Entomology Exam 4

Residual life

how long the insecticide remains active after it has been put out into the environment for insect control

Route of entry

how the insecticide gets in

protoplasmic mode of action

inactivates intercellular proteins-no more cell to cell communication

metabolic resistance

increased ability to detoxify

metabolic inhibitors

inhibit cellular repiration

injestion

insect eats plant that has insecticide on it.

bioavailability

insecticide has to be in a form that it gets to the insect

behavioral resistance

insects avoid where insecticides have been sprayed

LD 50

leathal dosage that kills 50% of experimental animals ( the lower it is the higher the toxicity)

oils (hortocultural oils)

light and heavy

carbamates

made from carbonic acid

Pyrethroids

man made insectiside

bacterium

microbes

chronic toxicity

multiple exposures to the insecticide and the symptoms that occur will occur years down the road (irreversable toxicity)

frequency

number and dominance of resistant genes involved

genetic basis

once the insect is intollerant to the insecticide, it will be forever.

-chemical nature of insecticide -formulation -how it'a applied -persistance of insectcide residue

operational factors

Bontanical insecticides

pyrethrum

acute toxicity

result from a single exposure to insecticide, syptoms that occur usually very quickly-minutes to several hours (reversable toxicity)

Physical mode of action

scratch off epicuticle and insect dies of desication.

Regulatory control

state and federal governments inacting laws that try to prevent the introduction of new pest species from abroad and to help to stop the spread of pest species by the use of containment programs

Bioaccumulate

stay in your body until you die

-loss of balance -severe headaches -severe cramping -vomiting -blurred vision

symptoms of actue toxicity

Anti-xenosis

taken cetain plant characteristics and are bred for them and the insect no longer prefers the plant. (smooth and hairy cotton, red cotton in FL)

Carbrol

the most used insecticide

Economic threshold

the point when you would want to spray/take action

Integrated pest management

the use of all available control tactics to surpress a pest population from reaching the economic integrity level

Biological control

the use of predators: mites, beetles or true bugs-and parasitoids: parasitic wasps and some flies-and pathogens: viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Toxicity (killing power)

they expose the insect to a range of dosages or concentrations and repeat many times to come up with and LD 50

-structual -metabolic -behavioral

types of resistance

light oil

use while the plant has foilage

Bacillus thuringiensis (BT)

used against soft bodied insects attacks and destroys midgut cells very strong anti-feedant

-rate of resistance -genetic perameters -operational factors

what infulences the rate an insect becomes resistant to an insecticide?

anti-biosis

when a factor has been bred for in the plant that has detrimetal affect on the insect. (anti-feedant, toxic, reduction of egg production)

insecticide resistant

when an insect has obtained a greater tollerance to the insecticide to the point that the insecticide is no longer effective

Host Plant Resistance (HPR)-can be inherited and bred for

when plant realted factors are taken and disrupt the selection of the host plant, disrupt the eff laying on a host plant, disrupt the initiationof feeding or disrupt some biochemical and/or physiological process of the insect

Genetic control

when the genes of the insect pest are manipulated so that yo have a dterimental affect on te insect pest, or the genes of a beneficial insect so that they are not affected by chemicals.

Contact

when the insecticide goes through the cuticle-oily insecticide b/c cuticle is waxy

phytotoxicity

when the insecticide is going to burn the plant

Introduction

when you take a new species and introduce it to a new area where it didn't exist.

Augmentation

when you take predators and parasitoids, but they already exist in that area.

structural resistance

where the insect has developed thicker cuticles or bigger midgut cells

tolerance

where they breed the plant so that it will grow and produce eventhough it had a higher than normal pest population on it. (soy beans- 23-36% defoliation before spaying)

Cultural control (physical control)

where you are going to use proper egeronomic and horocultural practices so that you make the environment deterimental to the pest, and these same practices help promote healthy plants.

