EPS 601 Chapter 7 (Person-centered therapy, study guide)

21. Carl Rogers's original emphasis was on reflection of feelings expressed by the client. a. True b. False

True For more information on this topic, see "Evolution of Person-Centered Methods" in the text.

68. Immediacy is highly valued in the person-centered approach​ a. True b. False

True See page 177

49. Carl Rogers is often called the "father of psychotherapy research."​ a. True b. False

True See page 164

46. Carl Rogers's approach is based on the assumptions that humans are trustworthy and that clients desire to grow. a. True b. False

True See page 165

56. The person-centered approach evolved from a nondirective therapy to an experiential therapy.​ a. True b. False

True See page 166

63. The person-centered approach places emphasis on the necessary and sufficient conditions for change.​ a. True b. False

True See page 166

65. Maslow postulated a hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation, with the most basic needs being physiological needs.​ a. True b. False

True See page 170

69. The underlying vision of humanistic philosophy is captured by the metaphor of how an acorn will automatically grow in positive ways, pushed naturally toward its actualization as an oak. a. True b. False

True See page 170

50. Congruence is a basic characteristic of effective therapists.​ a. True b. False

True See page 174

53. Therapists who have little respect for their clients can anticipate that their therapeutic work will not be fruitful.​ a. True b. False

True See page 175

67. Empathy is a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client.​ a. True b. False

True See page 175

59. The term "presence" refers to the counselor's ability to be fully engaged in the therapeutic relationship with the client.​ a. True b. False

True See page 177

60. An assumption of person-centered therapy is that the counselor's presence is far more powerful than techniques he or she uses to facilitate change.​ a. True b. False

True See page 177

66. The person-centered model has been widely adapted to include such areas as family therapy, crisis counseling and classroom education. ​ a. True b. False

True See page 178

61. Carl Rogers encouraged counselors to use a nonconfrontational manner with their clients.​ a. True b. False

True See page 182

28. Carlos, an eight year old boy, was recently removed from his home because he was being physically and sexually abused by his father. In accordance with Maslow's framework, which needs took precedence?​ a. Physical and safety needs b. ​Belonging and love c. Esteem from self and others d. ​Self-actualization

a. Physical and safety needs See page 170

19. Patrick has been confronted by family members and friends about his excessive gambling. Despite their attempts to help him, he insists that they are overreacting and that he has everything under control. He does not feel the need to alter his behaviors. Patrick is at which stage of change? a. Precontemplation b. Contemplation c. Preparation d. Action

a. Precontemplation Reasoning: In the precontemplation stage, there is no intention of changing a behavior pattern in the near future. See "Motivational Interviewing."

18. Which of the following humanistic principles is not related to expressive arts therapy? a. Releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression. b. The creative process is transformative and healing. c. The expressive arts lead us into the unconscious. d. Our feelings and emotions are a source of energy.

a. Releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression. Reasoning: The principle "Releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression" is not related to expressive arts therapy. See "Person-Centered Expressive Arts Therapy."

27. Person-centered therapy is a(n):​ a. action-oriented approach to therapy. b. humanistic approach to therapy. c. existential approach to therapy. d. deterministic approach to therapy.

b. humanistic approach to therapy. See page 174

36. According to Rogerian therapy, an "internal source of evaluation" is defined as:​ a. internalizing the validation one receives from others. b. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence. c. going on one's instincts when judging the behavior of others. d. a neurotic tendency to be self-critical.

b. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence. See page 190

33. A potential limitation of the person-centered approach is:​ a. their view of assessment and diagnosis. b. that some students-in-training and practitioners may have a tendency to be very supportive of clients without being challenging. c. shortcomings of the studies of the approach. d. the continual evolution of the approach leads to unclear therapeutic principles.

b. that some students-in-training and practitioners may have a tendency to be very supportive of clients without being challenging. See page 192

7. Which of the following is not a key concept of the person-centered approach? a. The focus is on experiencing the immediate moment. b. In a climate of safety in the therapeutic session, the client comes to realize that there are more authentic ways of being. c. The client is primarily responsible for the direction of therapy. d. The focus is on exploration of a client's past.

d. The focus is on exploration of a client's past. Reasoning: All of the statements except the last one are key concepts of the person-centered approach. See "Therapist's Function and Role."

30. The person-centered therapist is best described as a: ​ a. facilitator. b. teacher. c. human engineer. d. friend.

a. facilitator. See page 166

22. The person-centered approach is based on a set of specific therapeutic techniques designed to promote behavior change. a. True b. False

False Review the section "Emotion-Focused Therapy" in the text.

25. Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) emerged as a behavioral approach informed by understanding the role of an emotion in human functioning and psychotherapeutic change. a. True b. False

False Review the section "Emotion-Focused Therapy" in the text.

