may want to use in your research paper later on. Make sure to include a page number after each direct quotation! When you choose direct quotations to include in your annotated bibliography, choose deliberately! Only pick direct quotations that are particularly effective in structure and meaningful to your argument. If the syntax of a sentence is powerful and you cannot easily paraphrase it, then you need a direct quotation! But if you are referring only to the idea--rather than specific words, details, or statistics--then you don't want to directly quote. Use a summary to incorporate a big idea and a paraphrase to incorporate a specific idea or example.

While Victor works on creating his monster, he says that, although it was a beautiful summer, his "eyes were insensible to the charms of nature." What does this mean?

He is so preoccupied with his project that he does not register anything else.

When Walton tells Victor about his passion for scientific discovery, how does Victor react?

He weeps.

Which of the following does the Creature NOT do to get what he wants?

He writes a love letter to Elizabeth. He does: He tries to help other people. He asks for a female mate. He learns to read and speak.

What does the narrator immediately notice about Heaven when they all get off the bus in chapter 3?

Heaven is so solid that he and the other passengers seem transparent.

Evaluating a Source's Rhetoric

In the last lesson, we discussed the importance of identifying a source's purpose, whether that purpose is to persuade, inform, or entertain. Since you are writing a research paper, your work and the works you will mostly be persuasive in intent. This means that you will need to learn to identify persuasive appeals and rhetorical devices. As we learn about these specific types of persuasion, remember that persuasion is a healthy, normal part of human interaction. We persuade each other every day, multiple times a day, in big and small ways. However, as with anything, persuasion is often abused. In this lesson, we will identify when healthy persuasion becomes unhealthy manipulation. We will identify when rhetorical devices are used to mask or distract from the truth. Persuasive Appeals God created us in His image, with faculties that reflect Him. He created all of the aspects we share as humans, and they point back to Him. Our intellects--or our minds--reflect the created order in the universe; our emotions reflect his love and care for his creation; and our souls, or spirits, which will live forever, reflect the immortality of God--the fact that he has always existed and always will. Our mind, emotions, and spirit are part of our being made "in the image of God." Thus, when we persuade and are persuaded by others, we make appeals (or petitions) that engage human reason, emotions, and character: Aristotle called these appeals logos, pathos, and ethos.

In the textile industry, the invention of huge looms demanded a factory big enough to fit them, which in turn demanded steam power to run. The finished products necessitated inventions like canals and railways to transport them. What characteristic of the Industrial Revolution does this exemplify?

Innovations cause and aid other innovations.

How is it ironic that the chapter 5 Ghost denies any belief in "reality" or "Existence"?

It is ironic because the Ghost is standing in Heaven while questioning its existence. He also overlooks the reality of him speaking to a Spirit who represents Heaven. He says that he was a former Christian and later doubted the teachings of Christ. He also equates Heaven to Hell as the grey town, to him, is a version of Heaven. The way that the Ghost goes off on a tangent, no matter how much the Spirit begs him, shows that he refuses salvation and has an existential crisis.

Provide one example of Romanticism in the work. Then, provide one example of Gothicism in the work.

One example of Romanticism is the use of emotions and the description of family life. The author also used ample imagery of nature and scenery. An example of Gothicism is the use of the Creature and science. The author created a dreary theme that would be associated with the book. The author also included many deaths to invoke suspense.

Style

Satire Mac Flecknoe is essentially a 17th-century roast! Dryden's satire is not subtle at all. But is he just mocking Shadwell? Or is he trying to do some good? Remember, good satire uses humor and exaggeration to reveal folly. In Mac Flecknoe, Dryden points out two foolish/immoral things: Bad writing (Flecknoe's, Shadwell's, Heywood's, Shirley's...). He takes offense at writing that is boring and safe, as well as poems that "torture one poor word ten thousand ways" (line 208). The reading public. We will dwell on this more in today's lesson review.

Why is the female ghost in chapter 10 so upset with her husband, Robert?

She believes he didn't thank her for all of her sacrifices.

How does Victor's mother die?

She caught the scarlet fever from Elizabeth.

What is the essence of Belinda's speech at the end of Canto 4?

She laments her lost curl and wishes she had listened to the sylph's warning.

Is the content objective, subjective, or a mixture of both? Provide a couple of examples.

The content is subjective and written from a single perspective. The author's examples try to support his argument. For example, he uses the competence of AI in chess-playing to explain that humans are being replaced in creativity. He used the example of surveillance systems in democracies as precedent of digital dictatorships.

In "The Lamb," who does the speaker refer to in the lines, "For he calls himself a lamb, / he is meek, and he is mild" (lines 14-15)?

The lamb's maker

Is there a discernable bias in this piece? Why or why not?

There is discernable bias in this piece. The author prefers the idea of data ownership being regulated rather than it being handed to small elites, hence why he wrote this article in the first place.

In what way are the lords and ladies of the poem actually like ancient Greek gods?

They are petty and vain.

What fault does Victor share with the biblical Adam?

They both seek knowledge beyond their reach.

"The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim's Point" (1854)

This shocking poem was first published in The Liberty Bell, an abolitionist pamphlet, before its 1850 revision and publication. The poem's speaker is an enslaved black woman who reflects on her past and identity while standing on Plymouth Rock. Literary Element Point of View Barrett Browning chose to write the poem from the point of view of the enslaved woman. The speaker calls herself black several times in the poem as she wrestles with her identity: "But we who are dark, we are dark!Ah God, we have no stars!About our souls in care and carkOur blackness shuts like prison-bars . . ." (lines 36-39) Barrett Browning wishes to cultivate empathy in British readers, to help free people to understand how physically, emotionally, and spiritually degrading it must be to be enslaved. But this brings up a difficult ethical question. Barrett Browning sets herself up as the voice for a group of people who often could not speak up for themselves. In this way, she is helping them. At the same time, though, what if the thoughts and words she puts in the black woman's mouth are totally inaccurate? What if she paints a faulty picture of a fugitive slave? Barrett Browning pretends as though she has experienced the horrors of enslavement when, of course, she has not. Does this disqualify her from writing such a poem? Literary Device Irony There is a tragic irony in this poem. The enslaved speaker stands on "Pilgrim's Point," also known as Plymouth Rock, which is a symbol of freedom and a fresh start for Americans. For the speaker, however, it symbolizes her enslavement and the death of everything she loved. Others began their new freedom on that location; by contrast, the speaker accepts that her life is at a dead end, that her situation is hopeless. Literary Element Conflict This poem centers around several different intense conflicts. Individual vs. Individual: This is the most obvious and violent conflict. The speaker tells us that her white captor killed her lover and raped her, forcing her to bear his child. Barrett Browning bluntly states a few of the cruelties which were inflicted upon African slaves. Individual vs. Deity: The speaker also conflicts with God in this poem. Understandably, she wonders why God made her with a dark skin tone if she was going to be enslaved for it."I am black, I am black,And yet God made me, they say:But if He did so, smiling backHe must have cast his work awayUnder the feet of his white creatures,With a look of scorn, that the dusky featuresMight be trodden again to clay." (lines 22-28) Individual vs. Self: Because of these other conflicts, the speaker also struggles within herself. She feels worthless and hopeless. Everything she loves has been taken by her white captors, so to think that her DNA has mixed with her rapist's DNA to form her newborn baby tears her heart and her identity apart. Driven to despair, she kills her own baby "to save it from my curse" (146). In the last stanza, she herself dies. The speaker sees death as the only way to reconcile her horrible circumstances.

According to the speaker in "I loved you first," what is true love?​​​ Use examples from the text in your answer.

