Entomology Exam 4
Residual life
how long the insecticide remains active after it has been put out into the environment for insect control
Route of entry
how the insecticide gets in
protoplasmic mode of action
inactivates intercellular proteins-no more cell to cell communication
metabolic resistance
increased ability to detoxify
metabolic inhibitors
inhibit cellular repiration
injestion
insect eats plant that has insecticide on it.
bioavailability
insecticide has to be in a form that it gets to the insect
behavioral resistance
insects avoid where insecticides have been sprayed
LD 50
leathal dosage that kills 50% of experimental animals ( the lower it is the higher the toxicity)
oils (hortocultural oils)
light and heavy
carbamates
made from carbonic acid
Pyrethroids
man made insectiside
bacterium
microbes
chronic toxicity
multiple exposures to the insecticide and the symptoms that occur will occur years down the road (irreversable toxicity)
frequency
number and dominance of resistant genes involved
genetic basis
once the insect is intollerant to the insecticide, it will be forever.
-chemical nature of insecticide -formulation -how it'a applied -persistance of insectcide residue
operational factors
Bontanical insecticides
pyrethrum
acute toxicity
result from a single exposure to insecticide, syptoms that occur usually very quickly-minutes to several hours (reversable toxicity)
Physical mode of action
scratch off epicuticle and insect dies of desication.
Regulatory control
state and federal governments inacting laws that try to prevent the introduction of new pest species from abroad and to help to stop the spread of pest species by the use of containment programs
Bioaccumulate
stay in your body until you die
-loss of balance -severe headaches -severe cramping -vomiting -blurred vision
symptoms of actue toxicity
Anti-xenosis
taken cetain plant characteristics and are bred for them and the insect no longer prefers the plant. (smooth and hairy cotton, red cotton in FL)
Carbrol
the most used insecticide
Economic threshold
the point when you would want to spray/take action
Integrated pest management
the use of all available control tactics to surpress a pest population from reaching the economic integrity level
Biological control
the use of predators: mites, beetles or true bugs-and parasitoids: parasitic wasps and some flies-and pathogens: viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
Toxicity (killing power)
they expose the insect to a range of dosages or concentrations and repeat many times to come up with and LD 50
-structual -metabolic -behavioral
types of resistance
light oil
use while the plant has foilage
Bacillus thuringiensis (BT)
used against soft bodied insects attacks and destroys midgut cells very strong anti-feedant
-rate of resistance -genetic perameters -operational factors
what infulences the rate an insect becomes resistant to an insecticide?
anti-biosis
when a factor has been bred for in the plant that has detrimetal affect on the insect. (anti-feedant, toxic, reduction of egg production)
insecticide resistant
when an insect has obtained a greater tollerance to the insecticide to the point that the insecticide is no longer effective
Host Plant Resistance (HPR)-can be inherited and bred for
when plant realted factors are taken and disrupt the selection of the host plant, disrupt the eff laying on a host plant, disrupt the initiationof feeding or disrupt some biochemical and/or physiological process of the insect
Genetic control
when the genes of the insect pest are manipulated so that yo have a dterimental affect on te insect pest, or the genes of a beneficial insect so that they are not affected by chemicals.
Contact
when the insecticide goes through the cuticle-oily insecticide b/c cuticle is waxy
phytotoxicity
when the insecticide is going to burn the plant
Introduction
when you take a new species and introduce it to a new area where it didn't exist.
Augmentation
when you take predators and parasitoids, but they already exist in that area.
structural resistance
where the insect has developed thicker cuticles or bigger midgut cells
tolerance
where they breed the plant so that it will grow and produce eventhough it had a higher than normal pest population on it. (soy beans- 23-36% defoliation before spaying)
Cultural control (physical control)
where you are going to use proper egeronomic and horocultural practices so that you make the environment deterimental to the pest, and these same practices help promote healthy plants.
