ENV 14 HW

Using the fitted line, how much money would be lost if temperature increased by 8°F, assuming the GDP remains the same? $4 billion $543 billion $869 billion $2.6 trillion

$869 billion

TRUE OR FALSE The Buildings and Cities sector and the Transportation sector have equivalent potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE There is so much yearly variability in Earth's surface temperature that it isn't possible to see a reliable trend.

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE From 2000 to 2017, fossil fuel use decreased as people started to use more renewable energy.

FALSE

What relationship between these two variables would support the researchers' hypothesis? Choose the appropriate graph line at left and drag it onto the graph's axes at right. / - (middle) \ _ (lower)

/

By the end of the century, sea level is predicted to rise approximately ______ higher under scenario RCP8.5 as compared to scenario RCP2.6. 1.5 times 2.5 times 3 times 4 times

1.5 times

Since 1880, sea level has risen at a rate of about _____ cm per decade. 0.18 1.8 2.5 25

1.8

The figure shows all current fluxes of CO2, with arrows sized according to mass. Green arrows are natural fluxes, and red arrows are anthropogenic fluxes. For every metric ton of carbon dioxide emitted as a result of changes in land use (e.g. deforestation), approximately how much is emitted from industry? 0.2 metric tons 4 metric tons 20 metric tons 26 metric tons

4 metric tons

According to the graph, what was the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the year 2015? 1800 ppb 325 ppm 400 ppm 1200 ppb

400 ppm

According to the graph, from 2002 to 2018, the Greenland ice sheet lost an average of about 230 billion metric tons of ice every year. If this trend continues, how much total ice will have been lost from the Greenland ice sheet between 2002 and 2025? 1610 billion metric tons 3510 billion metric tons 3930 billion metric tons 5310 billion metric tons

5310 billion metric tons

Examine the Project Drawdown data focusing on the billions of tons of CO2 - equivalent emissions reduced. You can see that the Energy sector and the Land Use and Forests sector have the second and third highest potential, respectively, for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. How do those two sectors compare? The Land Use and Forests sector could reduce emissions amounting to approximately _____ of the emissions the Energy sector could reduce. 20% 40% 60% 80%

60%

Since 1880, approximately how much of the rise in sea level can be attributed to alpine glacial melt? 5 cm 7 cm 10 cm 25 cm

7 cm

Which of the following can you conclude from the graph? In 2018, Earth's average surface temperature was about 1°C warmer than the average. The 10 hottest years on record have occurred at various points throughout the last 100 years. After 1976, Earth's average surface temperature has never been cooler than the 20th-century average. From 1915 to 2015, Earth's surface temperature increased by about 2.8°C.

After 1976, Earth's average surface temperature has never been cooler than the 20th-century average.

Which of the following statements is supported by the graph? Because there is so much uncertainty in the forecasts, no conclusions can be drawn about how actions to reduce CO2 emissions will affect the rate of global warming. All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase. If CO2 emissions cease immediately, global temperatures will stabilize near the 1900 level.

All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase.

What are some of the risks involved in adding one million tons of sulfur 25 kilometers up into the atmosphere? more human deaths from respiratory disease acid pollution of freshwater ecosystems damage to forests and other vegetation All of the listed choices describe the risks involved in adding sulfur to the atmosphere.

All of the listed choices describe the risks involved in adding sulfur to the atmosphere.

According to the graph, by how much did the global atmospheric methane (CH4) concentration increase from 1800 to 2015? CH4 concentration increased by approximately 27%. CH4 concentration increased by approximately 35%. CH4 concentration increased by approximately 53%. CH4 concentration increased by approximately 157%.

CH4 concentration increased by approximately 157%.

Complete the flow chart by selecting the hypothesis and predictions that follow from the question you're trying to answer. Not all labels will be used. B) hypothesis 2 Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce less pollen. Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen. CO2 levels affect the concentration of protein allergens in ragweed pollen. Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens.

CO2 levels affect the concentration of protein allergens in ragweed pollen.

TRUE OR FALSE Energy and Transportation combined have a greater potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions than the Food sector.

FALSE

According to the graph, how did fossil fuel emissions change in response to the increase in global fossil fuel consumption? The following graph shows total global fossil fuel consumption (red line) measured in terawatt-hours and total global fossil fuel emissions (black line) measured in billion metric tons of carbon per year. Fossil fuel emissions remained steady as fossil fuel consumption increased. Fossil fuel emissions increased at a slower rate than fossil fuel consumption. Fossil fuel emissions increased at the same rate as fossil fuel consumption. Fossil fuel emissions decreased as fossil fuel consumption increased.