True love is not about comparison, it's about being together. "Nay, weights and measures do us both a wrong". It shouldn't be a matter of making amends for one thing or the other. "Rich love knows nought of 'thine that is not mine;' Both have the strength and both the length thereof". The strength of love has no measure, and the value of true relationships are often mistaken. What matters is the expression of unconditional love.

Which of the following is NOT an illustrated scene on the urn in "Ode on a Grecian Urn"?

Women milling grain Illustrated: Lovers dancing Priests preparing for a sacrifice Pipers playing

A Note about Persuasive Language

Word choices can be incredibly persuasive. One word can change our perspective on an idea or claim. Consider the difference between This man keeps a lot of money. This frugal man saves a lot of money. This greedy man hoards a lot of money. To further illustrate this, here an excerpt from a recent editorial in Atlantic, "How AI Will Rewire Us": All of the highlighted words work together to persuade the reader that AI is too close to us and too involved in our everyday lives. But switch these words out -- maybe "abundant" instead of "ubiquitous" -- and the piece might not get that particular message across. Take care that you do not manipulate the reader of your research paper with word choices. Always pair persuasive language with objective logic and sources.

Public Critiques Between Authors Throughout the history of British literature, authors have publically commented on the works of their peers. As far back as the 16th century, some authors have harshly criticized their contemporaries for personal and professional reasons. Famous disputes include:

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Ben Jonson (1572-1637) Lord Byron (1788-1824) John Keats (1795-1821) Henry James (1843-1916) H. G. Wells (1866-1946) Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) Two 20th-century authors we've studied -- George Orwell and C. S. Lewis -- were contemporaries, and while they did not have a serious feud, they did publish critiques of the other's works. George Orwell and C. S. Lewis We have now read Animal Farm and The Great Divorce, both published in England in 1945. Orwell and Lewis were certainly aware of one another, and each publically praised and criticized different aspects of the other's writing. George Orwell (1903-1950) C. S. Lewis (1898-1963) The following is an excerpt from a review that Orwell published of That Hideous Strength (1945), the third installment in Lewis's science fiction Space Trilogy. On the whole, novels are better when there are no miracles in them. Still, it is possible to think of a fairly large number of worth-while books in which ghosts, magic, second-sight, angels, mermaids, and what-not play a part. Mr. C. S. Lewis's That Hideous Strength can be included in their number - though, curiously enough, it would probably have been a better book if the magical element had been left out. For in essence it is a crime story, and the miraculous happenings, though they grow more frequent towards the end, are not integral to it. . . . "One could recommend this book unreservedly if Mr. Lewis had succeeded in keeping it all on a single level. Unfortunately, the supernatural keeps breaking in, and it does so in rather confusing, undisciplined ways. . . . Much is made of the fact that the scientists [in the story] are actually in touch with evil spirits, although this fact is known only to the inmost circle. Mr. Lewis appears to believe in the existence of such spirits, and of benevolent ones as well. He is entitled to his beliefs, but they weaken his story, not only because they offend the average reader's sense of probability but because in effect they decide the issue in advance. When one is told that God and the Devil are in conflict one always knows which side is going to win. The whole drama of the struggle against evil lies in the fact that one does not have supernatural aid. However, by the standard of the novels appearing nowadays this is a book worth reading." - George Orwell Although he says it is "worth reading," Orwell has two major complaints with Lewis' work: Its supernatural elements get in the way of a good story. The imbalance of power between God and the Devil take away the story's drama. These criticisms could easily be applied to The Great Divorce, too, as that book takes place entirely in supernatural realms and definitively claims God's victory over evil. Orwell probably would have thought that The Great Divorce lacked the conflict and tension that make up a compelling tale.

What is Yeats' general tone (attitude) toward the leaders of the rebellion in "Easter, 1916"? Use examples from the text.

Yeats acknowledges that these leaders were ordinary people but chose to fight for this cause. He commemorates the leaders, even the one who hurt people the poet cared for. "He had done most bitter wrong / To some who are near my heart, / Yet I number him in the song". However, he believes that these leaders were too dedicated. Yeats says, "Too long a sacrifice / Can make a stone of the heart". He believes their sacrifices to this cause ruined their relationships and composure. Their life at home was vastly different before they led this ambition.

In chapter 7, one of the ghosts theorizes that Heaven is a/an ________.

advertisement

"Ulysses" is a dramatic monologue, a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by ________.

an imagined person who is different from the poet

At the end of chapter 8, a ____________ thunders through the forest and keeps the narrator from seeing what happened to the self-conscious ghost.

herd of unicorns

The tone of "To Night" could best be described as ________.

gloomy and resigned

The Ozymandias statue declares that Ramses II is "King of Kings," when in reality he died 2,000 years previously. The literary device used here is ______.

irony

Dryden uses the classical imagery of ____________.

kings and prophets

Many British writers, sometimes called Romantics, were horrified by the ________ that industrialization caused.

pollution of nature

In the second stanza, the speaker claims that the causes of this war are ___________.

predictable and recurring With a weary tone, the speaker claims that a modern historian could easily trace Hitler's rise to dictatorship, just as the historian Thucydides analyzed ancient dictators centuries ago. These human atrocities come like waves, and humanity "must suffer them all again" (line 34).

C. S. Lewis (1898-1963)

Although English author C. S. Lewis did not convert to Christianity until the midpoint of his life, he is remembered not only as one of the greatest British writers of the modern era, but also as one of the greatest Christian apologists of all time. Lewis, who worked as a professor of English literature at both Oxford and Cambridge, wrote theology, fantasy, science fiction, and autobiography; he wrote essays, novels, children's books, and academic articles. Lewis' early atheism, experiences in WWI, and academic background keep his writing grounded and rational. And yet Lewis was enchanted with the "true myth" of Christianity; his works reflect the joy he received from his Christian faith. Introduction to The Great Divorce (1945) The Great Divorce combines Lewis' love of theology and vivid imagination into one intense dream vision. Dream vision: A literary device in which a dream or vision is recounted as having revealed knowledge or a truth that is not available to the dreamer or visionary in a normal waking state; the story is often an allegory Famous dream visions you may have read include The Dream of the Rood, John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, and James Joyce's "Finnegan's Wake." Sometimes the speaker states right away that the story is a dream; sometimes, they recognize the dream state at the end of the work. The speaker in The Great Divorce believes he has died and gone on to the afterlife until the very last chapter, when someone tells him he is dreaming. The vision takes place in Hell (or Purgatory, or the Valley of the Shadow of Death) and a heavenly country that is not quite Heaven (at one point it is referred to as the "Valley of the Shadow of Life"). The narrator watches as the ghosts of the dead arrive in the heavenly country and usually turn back toward Hell, too addicted to lust or power or academia or self-pity to embrace the joyful realities of God. The Great Divorce may seem like an odd name for a vision of the afterlife; however, it is an intentional counter to English poet William Blake's idea of Heaven and Hell forming a union in his collection, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. Over and over in The Great Divorce, Lewis illustrates his belief that Heaven and Hell can never and will never be reconciled. To him, Hell is the absence of God and the perversion of every good thing. In the end, every person must choose for him or herself in which place they want to belong.

When the refugee goes to the committee for housing and is offered a chair, what else are they told?

"Come back next year."

