environmental science exam 1
forest reserve act
(1891) President Roosevelt, to establish forest reserves on federal land
what makes sustainability hard?
-population over growth - ever increasing food and potable water needs -nonrenewable energy and raw materials -increased need for waste management
Environmental justice strongly advocates the right of every citizen to:
Adequate protection from environmental hazards
Ecologists have traditionally categorized the roles of organisms in ecosystems into three broad categories that include
All of these are correct (producers, consumers, decomposers)
If each individual in a population uses too large a share of resources, then the country is
Consumption overload
3 environmental attitudes
Development, Preservation, Conservation
developmenal approach
Earth is here for humans, humans are the only race, most anthropocentric, soley for benefit and pleasure
Sustainable development is
Economic prosperity, socially equitable decisions, together with protection of the environmental
Acute toxicity
Immediate effects after a single short period, high-level exposure
IPAT equation
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
Many of the negative effects companies have on the environment could be offset by _________ government regulation, but such regulation could also __________ impact industry and the economy.
Increased, Negativley
endocrine disrupters are chemicals that
Interfere with the normal actions of a body's hormones
The triple bottom line:
It includes social, environmental, and financial concerns.
Why is the national environmental policy act considered the cornerstone of US environmental law?
It provides regulatory oversight to reduce adverse environmental impacts of federal projects
conservation approach
Like sustainable development, a balance between Preservation and development.
preservation approach
Nature is there to be kept in tact for recreational uses. is the most ecocentric
The Arctic National wildlife reserve set aside a natural area to protect it from human activities. This is an example of
Preservation
Chronic toxicity
Prolonged effects to long-term, low-level exposure Symptoms can mimic other chronic disease
Who was responsible for heightening public awareness about the dangers of using DDT?
Rachel Carson
The scientific method is the process that scientists use to
Rigorously test the solutions to new questions
Which is the following is a correct example of interrelatedness?
Wolves reintroduced --> elk decline --> willows increase --> beavers increase
sustainable consumption is
a balance between improving quality of life while reducing resource consumption
cost-benefit analysis
a formal process for calculating the costs and beneifts of a project or course of action. ex- providing clean water and improved sanitation
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary area of study that deals with all of the following except
all of the above are correct (economics, politics, ethics)
ecological footprint
amount of land and water needed to provide energy, housing, transportation per person
If DDT were introduced into this food chain, which animal would store the greater concentration of bioaccumulated toxicants?
animal 5 more than animal 4
opportunity cost
are those that occur when a decision... other potiental uses for a resource
In order to achieve global sustainable consumption, lifestyles of _________ need to change to better meet human needs within the limits of what is environmentally possible
both rich and poor
In a mutualistic relationship
both species benefit
ethics
branch of philosophy that deals with human values and morality
One example of voluntary simplicity is:
car sharing
Scientists distinguish between situations that are merely correlated and those that are correlated and show
cause and effect relationships
American Forestry Association
citizens against the destruction of american forests 1875
frontier attitude
conquer and profit from nature, inexhuastability
Families from highly developed Countries:
consume a disproportionate share of natural resources.
Which of the following is released as a product of respiration?
energy for growth and reproduction
Development that accommodates the present generation without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs is?
environmental sustainability
The development of herbicide resistance in populations of weeds over several generations is an example of
evolution
More people die from aircraft accidents than from motor vehicle accidents.
false
The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park did not have an impact on the ecosystem.
false
There is essentially no difference between risk assessment and risk management.
false
When energy is converted from one form to another, the loss of energy is usually in the form of
heat
Natural capitalism:
idea that businesses can both expand profits and take good care of the environment
Which country has a low per capita ecological footprint but a higher ecological footprint?
india
greenwashing
is a form of corporate misinformation where a company will present a green public image and publicize green initiatives that are false and misleading.
Sustainability
is the ability to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
Which naturalist stated that only government control could save California sequoia groves?
john muir
Industrial ecology:
links industrial production and environmental quality
What are the three most important factors in determining human impact on the environment?
number of people, affluence per person, effect of technologies
outbreak of a diseases spreading worldwide and having the potential to infect almost everyone is considered a
pandemic
Demonstrating that benefits outweigh any risks before introducing new technology is the ___ Principle.
precautionary
Natural resources in developing countries are depleted by
rapid pop growth
most decisions in live involve
risk and cost
The use of facts and assumptions to estimate the probability of harm to human health or the environment is called
risk assessment
Anthropocentrism is a philosophy of environmental responsibility that focuses primarily on human interests.
true
Deciding which risks should be given the highest priority and how much risk is acceptable are two decisions involved in risk management.
true
Ecosystem boundaries are usually defined by easily identifiable demarcations
true
The ecosystem approach requires scientists to recognize and understand natural interactions and to integrate this with human needs for natural resources
true
The general public typically perceives involuntary risks, such as nuclear weapons, a greater risk than voluntary risks, such as smoking.
true
george marsh
wrote man and nature about human agents of environmental change in 1864