-chemical life is shorter -very subceptable to UV light -not very useful for large areas

why BT is not used frequently

receptor site nonsensitivity

"lock" in cell wall is changes so the insecticide "key" can't get in

biological and ecological genetic perameters

# of generations per year, # of offspring per generation, type of feeding, dispersal, type of reproduction, lifestage.

heavy oils

-apply this oil when plant is dormant (when lyntacles close on plant) -effective against soft bodies insects and eggs of pests

Irradication programs

-containment laws -genetic control

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (all off the market)

-ddt -lyndane

Insect growth inhibitors

-females produce 95% less eggs -produce really small sterile male/female -Expensive

Chemical control

-insecticides -temporary control -if used improperly it can lead to several major problem

horocultural oils

-used against soft bodies insects -clogs up respiratory system -oil disrupts covering of the insect -use proper concentration or risk damaging plan wax layer -cannot use when flowers are in bloom or buds

-temperature -humidity -light -habitat -air movement -rain fall

Abiotic characteristics that affect populations (also affects biotic factors)

Economic injury level

Any money invested at this point will not get a return.

-destroy beneficial insects-lead to secondary pest ourbreaks -environmental hazards -health hazards -phytotoxicity -disposal problems -liability problems

Chemical control

Perenthrin

Cockroach and wasp nest spray

-close state borders -customs -sod inspection -oriental inspection -cheap and effective

Containment laws

ET

Economic threshold

-carbrol -aldiecaib

Example of carbamates

-bacillus popilliae -bacillus thuringensis (BT)

Example of microbes

-perenethrin

Example of pyrethroids

-tilllage after or near first heavy frost - crop rotation -modifying planting and harvesting dates (plant late-harvest early) -proper mulching -proper pruning -getting rid of fallen leaves -getting rid of secondary host plants

Examples of cultural/physical control

-steralized male screw worn in FL -drop dead flies in AUS -benefical mite for citris orchairds realeased to control pests

Examples of genetic control

Dynamic population

Fluxuating population number over time.

-frequency -past selection -biological and ecological

Genetic perameters

Mode of action

How the insecticide kills the insect

-is the insect located over a wide area: aircraft -only located in a small area: backpack carrier

How to implement control

-know the insect -chemical control -how to implement control -inspect for proper control -cost-benefit analysis

IPM strategy

IGR

Insect growth inhibitors

IPM

Integrated pest managment

-mouthparts -plant is eats

Know the insect

-biotic factors -food availability -competition -dispersal -genetics -behavior

Main causes of dynamic population

-Physical -Protoplasmic -Metabolic Inhibitors -Act on nervous system

Modes of action

-contact -injestion -through respiratory system

Routes of entry

-Absolute techniques -Relative techniques

Sampling techniques

-Route of entry -concentration -formulation -environmental conditions -person's rate of metabolism -pathological state (any allergies, azma, cold or flu)

Several things that will affect toxicity in humans

Window

The area between EIL and ET

-Indirect pests -direct pests

Two major categories of pests

-rainfall -temp -sunlight -wind -soil

What effects the residual life?

-Route of entry -formulaiton -bioavailability -residual life

What effects toxicity?

Through respiratory system

When you use the insecticide as a gas-fumegant (through spiracles along tracheal branch and to tracheoles

insecticide

a chemical that will disrupt an essential biochemical and or physiological process/es that results in the death of the insect.

-very specific -non toxic to vertebrates -very modest on beneficial insects -cost is comaratively low

advantages of BT

-atropine -chloropams

antidote to actue toxicity

conservation

any activity that protects, maintains, and encourages high populations of beneficial insects

Equilibruim position

average of weekly collections of insects put together

-Beauvaria bassiana

baculovirus

fugus

beauvaria bassiana

-choose a chemical fromulation that kills the insect and avoids plant burn

chemical control

malythion

commonly unsed-3rd on the "most used" list

organophosphates

derived from phosphoric acid

EIL

economic injury level

Improper disposal

federal offense-23,000 $ EPA reward

Direct pests

feed on the marketable portion of the plant

Indirect pests

feed on the non-marketable portion of a plant

Relative techniques

give you indications of populations of insects (no unit of area involved)

Absolute techniques

give you the number of insects per unit of area

-light oil -verdante oil -light hortocultural oil -heavy oil

hortocultural oils

past selection

how long it will take for an insect to become resistant to another version of an insecticide