The Argumentative Research Paper

Because digital advances have made so much information widely accessible and freely available, the 21st century has been coined "the Information Age." Anything and everything we want to know is a few taps away on our phones or computers. But all this information can be overwhelming. Research papers give structure and purpose to an indistinguishable swamp of facts about a topic. They collect only relevant information and order it in a way that is thorough and helpful. Some research papers are purely informational; some, like the one you will be writing in this course, are argumentative research papers. They not only organize information but also present an argument about that information. For example: "Mandatory Art Classes Will Improve Student Grades" "American Fathers Need Longer Paternity Leave" "The Current Minimum Wage is Bad for the Economy" Writers of argumentative research papers use existing facts, studies, and opinions to convince their reader that they are right. For more information about this kind of paper, follow the link below.

Lewis was often criticized by his Oxford peers for his _________ works.

Christian

How do critics describe Robert Browning's style?

Energetic

Authorial Context: W. H. Auden (1907-1973)

English poet W. H. Auden was born in York, England to a doctor and a former nurse. After getting an education at private schools, Auden attended university at Christ Church, Oxford. Here, he embraced poetry and formed lasting friendships with his writing peers. His poems combined influences from a wide range of poets, including Yeats and Eliot. The publication of his second collection, Poems (1930), established Auden as a young genius. These early poems took an ironic look at the reality of the Depression, using Eliot-like concision and ambiguity. In the 1930s, Auden traveled around the world before landing in the United States. After years of teaching and serving the WWII effort in various ways, Auden became a U.S. citizen in 1946. These WWII years produced heavily political and aspirational writing from Auden. For the rest of his life, Auden went back and forth from New York in the winters to Oxford or Austria in the summers. He continued to teach and write, creating plays and essays alongside his poems. The poems of these last decades centered around Auden's Christian faith and were distinctly personal and relatable. He died in Vienna, Austria in 1973.

How does Tennyson seem to view and think about nature? Use examples from all three poems to support your answer.

From the poems, I believe Tennyson likes to view nature in a referential context. He sets his poems in studied settings and references surrounding places. His descriptions of nature allude to these borrowed settings. He details in "Ulysses", "Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy". He also elevates "The Lady of Shalott" with "Gazing where the lilies blow / Round an island there below, / The island of Shalott". These descriptions view nature in a positive and praiseful light. The only difference is in the "The Charge of the Light Brigade". Tennyson writes, "Into the valley of Death / Rode the six hundred". It's uncertain if this setting is based on a real one, but the setting represents fear and anticipation.

Why doesn't Victor speak up before Justine's trial?

He thinks people will call him insane He thinks she will be proven innocent. He thinks no one would believe the truth about the Creature.

How does the narrator manage to walk painlessly in chapter 6?

He walks on a river.

In chapter 10, what does Napoleon announce to the humans?

He will remove the references to animals in the farm's name and flag.

Animal Farm, Chapters 7-8

In chapter 7, Napoleon and his cronies break the penultimate animal commandment: "No animal shall kill any other animal." He violently and publically executes many animals for their alleged loyalty to Snowball. Once this demonstration is over, the rest of the animals gather around the windmill in shock. As Clover, the cart-horse, looks over the farm, she suddenly realizes their circumstance. This is crucial: the oppression has been so gradual that none of the animals realized how much their reality clashes with their original purpose. With the death of her fellow animals, Clover sees that something has indeed gone wrong. And yet she cannot decipher why or how. She realizes that things have changed but does not see their orchestrator, Napoleon. Orwell powerfully depicts a person so oppressed in body and mind that she cannot properly understand her own oppression. The animals are so brainwashed by Squealer that they would soon believe it is their fault that they are starved and killed. As Boxer says mournfully, "I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves."

Lewis presents dense theology in the form of different conversations. Is a conversation an effective way to present theology? Why or why not? Use The Great Divorce as evidence in your response.

Lewis's idea to use conversation to present theology is an excellent way to get the message across to readers. The dialogue is relatable to people's everyday means of conversation. From these conversations, we notice that the Ghost has certain beliefs and refuses to accept the fact as would some people in every day life. We also see the dispersal of truth of various religious leaders to save the ignorant from evil. For example, the fat Ghost, who knows better as a former Christian, to obey and serve God but displays doubt and questions the doctrine of Christianity. Another example is the Big Ghost questioning the redemption of Len the Spirit. The Big Ghost states the standard of how people should be saved for their actions instead of what God has planned for his people. He claims that he is a good person and does not need to repent while he questions Len's repentance and acceptance to Heaven as he still sees him as a murderer, even though God has forgiven him and accepted him in Heaven.

Which lines in "The Hollow Men" are the "whimper"? (Hint: the punctuation might help you figure it out.)

Lines 92-94

Pathos (appeal to emotion)

Major uses pathos by appealing to the animals' emotions and values. You cows that I see before me, how many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year? And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies. And you hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men. And you, Clover, where are those four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your old age? Each was sold at a year old−you will never see one of them again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.

In "Refugee Blues," the speaker notes that in the city of ten million people, some live in:

Mansions and slums

Of what does the Big Ghost accuse one of the solid people in chapter 4?

Murder

Pathos (Appeal to Heart)

Pathos (Greek for "experience") appeals to the universal emotions and connections humans have shared throughout all time. When a source uses pathos, it attempts to convince the heart of the truth of a claim. We humans are thinking beings, but we are also emotional beings. We strongly connect to or reject things based on our gut feelings about them. This is why parents choose schools where they believe their children will be safe and happy. This is why we watch movies with our favorite celebrities. This is why we angrily sign online petitions against social injustice. Believe it or not, emotional persuasion can be used well in nonfiction. Some nonfiction uses our concern for others to remind us to take action. Below is an excerpt from the famous Gettysburg Address. President Lincoln delivered this speech in November 1863 to honor the bloody Battle of Gettysburg. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate - we can not consecrate - we can not hallow - this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who have struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Lincoln appeals to his listener's emotions by reminding them how many men sacrificed their lives. He appeals to values like patriotism, camaraderie, and freedom to persuade his listeners that they must carry on the fight. You may be using one or more of the literary works we read in this course for your senior research paper. Fictional works, like novels and plays, often use pathos to impress a theme or message on the reader. For example, one of the main themes in Macbeth is the cost of tyranny. To emphasize this point, Shakespeare appeals to the heart by depicting the murder of Macduff's innocent wife and son. He appeals to our cultural values of family and peace by depicting the breaking of these values. During this scene, the readers/viewers experience and feel for themselves the horror and fear of a bloody tyrant. As you can probably guess, however, it is very easy to abuse emotional persuasion. Websites, newspapers, and magazines often publish emotionally-driven articles to get more "clicks." For example, "Are Cellphones Ruining Your Connection with Your Kids?" "Eating Canned Foods Gives You Cancer" "10 Ways to Get Your Friends to Like You More" Each of these titles abuses our emotions, causing us to fear the loss of love, health, or friendship. On the internet, avoid articles that are written to sell to, anger, or frighten the reader rather than to share unbiased information.

"September 1, 1939" (1939)

Poem Context This poem is Auden's response to the eruption of WWII in 1939. He purposefully mimics the form of Yeats' "Easter, 1916," another historical poem. As you read, remember that Auden lived in New York City; at this point, the United States was attempting to remain neutral in the war. It is also important to note that although this is one of Auden's most well-known poems, he came to despise it later in life and refused to let it be printed in most collections. Particularly, he felt the line "We must love one another or die" was untruthful and should be changed to "We must love one another and die." Vocabulary Guide Linz: City in Austria where Hitler grew up Imago: Unconscious representation of a parent Thucydides: Ancient Greek historian of the Peloponnesian War Eros: Greek god of desire Beleaguered: besieged

Explain what Sarah Smith means when she says this to the Tragedian: "If it would help you and if it were possible I would go down with you into Hell: but you cannot bring Hell into me." Why isn't it possible for her to go down into Hell? Why can he not bring Hell into her?

