ENWC201 Exam 3

What is an NGO?

"Private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development." --> No government status --> Wide social aim Primary Methods: --> Public relations/ lobbying --> Projects and activities

Religious environmental ethics are important to conserving ________________________________.

Biodiversity

That were the Laws Regulating "Take"?

1900 - Lacey Act 1929 - Migratory Bird Conservation Act 1937 - Treaty on Gray and Right Whale Harvest 1940 - Bald Eagle Protection Act

Ecological perspective = ______________________________

Biotic and Abiotic factors

What is the definition of Conserve?

The use of all necessary means to bring any E or T species to the point at which the measures under the act are no longer necessary.

What is Habitat Use?

The way an animal uses physical and biological resources in an area.

When implementing ecological restoration, volunteers can be helpful, as they provide free labor, but they also improve project success because they become more invested in the project. True or False?

True

What was the first protected area?

Yellowstone National Park

What should be considered when developing a recovery plan under the Endangered Species Act? a) Habitat b) Reintroductions/Captive breeding c) Population limiting factors d) All of these

d) All of these

What things do you need to consider in a Recovery Plan / Implementation?

1. Habitat --> Habitat manipulation / rehabilitation --> Acquisition of habitat 2. Limiting factors 3. Reintroductions --> Restoring animals to a former part of their range where they do not currently occur

Species may be listed as endangered if threatened by....

1. "habitat destruction" or "modification" 2. "disease or predation" 3. "commercial overutilization" 4. "inadequacy of existing regulations" 5. other "natural or man made factors"

What are the 4 primary actions of the Endangered Species Act (1973)?

1. Conservation of species 2. Cooperation among agencies 3. Prevent habitat destruction 4. Prevent taking of species

What are the Four Primary Actions of the Endangered Species Act (1973)?

1. Conservation of species 2. Cooperation among agencies 3. Prevent habitat destruction 4. Prevent taking of species

What are the six general approaches to stakeholder involvement?

1. Expert Authority --> A top-down approach in which wildlife managers make decisions and take actions unilaterally. 2. Passive Receptive --> When wildlife managers welcome stakeholder input but do not seek it systematically. 3. Inquisitive --> Recognizes that unsolicited input alone can lead to bias because marginally important stakes can be magnified, and some stakes can be missed. 4. Intermediary --> Encourages two-way communication between individual stakeholder groups and the wildlife management agency but does not emphasize dialogue among stakeholder groups with different concerns. 5. Transactional --> When a choice must be made about how to prioritize different stakes in management decisions. 6. Comanagerial --> Wildlife conservation agencies engage other government agencies, NGOs, and local communities in decision making and share responsibility and authority for management.

What are the important elements of planning?

1. Future Control 2. Problem Solving 3. Team Effort 4. No Single Approach 5. Adaptive Framework 6. Intention to Implement

What are the Elements of "Ecosystem Management"?

1. Goals --> Not just goods, but processes and services. 2. Sustainability! Biodiversity --> Ensure resources for the future. 3. Sound ecology --> Emphasize processes and connections. 4. Connectedness and complexity --> Increases resistance to disturbance. --> Allows for adaptations. 5. Dynamic --> Change can be good! 6. Adaptability --> Current approaches can change 7. Scale --> Landscape approach; wide spatial and temporal scales. 8. Humans are a part of the ecosystem --> Cause disturbances. --> Involved in solutions. --> Identify and engage stakeholders.

Why education on ecosystem management so important?

1. Increases public knowledge and support 2. Fosters a conservation ethic 3. Alters consumption patterns 4. Incorporates resource management into the private sector

What are the two types of values?

1. Instrumental/Utilitarian -->Goods (food/timber/etc.), Services (pollination/wetlands for cleaner water/etc.), and Information (studies that give us knowledge... can use animals for studies to learn more for example how armadillos have similar skin to humans) 2. Intrinsic/Inherent --> Has value in just being

What are the issues with protected areas?