-chemical life is shorter -very subceptable to UV light -not very useful for large areas
why BT is not used frequently
receptor site nonsensitivity
"lock" in cell wall is changes so the insecticide "key" can't get in
biological and ecological genetic perameters
# of generations per year, # of offspring per generation, type of feeding, dispersal, type of reproduction, lifestage.
heavy oils
-apply this oil when plant is dormant (when lyntacles close on plant) -effective against soft bodies insects and eggs of pests
Irradication programs
-containment laws -genetic control
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (all off the market)
-ddt -lyndane
Insect growth inhibitors
-females produce 95% less eggs -produce really small sterile male/female -Expensive
Chemical control
-insecticides -temporary control -if used improperly it can lead to several major problem
horocultural oils
-used against soft bodies insects -clogs up respiratory system -oil disrupts covering of the insect -use proper concentration or risk damaging plan wax layer -cannot use when flowers are in bloom or buds
-temperature -humidity -light -habitat -air movement -rain fall
Abiotic characteristics that affect populations (also affects biotic factors)
Economic injury level
Any money invested at this point will not get a return.
-destroy beneficial insects-lead to secondary pest ourbreaks -environmental hazards -health hazards -phytotoxicity -disposal problems -liability problems
Chemical control
Perenthrin
Cockroach and wasp nest spray
-close state borders -customs -sod inspection -oriental inspection -cheap and effective
Containment laws
ET
Economic threshold
-carbrol -aldiecaib
Example of carbamates
-bacillus popilliae -bacillus thuringensis (BT)
Example of microbes
-perenethrin
Example of pyrethroids
-tilllage after or near first heavy frost - crop rotation -modifying planting and harvesting dates (plant late-harvest early) -proper mulching -proper pruning -getting rid of fallen leaves -getting rid of secondary host plants
Examples of cultural/physical control
-steralized male screw worn in FL -drop dead flies in AUS -benefical mite for citris orchairds realeased to control pests
Examples of genetic control
Dynamic population
Fluxuating population number over time.
-frequency -past selection -biological and ecological
Genetic perameters
Mode of action
How the insecticide kills the insect
-is the insect located over a wide area: aircraft -only located in a small area: backpack carrier
How to implement control
-know the insect -chemical control -how to implement control -inspect for proper control -cost-benefit analysis
IPM strategy
IGR
Insect growth inhibitors
IPM
Integrated pest managment
-mouthparts -plant is eats
Know the insect
-biotic factors -food availability -competition -dispersal -genetics -behavior
Main causes of dynamic population
-Physical -Protoplasmic -Metabolic Inhibitors -Act on nervous system
Modes of action
-contact -injestion -through respiratory system
Routes of entry
-Absolute techniques -Relative techniques
Sampling techniques
-Route of entry -concentration -formulation -environmental conditions -person's rate of metabolism -pathological state (any allergies, azma, cold or flu)
Several things that will affect toxicity in humans
Window
The area between EIL and ET
-Indirect pests -direct pests
Two major categories of pests
-rainfall -temp -sunlight -wind -soil
What effects the residual life?
-Route of entry -formulaiton -bioavailability -residual life
What effects toxicity?
Through respiratory system
When you use the insecticide as a gas-fumegant (through spiracles along tracheal branch and to tracheoles
insecticide
a chemical that will disrupt an essential biochemical and or physiological process/es that results in the death of the insect.
-very specific -non toxic to vertebrates -very modest on beneficial insects -cost is comaratively low
advantages of BT
-atropine -chloropams
antidote to actue toxicity
conservation
any activity that protects, maintains, and encourages high populations of beneficial insects
Equilibruim position
average of weekly collections of insects put together
-Beauvaria bassiana
baculovirus
fugus
beauvaria bassiana
-choose a chemical fromulation that kills the insect and avoids plant burn
chemical control
malythion
commonly unsed-3rd on the "most used" list
organophosphates
derived from phosphoric acid
EIL
economic injury level
Improper disposal
federal offense-23,000 $ EPA reward
Direct pests
feed on the marketable portion of the plant
Indirect pests
feed on the non-marketable portion of a plant
Relative techniques
give you indications of populations of insects (no unit of area involved)
Absolute techniques
give you the number of insects per unit of area
-light oil -verdante oil -light hortocultural oil -heavy oil
hortocultural oils
past selection
how long it will take for an insect to become resistant to another version of an insecticide