Sarah cannot go into Hell or have it brought to her because she is a spirit. As a spirit, Sarah has accepted God and obtained her salvation. Spirits are too big and righteous for Hell. In Sarah's case, she is full of love, and Hell could not contain her love. The Tragedian tries to make her feel bad until he completely disappears when she tells him she cannot go out of love and accept lies. The message is that people are given the free will to either choose Hell or Heaven. Choosing Heaven takes self-sacrifice and accepting reality.

The speaker of "Sailing to Byzantium" says he would rather be a part of a piece of art. Why? What is the message about life and art in this poem? Use examples from the text.

Since the speaker is old, he dislikes the youth for their enjoyment of worldly pleasures. He says that the youth are "In one another's arms, birds in the trees, / Those dying generations—at their song". He believes nothing will last of their mere moments. He looks to old art because it encapsulates life. "Once out of nature I shall never take / My bodily form from any natural thing, / But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make". He would rather be a piece of art than a human being in his new life. The message of this poem is that art perpetuates life, and art lasts forever.

Why does Tennyson use so much repetition, refrain, and parallelism in "The Charge of the Light Brigade"? How do these devices reflect what is going on in the poem?

Tennyson uses these techniques to strengthen the poem. Refrain is used to reinforce the poem's message. The poem is based on the cavalry of six hundred men going to battle. Parallelism and repetition are used to connect ideas and create rhythm. Parallelism is used to reveal the injustices, while repetition is used to elevate the thrilling actions of the event.

The final encounter that the narrator witnesses happens between a husband and wife. How is this significant, given the title of the book?

The husband and wife clearly had a bad relationship in life. This encounter in Heaven shows the dynamic of their continuous relationship. The difference is that the wife, Sarah, suggested that they can truly love one another in the afterlife. She even invited him to join her in the mountains and eventually to Heaven. The one side of Frank was trying to be happy and loved by Sarah, but the evil side of Frank holds onto his old habit of self-pity. He tries to make Sarah feel bad about herself instead of getting rid of this behavior to be happy with Sarah in the afterlife. In the end, Sarah chooses love, happiness, and salvation, while Frank chooses the opposite. This is the separation outlined in The Great Divorce.

The Prelude is written in blank verse, which means it does not have a rhyme scheme. Explain why Wordsworth might have intentionally chosen not to rhyme in this particular poem.

Wordsworth may have written in blank verse because he wanted to express the spontaneity in his creative process. I believe he did not want to constrict himself to a rhyme scheme, so he could better represent the natural flow of his ordinary thoughts.

The Great Divorce is a theogical _________.

dream vision

After the Battle of the Cowshed in chapter 4, Snowball says that the only good human being is a/an _______ one.

dead

In "She Walks in Beauty," the woman contains the best of darkness and light. This is a ________.

paradox

The refrain in "The Charge of the Light Brigade" has to do with __________.

the six hundred

In his essay "Why I Write," Orwell reveals his goal as a writer: __________.

to make political writing into art

There are endless waves of questions throughout this poem. In the midst of these, what does Prufrock seem the most certain about?

Amidst his ostentatious pursuits, Prufrock seems most certain about his status. He knows he will never be the optimal person. He says that he is not someone like Prince Hamlet. He even describes himself as fulfilling the position of a background character or an attendant of some uses. It might also mean that Prufrock is a man of inaction who contrasts himself with the accomplished Prince Hamlet.

Logos (appeal to mind)

As a pig, Major does not have a lot of concrete facts. However, he does use logic to persuade the animals. As a pig, Major does not have a lot of concrete facts. However, he does use logic to persuade the animals. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal. Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word−Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever. "Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. Our labour tills the soil, our dung fertilises it, and yet there is not one of us that owns more than his bare skin. Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free.

Identifying Objectivity and Subjectivity

As you begin to seek out sources for your research paper, one of the most crucial distinctions you must make is between fact and opinion, or objectivity and subjectivity. Objectivity: the quality of being factual and without bias Subjectivity: the quality of being based on personal opinions, tastes, or feelings A source's basis in fact or opinion affects how you, a responsible researcher, should approach that source. If an objective source is trustworthy, it will provide basic factual information that cannot be contradicted (except if new information comes to light). Objective sources describe or explain what happened, what was said, etc. They do not "slant" the information in one way or another or to manipulate the reader into feeling a certain way about the topic. On the other hand, subjective sources purposefully interpret factual information to form an individual opinion. This opinion can be supported and argued for, but it is not an indisputable fact. In other words, subjective material is open to contradiction. As the reader, you get to evaluate a subjective source to decide whether or not you agree with the opinion that is put forward. Ask yourself, "Who is writing this—are they trustworthy?" "Is this opinionated source full of good evidence?" "What, in plain language, is the opinion?" "Do I agree with the opinion?" Articles and books focusing on literary criticism, like the ones you will be looking for, will be inherently subjective. The author will defend their opinions by using quotes from the primary source as well as other scholars and researchers. If they defend their opinion well, the article might seem like it contains objective facts about the text.

Evaluating Type and Title

As you read and analyze a new source, notice its type: this will clue you in on whether it will be mainly objective or subjective. Expository sources (encyclopedias, informational articles) will contain mostly objective, factual material. Persuasive, analytical, and interpretative sources (literary analysis papers, research papers, journal articles) will contain more subjective material because they are trying to prove their own individual argument. Of course, any good subjective work will include objective facts and figures to support their objective claims. Also, you may be able to identify a source's objectivity/subjectivity based on its title. For example, consider this real article title, "Tragedies of Tyrants: Political Thought and Theater in the English Renaissance." There is no biased language here. From what we can tell so far, the writer compiled opinions on tyrants during the English Renaissance into a mostly objective essay. By contrast, the article "Macbeth: William Shakespeare's searing tale of the vulnerability of the ambitious" seems more subjective. The author assumes that Macbeth centers around this one theme ("the vulnerability of the ambitious"), but this could easily be contradicted. Obviously, subjectivity is not a bad thing! Opinions and interpretations make up much of who we are as individuals. If all writing was merely factual, the world would be a boring place. However, we need to watch out for subjectivity that pretends to be objective. Watch out for opinions that are presented as unarguable facts.

Auden's Legacy

Auden won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his long poem The Age of Anxiety (1947) and was commemorated in the Poet's Corner. Many have called him the greatest poet of the twentieth century. Auden's poetry went through noticeable "phases," but each phase is consistently skillful, thoughtful, and popular (meaning, his language is understandable). He was so dedicated to truth and accuracy that he removed stanzas and even whole poems from his canon years after publishing because he no longer agreed with himself. [Auden] has been admired for his unsurpassed technical virtuosity and an ability to write poems in nearly every imaginable verse form; the incorporation in his work of popular culture, current events, and vernacular speech; and also for the vast range of his intellect, which drew easily from an extraordinary variety of literatures, art forms, social and political theories, and scientific and technical information. He had a remarkable wit, and often mimicked the writing styles of other poets such as Dickinson, W. B. Yeats, and Henry James. His poetry frequently recounts, literally or metaphorically, a journey or quest, and his travels provided rich material for his verse. Poets.org