Fossil fuel emissions increased at the same rate as fossil fuel consumption.

Which of the following can you conclude from the graph? In Antarctica, the total amount of ice melting in the summer is gained back in the winter. From 2002 to 2018, Greenland lost more ice than Antarctica. The rate of melting was similar for the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. The rate of melting is significantly decreasing in Greenland.

From 2002 to 2018, Greenland lost more ice than Antarctica.

According to the graphs, which of the following statements is true? Under the RCP8.5 scenario, fossil fuel carbon emissions will increase by 180% from 2010 to 2100, and the temperature is predicted to rise less than 2°C. The RCP4.5 scenario will result in the lowest temperature increase without requiring such a drastic reduction in fossil fuel use. Global temperatures can level off by the end of the century only if fossil use is drastically reduced. Any reduction in fossil fuel use will lead to a stabilization of global temperatures.

Global temperatures can level off by the end of the century only if fossil use is drastically reduced.

The figure indicates a net accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere of approximately 15 billion metric tons per year. Based on the figure, what is causing this? Human activities are sending more CO2 into the atmosphere than is moving from the atmosphere to the surface. The anthropogenic increased uptake of CO2 by plants balances the extra anthropogenic release of CO2 into the atmosphere. Respiration is moving more CO2 into the atmosphere than photosynthesis is taking out of the atmosphere. The ocean is releasing more CO2 than it is absorbing.

Human activities are sending more CO2 into the atmosphere than is moving from the atmosphere to the surface.

According to data from Project Drawdown, the Food sector has the highest potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Which practices or technologies are most likely to be categorized as a solution in the Food sector? Select all that apply. Improving farm irrigation efficiency by using drip and sprinkler irrigation Creating a distributed energy storage system Creating electrical grid independence Reducing food waste Promoting conservation agriculture that uses cover crops, crop rotation, and minimal tilling

Improving farm irrigation efficiency by using drip and sprinkler irrigation Reducing food waste Promoting conservation agriculture that uses cover crops, crop rotation, and minimal tilling

How did the global surface temperature change between 1900 and 2000? It decreased by about 0.7 °C. It increased by about 0.7 °C. It increased by about 0.7 °F. It remained relatively constant.

It increased by about 0.7 °C.

According to the Business as Usual scenario, how will the global surface temperature change in the century between 2000 and 2100? It will increase by about 2.0 °C. It will increase by about 2.0 °F. It will increase by about 3.5 °C. It will increase by about 3.5 °F. It will increase by about 4.5 °C.

It will increase by about 3.5 °C.

Which of the following statements regarding climate change is true? Climate scientists are restricted in making predictions, as their research can only utilize the direct measurements of atmospheric temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations that were collected from 1952 to the present. The annually-occurring "hole" in the ozone layer significantly accelerates the warming of the atmosphere by letting in large amounts of solar radiation while it is present. Most climate scientists conclude that human activities over the past 100 years have had an effect on the planet's climate. Observed levels of recent warming can be entirely explained by solar cycles, in which the Sun's energetic output varies over time.

Most climate scientists conclude that human activities over the past 100 years have had an effect on the planet's climate.

SUPPORTED OR NOT SUPPORTED Reducing fossil fuel carbon emissions by about 5GtC/yr by the end of the century will limit the rise in temperature to less than 2.5°F.

NOT SUPPORTED

SUPPORTED OR NOT SUPPORTED There is no way for the U.S to eliminate losses to the U.S economy due to climate change.

NOT SUPPORTED

Complete the flow chart by selecting the hypothesis and predictions that follow from the question you're trying to answer. Not all labels will be used. C) prediction Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce less pollen. Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen. CO2 levels affect the concentration of protein allergens in ragweed pollen. Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens.

Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens.

Complete the flow chart by selecting the hypothesis and predictions that follow from the question you're trying to answer. Not all labels will be used. A) prediction Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce less pollen. Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen. CO2 levels affect the concentration of protein allergens in ragweed pollen. Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens.

Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen.

SUPPORTED OR NOT SUPPORTED A temperature change of 10°F will result in a loss of about 6% of the U.S. gross domestic product.

SUPPORTED

SUPPORTED OR NOT SUPPORTED Higher fossil fuel emissions will result in greater damage to the U.S. economy.

SUPPORTED

SUPPORTED OR NOT SUPPORTED The RCP2.6 scenario will result in the smallest losses to the U.S. economy.