1. Issues with scale (one area might be protected, while an area outside the area that isn't protected can still have harmful effects) --> Example: Kihansi Spray Toad 2. 3. "Paper Park": By legislation an area is assigned protection, but in reality they receive little, or no, resources for actual implantation. They are protected on paper but not in reality. 4. Problems with hunting and poaching even though it is not allowed

What future needs do we need to protect parks?

1. Outside the box thinking for protecting park boundaries 2. Incentive programs for conservation 3. Determining what should be protected, and what is enough protection to be ecologically representative

How are NGOs funded?

1. Private Donors 2. Membership dues 3. Sales of goods and services 4. Grants (often from the Government)

What are the Steps of Ecological Restoration?

1. Site Assessment --> What IS There? --> What WAS There? --> What COULD BE There? 2. Setting Goals --> Inherently subjective --> Will differ based on cultural VALUES --> Beyond values you must also consider Infrastructure, Available resources, Funding, Stakeholder interest 3. Design --> We know what is, was, and could be there. We have goals set for what we want there. Now what? --> Multidisciplinary Team 4. Implementation --> Involving volunteers = sense of connection --> Long term devotion --> Conclusion of construction "as-built conditions" 5. Monitoring and Adaptive Management --> We're done- how did we do, what needs to be fixed

What are the 5 steps of the Conservation Planning Process?

1. The introduction and purpose section encompasses goals and objectives 2. The recommendations section identifies and assigns tasks 3. The implementation section discusses how tasks will be conducted 4. The monitoring section discusses how the plan will be evaluated and modified based on its implementation 5. The supporting documents section provides supplemental materials

What are the five ways scale is used?

1. The revolution and extent that the physical problem or process under consideration exists in nature (Characteristic, phenomenon, intrinsic scale). 2. The scale of measurement and sampling (Observation Scale). 3. The scale that the problem is analyzed or modeled (Analytical scale). 4. The scale of experiments (Experimental scale). 5. The scale of policy making (Policy scale).

What are the two key features of wildlife management decisions?

1. They are recurrent (a similar decision is made on a regular basis) 2. They are impeded by uncertainty (the consequences of the alternatives are not fully understood)

How many sections lay out the law of the Endangered Species Act (1973)? Who is it implemented by?

11 sections lay out the law Implemented by United States Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service

What is the definition of an Ecosystem?

A biological system that consists of all the biotic and abiotic components.

What is "The God Squad"? What did they determine?

A committee of 7 cabinet members who determined 1) there must be no reasonable alternative to the agencies action, 2) the benefits of the action must outweigh the benefits of an alternative action where the species is conserved, 3) the action is of regional or national importance

What is the definition of ethics?

A limitation on freedom of action. --> Constrain self serving behavior --> Help to define what is right and wrong and why --> Aldo Leopold

What is the definition of Scale?

A metric that refers to the spacial or temporal dimensions of an object, pattern, or process.

What is the definition of a Threatened Species?

A one "which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a portion of its range".

The University of Delaware is a signatory on the Tallories Declaration. True or False?

True

What is a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP)?

A planning document required as part the incidental take permit application and that can cover a single action or a number of similar activities that will occur over a broad area. They describe the anticipated effects of the proposed taking, how those impacts will be minimized and mitigated, and how the plan is to be funded.

To reduce conflict in natural resource management, and to recognize the interconnectedness of ecosystems:

A presidentially appointed commission "Ecosystem Management Approach" Broad, Proactive, Dynamic, Collaborative

What is a Metapopulation?

A species whose range is composed of more or less geographically isolated patches, interconnected through patterns of gene flow, extinction, and recolonization."

What is Enhancement/Augmentation?

Aims only to add or increase one or a few ecosystem functions, not to return all ecosystem functions to a specified level.

What is Anthropocentrism?

All environmental responsibility is derived from human centered ethics and done in the interest of human benefit. Example: Highly managed forest for timber and such but ignoring all other aspects (managed specifically for production not for a good habitat)

What is a physiological/fundamental niche?