Definitions

Character arc: Journey of a character throughout a story Blank slate theory: Proposes that humans are born with "blank" minds and that all knowledge comes from experience and perception after birth Imagist movement: Movement in poetry advocating free verse and the expression of ideas and emotions through clear precise images Annotated bibliography: List of citations giving a summary of each entry to evaluate the sources Primary source and secondary sources: Primary sources are during the time period being researched, while secondary sources are after. Secondary sources often have broader perspectives than primary sources. Logos: Logic and reason Pathos: Emotions and feelings Ethos: Credibility and ethics Allegory: A story that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one Fable: A short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral Dream vision: A literary device in which a dream or vision is recounted as having revealed knowledge or a truth that is not available to the dreamer or visionary in a normal waking state

Ethos (Appeal to Character)

Ethos (Greek for "character") appeals to an author's authority, expertise, and/or character. The appeal links an idea/thing to a person whom the reader can trust. Ethos seeks to convince the reader of something by connecting that thing to another person's trustworthiness. In everyday life, we tend to look for authorities in various topics to help us make decisions. As you entered high school, you may have asked an older student or sibling to tell you what it would be like, simply because they were experts in that area. We trust doctors to help us with our health because they have medical degrees. Good examples of persuasion by association abound in nonfiction. Journal articles, books, and scholarly essays are written by verified experts who quote other experts. In online articles, speeches, and social media posts, speakers may refer to their expertise (or personal experience) with a topic as a way to persuade their audience to believe and agree with them. Writers often use the phrase "as a..." before beginning their argument. They want to tell their audience that they know what they're talking about. This is valid, persuasive reasoning in Janice's favor! She shows that she has enough knowledge of the topic to disagree with anti-video game posters. By contrast, there are two main ways that persuasion by association can be abused: 1 Do not be persuaded by a writer who claims that what they say is true only because they have experience or expertise. Even experts can be wrong or manipulative; good experts, therefore, will provide evidence and other sources to support their argument. 2 Be aware of expert/authority switching: an authority on one subject speaks confidently (often falsely) on a different subject. This happens more often than we realize! Examples include physicists speaking about evolutionary biology, literary critics speaking about history, and actors/singers speaking about politics.

According to Canto 2, Belinda's lock is the first and only "trophy of love" the Baron has ever taken from a woman.

False

According to his preface, C. S. Lewis meant The Great Divorce to be an exhaustive, precise theology of Heaven and Hell.

False

In chapter 9, all of the animals are starving, even the pigs.

False

The Creature learns to speak and read by peering into the windows of a village school.

False

The Victorian period of poetry only occurred during the last ten years of Queen Victoria's reign.

False

The speaker of "Ode to a Nightingale" wishes to use alcohol to drink his sorrows away.

False

Victor begs Walton to abandon his mission for the sake of his men.

False

Victorian poets reacted violently against Romanticism.

False

Which of the following is NOT a part of John Dryden's legacy?

He wrote the first epic in the English language. His legacy: He pioneered the heroic couplet form. He excelled in all literary forms. He pioneered the mock-epic form.

From what you have read, explain how Henry Clerval is a foil to Victor's character. Provide at least two ways that they have contrasting attitudes or desires.

Henry Clerval is a foil to Victor because Clerval has the consistent attitude of being open, kind, and caring. An example of this is Henry taking care of Victor when he was ill. On the other hand, Victor is self centered, keeps many secrets, does not take care of himself, and does not contact his family for years when preoccupied with his own projects.

For whom does Gray write the epitaph at the end of the poem?

Himself

In "September 1, 1939," what single tool does the speaker have to combat apathy and lies?

His voice

Share your reaction to this 17-century roast. Do you think it is too harsh? Should writers speak about other writers in this way? Why or why not?

I believe Dryden's writing takes after the humor of satire and wasn't meant to be taken seriously by anyone. Since it is a mock epic, it relishes a petty subject. It's pretentious on purpose. Dryden finds Shadwell's political differences and "unrefined taste" in literature to be worthy of scoffing. Though it comes across as subjective ridicule, Dryden stresses the importance of classic works. Either way, Mac Flecknoe is important as a landmark of literary satire.

Why do you think authors publically comment on the work of their contemporaries? Do you think this is a positive or negative practice? Explain.

I believe it's both positive and negative. Authors commenting on their peers likely puts themselves in the limelight to get literary and public interest. I think authors should have the freedom to write from their perspective. Different viewpoints are important to the interest of literature. I think it can also be positive to provoke the reasoning of an author, so they can see things they might not have seen when writing. Peer criticism helps in a writer's creative process and gives them inspiration for literary works, regardless of how they react to criticism.

Lewis presents dense theology in the form of different conversations. Is a conversation an effective way to present theology? Why or why not? Use The Great Divorce as evidence in your response.

I believe that Lewis's idea to use conversation to present theology is an excellent way to get the message across to readers. The dialogue is relatable to people's everyday means of conversation. From this conversation, we know that the Fat Ghost has certain beliefs and refuses to accept the fact as would some people in everyday life. We also see the dispersal of the truth from religious figures (in comparison to the Spirits in The Great Divorce) to save ignorance from evil. For example, the Fat Ghost, who knows better as a former Christian, to obey and serve God but displays doubt and questions the doctrine of Christianity. Another example is the Big Ghost, questioning the redemption of Len the Spirit. The Big Ghost states the standard of how people should be saved for their actions instead of what God has planned for his people. He claims that he is a good person and does not need to repent while questioning Len's repentance and acceptance to Heaven, as he still sees Len as a murderer, even though God has forgiven him and accepted him in Heaven.

Do you agree that the nature of an animal reflects the character of God, its creator? Why or why not?

I believe they do reflect the character of God in some ways. God created all animals for a certain function and also gave some animals like tigers and lions specific characteristics for survival. This is why lambs are near humans and lions and tigers are in the wild. Jesus is named the Lamb of God, so clearly animals like lambs have positive attributes in light of God. Wild animals are strong and powerful which can be related to God's power and strength.

Did you expect the story to end the way it did? Was this ending realistic? Why or why not?

I didn't expect it to end this way. I was expecting a rebellion from the animals to protect their freedom. I think the author was trying to relay the message that without intervention will result in continuous tyranny. It will be too late to change their condition as the indoctrination of the new population grows as they will not know the difference between freedom and dictatorship.

In your opinion, is King Ulysses' desire to sail off for more adventures praiseworthy? Or should he be reproached for leaving his country and family? Explain your answer.

I don't think King Ulysses' aspirations are practical. Though traveling occasionally is sensible, he shouldn't neglect his responsibilities. As the leader of Ithaca, King Ulysses should be responsible, patriotic, and remain in his country to face challenges. He should improve the supposedly problematic people and not neglect them.

In literature, the mood is the emotional atmosphere within the work. Describe the emotions you felt as you read Elegy. Did your emotions change as the poem went on? Why? Use a few examples from the text in your answer.

I felt pretty touched by how the writer conveys his message as life being simple. As the poet mentioned, all humans will demise one day, regardless of their status and affluence. "Awaits alike th' inevitable hour. / The paths of glory lead but to the grave" (lines 35-36). He argues that it's better to look to the people you know and love and be remembered by them. "On some fond breast the parting soul relies, / Some pious drops the closing eye requires" (lines 89-90).

Christina Rossetti wrote many poems about her faith. Do you see elements of Christianity in this poem? If so, give examples and explain them. If not, give examples to show that the poem is not faith-based.

I see Christian elements throughout "Up-Hill". The poem has a couple of parallels to the teachings of Jesus. "Will the day's journey take the whole long day? / From morn to night, my friend". This is similar to when Jesus famously said that the path to salvation is long and difficult. "Then must I knock, or call when just in sight? / They will not keep you standing at that door". In the same sermon, Jesus said the door will open when one knocks on it many times. This means that persistent faith in God will give provisions.

