environmental science exam 1

forest reserve act

(1891) President Roosevelt, to establish forest reserves on federal land

what makes sustainability hard?

-population over growth - ever increasing food and potable water needs -nonrenewable energy and raw materials -increased need for waste management

Environmental justice strongly advocates the right of every citizen to:

Adequate protection from environmental hazards

Ecologists have traditionally categorized the roles of organisms in ecosystems into three broad categories that include

All of these are correct (producers, consumers, decomposers)

If each individual in a population uses too large a share of resources, then the country is

Consumption overload

3 environmental attitudes

Development, Preservation, Conservation

developmenal approach

Earth is here for humans, humans are the only race, most anthropocentric, soley for benefit and pleasure

Sustainable development is

Economic prosperity, socially equitable decisions, together with protection of the environmental

Acute toxicity

Immediate effects after a single short period, high-level exposure

IPAT equation

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

Many of the negative effects companies have on the environment could be offset by _________ government regulation, but such regulation could also __________ impact industry and the economy.

Increased, Negativley

endocrine disrupters are chemicals that

Interfere with the normal actions of a body's hormones

The triple bottom line:

It includes social, environmental, and financial concerns.

Why is the national environmental policy act considered the cornerstone of US environmental law?

It provides regulatory oversight to reduce adverse environmental impacts of federal projects

conservation approach

Like sustainable development, a balance between Preservation and development.

preservation approach

Nature is there to be kept in tact for recreational uses. is the most ecocentric

The Arctic National wildlife reserve set aside a natural area to protect it from human activities. This is an example of

Preservation

Chronic toxicity

Prolonged effects to long-term, low-level exposure Symptoms can mimic other chronic disease

Who was responsible for heightening public awareness about the dangers of using DDT?

Rachel Carson

The scientific method is the process that scientists use to

Rigorously test the solutions to new questions

Which is the following is a correct example of interrelatedness?

Wolves reintroduced --> elk decline --> willows increase --> beavers increase

sustainable consumption is

a balance between improving quality of life while reducing resource consumption

cost-benefit analysis

a formal process for calculating the costs and beneifts of a project or course of action. ex- providing clean water and improved sanitation

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary area of study that deals with all of the following except

all of the above are correct (economics, politics, ethics)

ecological footprint

amount of land and water needed to provide energy, housing, transportation per person

If DDT were introduced into this food chain, which animal would store the greater concentration of bioaccumulated toxicants?

animal 5 more than animal 4

opportunity cost

are those that occur when a decision... other potiental uses for a resource

In order to achieve global sustainable consumption, lifestyles of _________ need to change to better meet human needs within the limits of what is environmentally possible

both rich and poor

In a mutualistic relationship

both species benefit

ethics

branch of philosophy that deals with human values and morality

One example of voluntary simplicity is:

car sharing

Scientists distinguish between situations that are merely correlated and those that are correlated and show

cause and effect relationships

American Forestry Association

citizens against the destruction of american forests 1875

frontier attitude

conquer and profit from nature, inexhuastability

Families from highly developed Countries:

consume a disproportionate share of natural resources.

Which of the following is released as a product of respiration?

energy for growth and reproduction

Development that accommodates the present generation without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs is?

environmental sustainability

The development of herbicide resistance in populations of weeds over several generations is an example of

evolution

More people die from aircraft accidents than from motor vehicle accidents.

false

The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park did not have an impact on the ecosystem.

false

There is essentially no difference between risk assessment and risk management.

false

When energy is converted from one form to another, the loss of energy is usually in the form of

heat

Natural capitalism:

idea that businesses can both expand profits and take good care of the environment

Which country has a low per capita ecological footprint but a higher ecological footprint?

india

greenwashing

is a form of corporate misinformation where a company will present a green public image and publicize green initiatives that are false and misleading.

Sustainability

is the ability to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Which naturalist stated that only government control could save California sequoia groves?

john muir

Industrial ecology:

links industrial production and environmental quality

What are the three most important factors in determining human impact on the environment?

number of people, affluence per person, effect of technologies

outbreak of a diseases spreading worldwide and having the potential to infect almost everyone is considered a

pandemic

Demonstrating that benefits outweigh any risks before introducing new technology is the ___ Principle.

precautionary

Natural resources in developing countries are depleted by

rapid pop growth

most decisions in live involve

risk and cost

The use of facts and assumptions to estimate the probability of harm to human health or the environment is called

risk assessment

Anthropocentrism is a philosophy of environmental responsibility that focuses primarily on human interests.

true

Deciding which risks should be given the highest priority and how much risk is acceptable are two decisions involved in risk management.

true

Ecosystem boundaries are usually defined by easily identifiable demarcations

true

The ecosystem approach requires scientists to recognize and understand natural interactions and to integrate this with human needs for natural resources

true

The general public typically perceives involuntary risks, such as nuclear weapons, a greater risk than voluntary risks, such as smoking.

true

george marsh

wrote man and nature about human agents of environmental change in 1864