SUPPORTED

TRUE OR FALSE As fossil fuel use increased, so did Earth's surface temperature.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Food and Energy together have greater potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions than all the other sectors combined.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Global fossil fuel consumption, global emissions from fossil fuels, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases are currently increasing at an exponential rate.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Greenhouse gas concentrations increased first and then Earth's surface temperatures began to rise.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Improving conditions for women and girls has greater potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions than the Buildings and Cities and Transportation sectors combined.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE The concentrations of greenhouse gases are correlated with fossil fuel use.

TRUE

From the graph, what can you conclude about the rate at which the world's alpine glaciers are melting? The rate of glacier melting is decreasing significantly. The rate of glacier melting is increasing. The rate of glacier melting is decreasing somewhat. The rate of glacier melting is remaining about the same.

The rate of glacier melting is increasing.

Which prediction has the greatest degree of certainty? Business as Usual Today's World Sustainable World

Today's World

What does the yellow line represent? Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level. Business as Usual: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if governments and individuals take no action to slow the increase in CO2 emissions. Sustainable World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if governments and individuals take significant actions to slow the increase in CO2 emissions.

Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level.

According to the graph, which of the following statements is true? Even in a worst case scenario, sea level will not rise more than 42 inches by 2100 in San Francisco Bay. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, sea level is expected to rise 30 inches by 2100 in San Francisco Bay. Reducing population growth and implementing mitigation measures will not affect sea level rise. Under the RCP2.6 scenario, sea level will not rise by more than 10 inches by the end of the century in San Francisco Bay.

Under the RCP8.5 scenario, sea level is expected to rise 30 inches by 2100 in San Francisco Bay.

match the word with the description Do the data prove that increased CO2 levels cause more severe ragweed allergies? (yes or no) increases decreases remains the same cannot tell the data yes no

no

Which of these would NOT contribute to a global increase in temperature? deforestation increasing the use of gasoline-burning vehicles increasing the industrial release of carbon dioxide planting trees increasing the amount of animal life on Earth

planting trees

When we compare the catastrophic eruption in Sumatra 71,000 years ago and the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, we find that __________. both eruptions caused a drop in the average temperatures across the Earth they had opposite effects: the Sumatra eruption increased acid rain and the 1991 eruption decreased acid rain the Sumatra eruption had a global effect, but the 1991 eruption only affected a small portion of the Earth they had opposite effects: the Sumatra eruption caused cooling and the 1991 eruption increased average global temperatures

both eruptions caused a drop in the average temperatures across the Earth

match the word with the description If the CO2 level increases above 600 µmol mol-1, how would ragweed pollen production and the allergen concentration change? increases decreases remains the same cannot tell the data yes no

cannot tell the data

Increasing sulfur levels in the upper atmosphere would have the same effect as __________. increasing the intensity of solar radiation decreasing the acidity of the oceans decreasing the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere all of the listed choices

decreasing the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

In 1991, the massive eruption of Mt. Pinatubo caused global temperatures to __________. drop, because sulfur in the stratosphere reflects solar radiation drop, because the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere destroyed the ozone layer increase, because sulfur in the stratosphere absorbed solar radiation increase, because lava is extremely hot and adds this heat to the air

drop, because sulfur in the stratosphere reflects solar radiation

What information is presented on the y-axis of the graph? time, in 100-year intervals global surface warming, in °Celsius global surface warming, in °Fahrenheit global surface temperature, in °Celsius

global surface warming, in °Celsius

match the word with the description As the CO2 level increases up to 600 µmol mol-1, how does ragweed pollen production change? increases decreases remains the same cannot tell the data yes no

increases

match the word with the description As the CO2 level increases up to 600 µmol mol-1, how does the ragweed allergen concentration change? increases decreases remains the same cannot tell the data yes no

increases

Switching from fossil fuels to _____ energy would significantly decrease the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. solar nuclear geothermal solar and geothermal solar, nuclear, and geothermal

solar, nuclear, and geothermal

Which line is not a computer-generated forecast? the red line representing Business as Usual the black line representing 20th century data the yellow line representing Today's World the blue line representing a Sustainable World

the black line representing 20th century data

match the word with the description Do the data support Hypothesis 1 and its prediction--that plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen? (yes or no) increases decreases remains the same cannot tell the data yes no

yes

match the word with the description Do the data support Hypothesis 2 and its prediction--that plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens? (yes or no) increases decreases remains the same cannot tell the data yes no

yes