In Canto 1, as Belinda puts on her clothes and makeup, Pope writes that she "puts on all her arms." By this, he means that she puts on armor and weapons as if she is suiting up for war. Why would he compare Belinda to a soldier putting on arms? Who is she going into battle with? Do any of the other characters in Canto 2 behave like they are at war? Why? Give a thorough answer with support from the text.

I think it serves the same purpose of satire. He compares Belinda to a soldier putting on arms because it represents the idea of her preparing for what she sees as an important event. She is going into battle with the people who will assess her for her hard-worked beauty. The sylphs also seem to view the foreseen event of her misfortune with trepidation. Pope makes this mockery because soldiers prepare for battle and death, while Belinda prepares for something trivial.

Do you think The Great Divorce lacks conflict and drama because of the reasons Orwell lists?

I think that The Great Divorce contains a decent amount of conflict to show the separation from good and evil. Lewis, a reborn Christian, challenged William Blake's work The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. Lewis needed a way to convey good and evil's separation, and that's only possible through describing its conflict. The Great Divorce contains many conflicts, and I think each conflict is a story on its own. Orwell, who doubted God, would have a different opinion about Lewis's balancing of characters in The Great Divorce, but Lewis was focused on proving his point of God's supremacy.

Which, to you, was the most powerful argument in "The Cry of the Children": the rational, emotional, or spiritual argument? Explain your choice and support it with a few examples from the text.

I think that the most powerful argument in "The Cry of the Children" is the spiritual argument. I think it stands out as the most persuasive because the children disbelieves God as their Savior. Most of us have been taught to believe in God to be our ultimate protector. The children insist that God is silent, and they criticize the neglect of God towards them. "He is speechless as a stone: / And they tell us, of His image is the master". God created their employers in His image, but their actions of enslaving the children have no repercussion. They feel that God should stop the angels from singing, so He can hear the children's cries. The children also insist they "Are slaves, without the liberty in Christdom, / Are martyrs, by the pang without the palm". The children feel like they are being sacrificed without being crucified as Jesus.

If you had made the Creature and immediately realized your mistake after it came alive, how would you ethically deal with the situation? Be specific.

If I had made the Creature, I would have cared for it. I would have given it all the necessities and knowledge that I could possibly provide. I would have also taught the Creature the good and bad and the right and wrong. I would have not criticized my creation as Victor did. I would have tried to accomodate the Creature's needs to the best of my ability. I would have also not kept it secret and sought help if things were to go out of hand.

Tennyson illustrates the following conventions of Victorian poetry:

Imitation of the Romantics Melancholy tone Sensory descriptions

In chapter 8, Minimus writes this poem about Napoleon. Choose two (2) lines from this poem that strike you as ironic and explain why.

It's ironic when he writes that Napoleon gives animals a "Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon" because they were starving, laboring, and food was rationed. "Thou are the giver of / All that thy creatures love" and "Like the sun in the sky, Comrade Napoleon!" establish Napoleon as a godlike figure that protects the population, but in reality, it's the opposite, as Napoleon only cares for himself. The line "Every beast great or small / Sleeps at peace in his stall" was also ironic, as there was murder, unrest, and silencing in Napoleon's reign.

Primary vs. Secondary Sources

In the most general sense, all sources belong to one of two categories: primary or secondary. A primary source originates in the time period being researched For example, if you are researching the English monarchy in the 19th century, letters and news articles from that period are primary sources. But if you are researching contemporary satire, current 21st-century websites, statistics, and books also count as primary sources. A primary source is valuable for research because it offers testimonies and perspectives which were/are very close to the subject you are researching. Perhaps the best way to analyze the Great Plague of the 1660s is to read eyewitness accounts of its horrors! On the other hand, primary sources lack the perspective given by secondary sources. Sometimes they are too close to action, or too narrow in perspective, to help in the research process. A secondary source is written after and about the time period being researched Secondary sources could be scholarly articles, encyclopedia entries, documentaries, websites: anything that responds to or analyzes the original thing/time/work that you are researching. For example, there are plenty of secondary articles, both informational and persuasive, that discuss 19th-century English monarchy decades after the monarchs lived. The main advantage of secondary sources is the broad perspective they offer. Authors of reliable secondary sources research and incorporate many different points of view on the subject that is being researched. Secondary sources can also lead you to other sources on the topic, through in-text citations and bibliography entries. Understand that primary sources and secondary sources will typically be different in form. Most primary sources -- diary entries, letters, speeches, newspaper articles -- will be less structured and more informal. Secondary sources, on the other hand, set out to persuade or inform in some way. The length and style of a secondary source are limited to what is normal for its type, whether it is a journal article (10-30 pages) or editorial (2-5 pages).

Fake News

It is much easier to be manipulated and brainwashed when you are only exposed to one side of the story and one part of the world. The farm animals do not rebel against Napoleon mostly because he carefully curates what they hear and from who. They get all of their information about the outside world from Squealer. His rhetoric is so convincing that even when he contradicts their beliefs and experiences, they believe him. For example, when Squealer tells the animals that only the pigs should eat milk and apples, he says, You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well−being of a pig. Animal Farm, chapter 3 He mentions "Science" in the knowledge that the other animals have not read science books and therefore are not able to challenge his false information. When Napoleon wishes to smear the memory of Snowball, Squealer cites "documents" -- which don't exist -- to prove his guilt. Do you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just discovered. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. . . . For we know now−it is all written down in the secret documents that we have found−that in reality he was trying to lure us to our doom. Animal Farm, chapter 7 Notice the words "real," "secret," "know," and "reality" -- Squealer insists that his information is the only true information. Conveniently, none of the animals ever see these revealing documents which were "only just discovered." Though confused, they take his word for it.

Evaluating Sources (Content)

Obviously, the content is the most important part of any source: the content is what you summarize/paraphrase/quote to support the points in your paper. However, part of being a responsible researcher is not just reading that source at face value but evaluating it. You can only correctly use a source after you have evaluated its accuracy, intent, point of view, and/or possible bias. The author of every source has had a specific purpose behind their writing, even if they do not consciously realize it. These purposes generally fall into three categories. Persuade: The purpose of a persuasive source is to convince the reader to agree with the argument presented. After stating a debatable claim in the title or thesis, the author uses rhetoric, logic, facts, and anecdotes as a means of persuasion. Examples include journal articles, editorials, and advertisements. Inform: The purpose of an informational source is to provide information. These sources aim to define, explain, or illustrate a topic in an objective way. Examples include informative websites, encyclopedia entries, and feature stories. Entertain: The purpose of an entertaining source is to entertain. These sources set out to provide enjoyment to readers through humor, spectacle, story, and dialogue. Examples include novels, poems, and interviews.

The speaker of this poem expresses hesitancy and confusion. Interestingly, however, the poem does not include a single _________.

Question mark Punctuation can be extremely significant in poetry, especially modernist poetry. Many of Eliot's stanzas do not even end in periods, mimicking the emptiness and rawness of the hollow men. In lines 45-51, the speaker asks a question but doesn't include a question mark:"Is it like thisIn death's other kingdomWaking aloneAt the hour when we areTrembling with tendernessLips that would kissForm prayers to broken stone"It is almost as if the speaker does not have enough energy or care to include a question mark.

From the examples that we read, did you find any differences between Romantic poetry by women and Romantic poetry by men that might have been influenced by the different "spheres" they lived in? If yes, give a few examples. If no, explain how the poems seem the same.