All of the locations a species could occupy if it was uninhibited by other constraining factors.

What is the Ecosystem Approach?

An approach to maintaining or restoring the composition, structure, and function of natural and modified ecosystems. --> Integrates ecological, sociological, and institutional perspectives

The core area is the center of a biosphere reserve system. True or False?

True

What is a Stakeholder?

Any person who significantly effects or is effected by wildlife/wildlife management directly or indirectly.

CITES lists organisms into 1 of 3 Appendices. Describe each.

Appendix I (can't trade any parts) Appendix II (slightly less strict, can trade some parts) Appendix III (can have sustainable harvest of these species)

What are Paper Parks?

By legislation, an area is assigned protection, but in reality, they receive little or no resources for actual implementation. (They are protected on paper but not in reality).

What are the IUCN Classification of Protected Areas?

Category 1a: Strict nature reserves (only people allowed on the area are researchers who would also need permission). Category 1b: Wilderness Area (Human activity is allowed but limited). Example: Indian Peaks Wilderness Area **Category 1 areas allow only primitive recreation and the primary focus is on biodiversity, ecosystem processes/services** Category 2: National Parks (geared towards preserving nature and also for people to interact with nature. They blend ecosystems and recreation.) Category 3: National Monuments (Natural features and recreation... smaller scale than parks.) **Category 2 and 3 recreation is allowed and even encouraged but not direct exploitation (like hunting and such)** Category 4: Habitat Management Area (Active management/intervention.) Category 5: Protected landscape/seascape (Natural and cultural area of distinct value.) Category 6: Managed resource protected area (Protecting an area but allowing sustainable use.) Also includes: Biosphere Reserves --> An area which has a collaboration of conservation and human use. Has tiers where the core is the least human use, and then the outer edges have the most human use. Example: Yellowstone National Park World Heritage Sites --> An area of outstanding universal value to all the people of the world. Example: Yellowstone National Park Ramsar Wetlands --> The conservation and wise use of all wetlands.

How can we tell if the park is being well protected?

Change in area of natural vegetation

What species are typically targeted for reintroduction?

Charismatic Vertebrates

Why is scale a problem?

Complexity, the measurement of data, and scale determination.

What is Habitat Availability?

Concerns the ability of an individual to obtain physical and biological components of the environment.

What does CITES stand for?

Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species

What is a "Species Pool"?

Defines a regional species pool as occurring within a biogeographic region and extending over spatial scales of many orders of magnitude larger than those of a local species assemblage.

What are Historical Ecosystems?

Ecological systems that existed in the past.

There is increasingly a balance between what things that make up our values?

Economic Considerations, Ethical Considerations, and Sustainability Considerations.

What is Ecocentrism?

Environment deserves direct moral consideration not consideration derived from human or animal interest (includes the forest, water, plants, animals, everything).

What is the Primary goal of reintroduction?

Establish a viable, free-ranging population.

What will ultimately dictate whether we preserve our wildlife and the ecosystems that support all of us?

Ethics, Values, Attitudes

Environmental education is being removed from many states K-12 curriculum in the United States, which will help inform student values and foster a conservation ethic. True or False?

False

Similar to the propagules of pressure, the three components necessary for successful reintroduction of an endangered species are removal of threats, funding, and institutional approval. True or False?

False

The Northern Spotted Owl has successfully recovered to record numbers despite continued logging for old growth timber. True or False?

False

What is the number one threat to wildlife?

Habitat Loss

What might protected areas limit?

Habitat loss, hunting/poaching, people/invasive species, pollution

What is Rehabilitation?

Improve the habitat from a degraded state.

What is a Deme?

Individuals of a species with a high probability of interbreeding.

What forms our ethics about our natural world?

Instrumental/Utilitarian values and Intrinsic/inherent values

___________ are used to enforce our ethics and in theory should match the ethics of the community.

Laws

Institutional perspective = _____________________________

Laws and mandates, staffing, funding

What is the next step in the evolution of ethics?

