Environmental Health Final True / False

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A relative risk of less than 1 means that there is no association between exposure and outcome.

False

An ecologic study is one that examines individual as the unit of analysis.

False

Chemical intake refers to the process that a substance enter body and pass through a barrier for ingestion or inhalation.

False

DDT is one type of organophosphate pesticides.

False

Dose response curve is always monotonically increasing.

False

Ebola is airborne.

False

If the hazard quotient (HQ) of Chemical A is 5 and the HQ of Chemical B is 1, it means that Chemical A is 5 times toxic than Chemical B.

False

Temperature inversion is an atmospheric condition during which a cool layer of air stalls above a layer of warm air that is closer to the surface of the earth.

False

The legal profession has virtually no relevance to the environmental health field.

False

The primary stage of sewage processing involves reduction of nitrates and phosphates.

False

The toxic substances listed in the CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances are ranked based on their toxicity.

False

Using data from an animal toxicity study to determine the NOAEL/LOAEL, the NOAEL/LOAEL can be a dose level that was not tested in the study.

False

A contemporary environmental issue is the release of greenhouse gases and their possible contribution to global warming.

True

A human can survive longer without food than without water.

True

Average daily dose is a measure of exposure level.

True

Cross sectional studies may be used to formulate hypotheses that can be followed up in analytic studies.

True

Essential metals (such as copper and zinc) may show a U or J shape dose response curve.

True

For a risk to occur, a hazard must exist and exposure must take place.

True

Improperly vented indoor cooking stoves can cause indoor air pollution.

True

In a case control study, cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not.

True

It is possible that only LOAEL but no NOAEL can be identified from a dose response data set.

True

It is possible that some microorganisms can survive after disinfection.

True

Malaria is a vector borne disease and caused by parasites.

True

Most frequent sites of exposure to environmental chemicals include gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and skin.

True

One of the applications of LD50 is to compare the toxicity of chemicals.

True

The agent of anthrax has potential for use as a terrorist weapon.

True

The four principles of risk characterization are transparency, clarity, consistency, reasonableness.

True

The term waste denotes materials that are perceived to be of negative value.

True

The two main sources of drinking water are surface water and groundwater.

True

Used in cohort studies, the relative risk is a measure of the strength of association between a possible risk factor and a disease.

True


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