Romantic poetry between male and female poets varied due to the different treatment of women in that era. From these poems, it seems like female poets addressed social issues, justices, or personal experiences. To address women, Hemans wrote, "Yet in those flute-like voices, mingling low, / Is woman's tenderness-how soon her woe! ("Evening Prayer at a Girl's School"). This poem questions traditional womanhood. Barbauld exclaims, "Oh! hear a pensive prisoner's prayer, / For liberty that sighs" ("The Mouse's Petition"). She writes about the captivity of the mouse and vows for freedom. Meanwhile, men took greater inspiration from nature in their writing. Wordsworth details, "Through primrose tufts, in that green bower, / The periwinkle trailed its wreaths" ("Lines Written in an Early Spring"). This poem celebrates nature and its beauty.

Describe how and why the pigs destroy certain memories that the farm animals collectively share.

Some memories were destroyed. The song "Beasts of England" was changed to "Comrade Napoleon". The former song was in protest of human control, but Napoleon felt it was no longer relevant in his perfect regime. Napeolon viewed "Beasts of England" as a potential threat of rebellion. Some of the Commandments were edited to justify Napoleon and his cronies' behavior. Napoleon doesn't want the animals to question their condition or history, hence these memories were slowly erased.

Narrative Writing

Some of your sources may be in a narrative form: reports of connected events, real or imaginary, presented in a sequence. In other words, a story. Narrative forms are too vast to number, but some of the types you may be using in your research paper are Novels Plays Personal essays Letters Diary entries Some speeches News stories Biography Anecdote Narrative writing is far more stylized than the other forms we have discussed. Although some parts of narrative sources may be persuasive and other may be informational, a narrative source is centered around the story: the retelling of fictional or nonfictional events. You will not find a thesis statement or main points in narrative writing!

According to line 39, where are the hollow men?

The dead land It's hard to pick up on, but basically these hollow men are standing around in a "no-man's land" that isn't Heaven and isn't Hell. In fact, they are standing "on the beach of the tumid river," which encircles Hell in Dante's Inferno, because they have not yet "crossed" the river. This dead land is not a kingdom: there is no organization, no speaking, no seeing. Only the "Shadow" that separates them from actually doing or communicating anything valuable (section V).

The final encounter that the narrator witnesses happens between a husband and wife. How is this significant, given the title of the book?

The husband and wife clearly had a bad relationship in life. This encounter in Heaven shows the dynamic of their continuous relationship. The difference is that the wife, Sarah, suggested that they can truly love one another in the afterlife. She even invited him to join her in the mountains and eventually to Heaven. The one side of Frank was trying to be happy and loved by Sarah but the evil side of Frank still hangs onto his old habit of self-pity. He tries to make Sarah feel bad about herself instead of getting rid of this behavior to be happy with Sarah in the afterlife. At the end, she chooses love, happiness, and salvation, while Frank chooses to do the opposite. This is the separation outlined by the novel's title.

What does the speaker always hear in his "deep heart's core"?

The lake

What is the purpose of this piece: to persuade, inform, entertain, or some combination? How can you tell?

The purpose of this piece is to persuade. It clearly has an argument, that technology favors tyranny and how the flow of data should be regulated. The author explains to the reader about current events and how technology undermines them. He does not assume anything about the reader, nor does he direct the piece to a certain audience. He lets the prospect stand for itself.

Assignment Details

The senior research paper is an argument paper: you will take a debatable claim about a particular issue and form an argument for that claim, using carefully selected research and carefully applied logic. We have already narrowed down the topics slightly for you. Below are four categories that pertain to our reading in this course; you must draw your specific topic from one of these categories. 1 Leadership 2 Satire 3 Technology 4 Heroism This topic will become the basis of your paper, and you can choose to apply it to the literature we have been reading or to contemporary issues. Your final argumentative research paper must fulfill the following requirements: 5-7 pages in length 6-7 sources correctly cited in the paper with direct quotations, paraphrases, or summaries Completed, accurate works cited page at the end of the paper Thesis statement that clearly states a debatable claim about the topic For this research paper, you are permitted to use up to two (2) websites as sources. Find websites published and maintained by a trustworthy university/organization/corporation

In "Lines Written in an Early Spring," the speaker refers to "that sweet mood when pleasant thoughts / Bring sad thoughts to the mind" (lines 3-4). Essentially, he says that it is "sweet" when one meditates on both good and bad things. How does this statement fit into the Romantic viewpoint?

The very premise of the poem is the celebration of nature, which is key to Romanticism. Wordsworth describes the nature's symphony while seated in a grove. Wordsworth says these thoughts are "sweet" because it relates to the awareness of emotions and the common man. He finds it disappointing that humanity can't be harmonious like the setting of nature.

Remember, satire is the use of exaggeration and humor to reveal folly. How are these lines at the end of Canto 2 satirical? "With beating hearts the dire event they [the sylphs] await,Anxious, and trembling for the birth of Fate."

These lines are satirical because it alludes to the event of cutting the lock. It is exaggerated because it's such a petty event. The sylphs treat this event like it's a big thing when Pope finds it to be a playful act.

How do the lords and ladies respond to Clarissa's speech in Canto 5?

They call her a prude.

Logos (Appeal to Mind) (cont.)

This article compared two opposing answers to the question, "are pro athletes overpaid?" Both perspectives rely on logos to persuade the reader. Both perspectives provide facts and figures to support their claim. For example, the "yes" perspective compares the average salary of an athlete with the average salaries of firefighters, schoolteachers, and nurses; his logical claim is that these salaries don't match up with the sacrifices they make. Both perspectives use logic and reason to support their claim. Here is an example from the "no" perspective: "The truth is, some professional athletes make huge salaries because millions of people are happy to pay money to see those players make the amazing catches and breathtaking plays we love to watch." The logic is simple: pro athletes are paid highly because they please so many people. The "no" perspective opens with a counterclaim: "When fans look at professional athletes' salaries, it's easy to say they make far too much money for playing a game. After all, athletes earn more money than teachers, first responders, and members of the military. More than half the people in the United States make less than $62,000 a year." This is a very effective rhetorical strategy: by using a counterclaim, the author assures the reader's mind that he is fully aware of and unshaken by the arguments against his claim. This editorial provides two positive examples of logos in a source. Both perspectives offer accurate information and fair logic, even if some readers disagree with the conclusions. However, logos can easily be abused when authors attempt to persuade the audience into believing false or biased information. Misinformation can spread incredibly quickly on the Internet. For example: Out-of-context quotations Skewed statistics "Fake news" Biased recounting of events A major part of media literacy is checking the sources whenever and wherever an information claim is made. Another abuse of logos is called card stacking. Card stacking occurs when the writer/speaker gives information and evidence selectively. This means they present only the information that supports their opinion and conveniently leave out any evidence that contradicts it. This advertisement for Burger King fries stacks a lot of positive-sounding facts and figures: the fries have less fat, less calories, and they are made from "real, whole potatoes." The ad conveniently leaves out how much fat and calories are still in the fries! It doesn't mention that they are fried in fat and covered in salt. By using some facts and leaving out others (card stacking), the ad abuses its appeal to logic.

In canto 4, what does Umbriel ask of the Goddess of the Cave of Spleen?

To touch Belinda with ill humor

In his poems, Yeats bridged the gap between lyrical Romanticism and precise Modernism.

True

In the final chapter, MacDonald charges the narrator to recount what he has seen only as a dream and not as true knowledge of the afterlife.

True

Lewis did not convert to Christianity until the midway point in his life.

True

Shelley wanted to seamlessly incorporate politics and poetry.