Leopold's Land Ethic - Ecocentric

What is Biocentrism?

Life centered environmental ethics (not just the forest, also the things that live in the forest).

What are the levels of NGOs?

Local, national, international

What is the No Action Alternative Plan?

Maintains the current management direction.

What is the basic concept of Incentive Driven Conservation?

Make wildlife more valuable "alive" than "dead".

What levels need to be educated on ecosystem management?

Needed at all levels: K-12 Universities Internationally Through media

What is the definition of Wildlife Management?

The guidance of decision-making processes and implementation of practices to influence interactions between people. wildlife, and wildlife habitats, and among people about wildlife to achieve impacts valued by stakeholders.

Are protected areas always established to preserve wildlife?

No Example: Grand Canyon which is chosen to preserve the geological features

Do we have a global environmental ethic?

No, everyone's values are different which make it hard to create global ethics.

What does NGO stand for?

Non-Governmental Organization

What is Reclamation?

Often undertaken on lands that were mined. Prioritizes the stabilization of the terrain, removal of pollutants, re vegetation, aesthetic improvement and assurance of public safety.

What is the definition of an Endangered Species?

One "which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range".

Where do we get our ethics from?

Our values, which we get from sources such as families, cultures, religions, media, etc.

What is the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)?

Pays farmers annual rental payments under 10 to 15 year contracts to set aside previously cropped land that is considered to be marginally productive or highly erodible.

Protected areas limit.....

Poaching, pollution, and invasives

In the developing world, what kind of incentive works best?

Positive (some kind of economic benefit). --> Livestock insurance programs --> Livestock vaccination programs --> Education/health --> Handicraft/goods sales --> Livestock/crop protection

What are the different kinds of incentives?

Positive incentives such as social incentives and economic incentives, and negative incentives such as fines or incarceration.

Who signed the Endangered Species Act?

President Nixon

What is Wildlife Acceptance Capacity?

Proposes that there is some "maximum wildlife population level in an area that is acceptable to people".

According to the IUCN, Category II and III Protected Areas allows all types of _________________ unlike Category I Protected Areas.

Recreation

What is Habitat Abundance?

Refers only to the quantity of the resource in the habitat.

What is a Microhabitat?

Refers to finer-scaled habitat features.

What is a Macrohabitat?

Refers to large spatial extent features such as seral stages or vegetation associations.

What is Habitat Selection?

Refers to the hierarchical and largely innate process whereby an animal makes decisions about different scales of the environment.

What are the three species pools?

Regional, Local, and Community

What is the Reference Condition?

The ecological condition desired as a result of a restoration project.

What are Local Species Pools?

The set of species occurring in a subunit of the biogeographic region, such as a valley segment.

What is Habitat Preference?

Restricted to the consequence of the habitat selection process, resulting in the disproportional use of some resources over others.

What is Re-creation?

Returns a habitat to a particular historic condition, but not necessarily a native condition (e.g., an historic battlefield).

What is Talloire's Declaration?

Seeks to educate people more and raise awareness. --> If we can reach all levels, then true success in conservation may be realized.

What are Community Species Pools?

The set of species present in a site within the target community.

What is Replacement?

Specifies a community type to be created on a site, but this community was most likely not present previous to human disturbance. History and details of Ecological Restoration.

What species has large controversy over old growth timber harvest and the species's listing?

Spotted Owl (listed in 1980s)

Socioeconomic perspective = _________________________

Stakeholders, values, issues

What are the Steps to Maximize Success of Reintroduction?

Step 1: Feasibility study --> Biology of the species (life history etc.)? --> Availability of individuals? --> Has vacant niche been filled? Step 2: Select and evaluate sites --> Within historic range --> Suitable habitat? --> Threats removed? --> Protected Status? Step 3: Evaluate stock --> Health, Genetics, Fitness --> Can not jeopardize nor stress the source population --> Surplus animals --> Genetic variability Step 4: Determine social, political, and economic conditions at site --> Long-term support? --> How can we minimize conflicts? Step 5: Plan/implement reintroduction --> Release Considerations (Number of animals per release, Number of releases per year, Number of years of releases, Timing of releases) --> Animal Preparation (Hard releases/Soft releases. Acclimatization, behavioral training, inoculations, provisioning, and socialization.) Step 6: Post release monitoring --> Use adaptive model

Government must work to protect _______ and __________ species. Also ____________ for anyone to "take" T and E species.

T and E Illegal

What is the CAMPFIRE Program?

The Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) program. --> Community-based natural resource management --> Safari tours (no-hunting) are also sold... (90% of revenue comes from hunts. 60% just from elephant hunts.) --> Founded in 1989 --> Revenues from the program are used to provide schools, electricity, clean water, road building and grinding mills for maize.

What is arguably the most biocentric piece of legislation ever enacted by Congress?

The Endangered Species Act (1973)

What is Habitat Quality?

The ability of the environment to provide conditions appropriate for individual and population persistence.

What is a "realized niche"?

The actual distribution of a species.

What is Ecological Restoration?

The practice of restoring degraded ecological systems.

What is Restoration Ecology?

The scientific process of developing theory to guide restoration and of using restoration to advance ecology.

What are Regional Species Pools?

The set of species occurring in a certain biographic or climate region that are potential members of the target assemblage.

What is a Safe Harbor Agreement?

Their purpose is to promote voluntary management for threatened and endangered species on nonfederal property while offering assurances to landowners regarding future regulatory restrictions in the management of these species on their land.

What do Incentive Programs do?

They allow federal and state agencies to encourage sustainable use of these ecosystem services by providing financial and technical assistance to landowners.

What does "to restore" mean? What is "restoration"?

To bring back into existence or use. The act of restoring.

What does the The Reintroduction Specialist Group aim to do?

To combat the ongoing and massive loss of biodiversity by using reintroductions as a responsible tool.

What is the role of Restorationists?

To help quantify the likely consequences of human activities and natural events on the environment so that the public and managers can make informed decisions when developing the desired conditions for an area.

What was the Endangered Species Act (1973)?

To protect fish, wildlife and plants listed as endangered or threatened and identify critical habitat.

Ecosystem conservation combines an ecological perspective, institutional perspective, and socioeconomic perspective. True or False?

True

Instrumental / Utilitarian --> Anthropocentric Intrinsic / Inherent --> Biocentric - Ecocentric True or False?

True

Through the protection of a(n) ______________ species many other species may be protected indirectly.

Umbrella

What is the term "Species Assemblage"?

Use to indicate the group of species that are present and potentially interacting within the area of interest.

Which of the following is not a challenge of education for biological conservation? a) The subject matter is highly complex and can only be understood by people with advanced degrees b) People are passionate but not informed c) Attractive species get all the attention d) Ultimate issues are not being addressed

a) The subject matter is highly complex and can only be understood by people with advanced degrees

One of the largest threats to red wolf recovery is: a) Interactions with humans b) Interbreeding with gray wolves c) Interbreeding with coyotes d) Lack of prey

c) Interbreeding with coyotes

One serious concern raised over ecological restoration is: a) The fear that we may restore the planet to a point where it is so perfect we can no longer live here as imperfect beings. b) The belief that because restoration is cheap we can neglect our currently threatened species habitats and worry about them later. c) The idea that we can conduct experiments and gain insight while conducting restoration. d) The spreading belief that we can degrade habitat in one place and then replace or restore it in another, without fear of any net loss.

d) The spreading belief that we can degrade habitat in one place and then replace or restore it in another, without fear of any net loss.

The Clean Water Act of 1972 includes a provision that: a) Unavoidable loss does not have to be restored b) We can have some net loss of wetlands c) Lost wetlands must be restored in the same exact location d) We can have no net loss of wetlands

d) We can have no net loss of wetlands