True

Tennyson held the position of Poet Laureate for 42 years.

True

The Rape of the Lock is based on a real event.

True

The content and tone of Auden's poems went through noticeable phases.

True

Frankenstein criticizes scientific practices that violate nature and encourages caution when working in the extremities of science. It also emphasizes the scientist's _____ over his or her discovery.

personal responsibility

"You throw a torch into a pile of buildings, and when they are consumed, you sit among the ruins and lament the fall." Provide one way that Victor exemplifies this statement in the story. Then, provide one way that the Creature exemplifies this statement in the story.

Victor exemplifies this by being ambitious and deciding to create the Creature without caution. When he realized the failure of his experiment, he fled. When he realized the Creature destroyed his loved ones, he lamented their fall. Even though the Creature told him he would kill Elizabeth if Victor did not create a female companion for him, Victor neglected to keep the promise he made to the Creature. He still did not seek help or resolutions to solve the problem. The Creature kills Elizabeth, causing Victor to be physically and emotionally distressed. Victor lamented the fall, but it's too late to make amends. The Creature exemplifies the statement by trying to destroy others close to Victor but regrets it as he saw Victor's death. He grieved the death of his Creator and even compared himself to the devil, but it's too late for regret because everything has been destroyed.

Describe Victor's father (his personality) in one sentence.

Victor's father is a well respected, kind person and truly loved his family.

In "September 1, 1939," what is the difference between "We must love one another and die" (the original line) and "We must love one another or die" (Auden's edit)? Which do you think is the most truthful?

When Auden wrote the poem, he wrote "We must love one another or die". During WW2, he had in mind that the world needed more love and unity to save us from atrocities. He later edited the original by replacing and with or. He wanted to say that love is inevitable but won't amount to anything when we die. I believe the first one is more truthful because one can go through hardships with the motivation of love. Even though he believed that love is worthless after death, people should strive to help or love others when they're alive.

Christians who believe in absolute truth and recognize the existence of good and evil--as objective, unchanging, and universal--often appreciate fictitious stories precisely because they remind us, as Orwell says above, that the outcome of the conflict in this current world is already determined: God will be victorious, and right will win out against wrong. A few years after Orwell's death, Lewis reflected on Animal Farm and Orwell's later novel, 1984, in an essay. The phrase "Big Brother," which is a person or organization who exercises complete control over the lives of others, comes from 1984; the head of state in the novel is called Big Brother. When 1984 was first published, it was wildly popular, whereas Animal Farm grew to popularity gradually years later. In December of 1954, the BBC aired an adaptation of 1984. Because of its success, Lewis wrote an essay comparing both of Orwell's works and arguing that Animal Farm is superior. https://s3.amazonaws.com/luoa-content/LUOA/LAN1200/Module+10/Lewis+on+Animal+Farm.pdf

While Orwell encouraged Lewis to move away from "miracles" and "spirits" in his writing, here Lewis wishes Orwell's 1984 had moved toward the simplicity of myth that he captured in Animal Farm. Lewis is disappointed by the cynicism, heavy-handedness, and gritty realism of Orwell's later book, 1984. In his essay, what is Lewis's opinion toward the satire and cynicism of Animal Farm? Do you think history has proved Lewis right or wrong in his predictions about the accuracy of each book? It is always interesting to see how contemporary authors viewed each other's works. In the case of Orwell and Lewis, there is mutual respect. Ultimately, these two excerpts are an excellent example of friendly discourse between authors. Lewis and Orwell dot their criticism with genuine praise and support their arguments with thoughtful analysis of the text, not the other author himself.

William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)

William Butler Yeats was born in Dublin, Ireland to an Anglo-Irish family. Yeats' father left his law profession to paint, which prepared the way for Yeats to attend art school and then pursue poetry. His early poems show a strong Romantic influence (e.g. "The Island of Statues"); for Yeats, poetry was a religion and lifestyle. In 1886, Yeats moved to London with his family, where he created plays, poems, stories, and novels. The more he wrote, the more he incorporated unique elements of Irish culture and lore. Around this time, Yeats met and fell in love with Maud Gonne, to whom he proposed four times over several years. Gonne refused him every time, and though the two had a brief affair in 1908, Yeats' bitterness over her rejection touches his whole body of work. He eventually married Georgie Hyde-Lees, a woman of half his age, who bore him two children. Together with other writers, Yeats established both the Irish Literary Revival and the Irish National Theatre Company. The latter opened Abbey Theatre in Dublin in 1904! Yeats' Irish Nationalism, once confined to his writings, eventually pushed him to be a senator of the Irish Free State in 1922. Yeats' later poems were influenced by Ezra Pound, an American poet and good friend, who inspired Yeats to embrace the precision and symbolism of imagist poetry. These poems express Yeats' own passion and intensity. Yeats remained a dynamic person and a prolific writer until he died in 1939.

The Industrial Revolution also included major updates in Britain's transportation systems, such as railways, new roads, and __________.

canals

Tennyson's family life was _______.

chaotic

In "Ulysses," ______ lines, which contain both the end of one sentence or phrase and the beginning of a new one, reflect Ulysses' desire to keep pressing on into the twilight of life.

enjambed

Blake achieves _______ in this poem by using long vowels and soft consonants, which create a harmonious sound.

euphony

"Yet, as I drew nearer home, grief and fear again overcame me. Night also closed around; and when I could hardly see the dark mountains, I felt still more gloomily. The picture appeared a vast and dim scene of evil, and I foresaw obscurely that I was destined to become the most wretched of human beings." The setting described in this quotation ____________.

reflects Victor's inner emotional state

In The Prelude, Wordsworth describes the creative process as _________.

spontaneous

Female Poets during the Romantic Period

Although there had certainly been successful female English poets before (such as Aphra Behn and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu), the late 18th and early 19th centuries opened up more possibilities to women. More women had the education they needed to express themselves, even if they were forced to remain within the "private sphere." 'Bluestockings'--educated women--remained targets of masculine scorn, as we have seen. This became, nonetheless, the first era in literary history in which women writers began to compete with men in their numbers, sales, and literary reputations. These female authors had to tread carefully, to be sure, to avoid suggesting that (as one male critic fulminated) they wished the nation's 'affectionate wives, kind mothers, and lovely daughters' to be metamorphosed into 'studious philosophers' and 'busy politicians.' And figures like Wollstonecraft, who in the Vindication of the Rights of Women grafted a radical proposal about gender equality onto a more orthodox argument about the education women needed to be proper mothers, remained exceptional. Later women writers tended cautiously to either ignore her example or define themselves against it. Norton Anthology of English Literature The subject matter and tone tend to be different in Romantic poetry written by women. After all, women were living in a very different sphere, and so had different experiences and different perspectives than their male contemporaries.

"When I have fears that I may cease to be" (1818)

Vocabulary Guide Charactry: the expression of thought by characters Garners: granaries (storehouses for grain) Poem Analysis This is one of Keats' earliest imitations of a Shakespearean sonnet. It matches the form: iambic pentameter with an ABABCDCDEFEFGG rhyme scheme. But the theme springs pretty clearly from Keats' mind. The speaker sees death like an enormous wave, about to crash down on him at any second. He prematurely grieves the things he wants to achieve -- literary significance, a fulfilling love life -- because he has so little hope of them coming true. This internal conflict between his ambition and his dread of mortality ultimately paralyze him. Perhaps because of this, he finds himself on the "shore" (outskirts) of the world with only his brain for company: "and [I] think / Till love and fame to nothingness do sink" lines 13-14).