57. The person-centered model has become stagnant and shows little sign of evolution.​ a. True b. False

False See page 165

58. When Rogers challenged the basic assumption that "the counselor knows best," he thought that this radical idea would affect the power dynamics and politics of the counseling profession, but to his surprise, it did not.​ a. True b. False

False See page 166

70. Maslow believed not enough research was being conducted on anxiety, hostility, and neuroses and too much into joy, creativity, and self-fulfillment.​ a. True b. False

False See page 169

47. According to Carl Rogers, personality change occurs only when clients develop insight into the origin of their personality problems.​ a. True b. False

False See page 171

55. If the therapeutic core conditions exist over some period of time, constructive personality change will not occur. ​ a. True b. False

False See page 173

51. Therapists are encouraged to use positive regard for clients only as a means of shaping their behavior.​ a. True b. False

False See page 175

52. The concept of unconditional positive regard implies that therapists develop an accepting and approving attitude toward all actions taken by their clients.​ a. True b. False

False See page 175

54. Accurate empathic understanding implies an objective understanding of a client.​ a. True b. False

False See page 175

48. Free association and dream analysis are a typical part of the person-centered therapist's procedures.​ a. True b. False

False See page 176

62. Person-centered therapy groups emphasize the unique role of the group counselor as a leader.​ a. True b. False

False See page 179

64. Natalie Rogers is no longer an active contributor to the person-centered approach.​ a. True b. False

False See page 180

23. Person-centered expressive arts therapy can be used in both group and individual contexts. a. True b. False

a. True For more information on this topic, see "Person-Centered Expressive Arts Therapy" in the text.

15. From Carl Rogers's perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterized by a. a sense of equality. b. the transference relationship. c. the therapist functioning as the expert. d. a clearly defined contract that specifies what clients will talk about in the sessions.

a. a sense of equality. Reasoning: From Carl Rogers's perspective, the client-therapist relationship is characterized by a sense of equality. See "Relationship Between Therapist and Client."

16. In person-centered group therapy, the leader a. displays a sense of trust in the members. b. uses techniques and exercises to motivate the group. c. focuses on making interpretations. d. sets goals for the group members.

a. displays a sense of trust in the members. Reasoning: In person-centered group therapy, the leader displays a sense of trust in the members. See "Application to Crisis Intervention."

14. From a person-centered perspective, the best source of knowledge about the client is the a. individual client. b. therapist. c. client's family. d. therapeutic relationship.

a. individual client. Reasoning: From a person-centered perspective, the best source of knowledge about the client is the individual client. See "Evolution of Person-Centered Methods."

4. The ______________________that recently has come into prominence shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach. a. positive psychology movement b. object relations approach c. dialectical behavior therapy approach d. applied behavior analysis movement

a. positive psychology movement Reasoning: The positive psychology movement that recently has come into prominence shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach. See "Abraham Maslow's Contributions to Humanistic Psychology."

20. A factor that distinguishes the person-centered approach to group counseling from other approaches is the a. therapist's role as facilitator. b. length of treatment. c. focus on creating a collaborative spirit. d. focus on building genuine relationships among members.

a. therapist's role as facilitator. Reasoning: A factor that distinguishes the person-centered approach to group counseling from other approaches is the therapist's role as facilitator. See "Motivational Interviewing."

45. Accurate empathic understanding helps clients in all the following areas, except: ​ a. to notice and devalue their experiences. b.​ to view prior experiences in new ways. c. to process their experience both cognitively and bodily. d. to increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action.

a. to notice and devalue their experiences. See page 175

17. Adrianne, who is uncertain about her career goals and is afraid to commit to any career path, is working with a therapist who specializes in using motivational interviewing strategies. What will her therapist look for in order to assess the success of therapy? a. An improvement in Adrianne's ability to block negative thoughts about her career options b. A reduction in Adrianne's ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction c. Progress in working through unconscious conflicts related to commitment d. A willingness on Adrianne's part to examine her family constellation in order to deepen her understanding of her reasons for her lack of direction

b. A reduction in Adrianne's ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction Reasoning: Adrianne's therapist will look for a reduction in her ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction. See "Motivational Interviewing."

38. Which of the following is not true about the most recent trends in person-centered therapy?​ a. It could be referred to as holistic therapy. b. Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used. c. It emphasizes an increased involvement of the therapist as a person. d. It allows the therapist greater freedom to be active in the therapeutic relationship.

b. Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used. See page 174

6. Which statement(s) is (are) true of the person-centered approach? a. Therapists should give advice when clients need it. b. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes. c. Therapists should function largely as teachers. d. Therapy is primarily the therapist's responsibility.

b. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes. Reasoning: All of the statements except the second one regarding the person-centered approach are false. See "Therapist's Function and Role."

29. Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centered framework? ​ a. Unconditional positive regard b. Creative expression c. Accurate empathetic understanding d. Congruence

b. Creative expression See page 170

24. The person-centered approach is not particularly well suited to multi-cultural counseling. a. True b. False

b. False Reasoning: Review the section "Contributions of the Person-Centered Approach" in the text.

35. Which of the following is not true about Carl Rogers?​ a. He was raised with strict religious standards in his home. b. He developed cognitive therapy. c. At one point in his life, he was preparing to enter the ministry. d. He made a contribution toward achieving world peace.

b. He developed cognitive therapy. See page 164

42. Therapists utilizing motivational interviewing strategies view clients as:​ a. opponents to be defeated. b. allies who play a major role in their present and future success. c. victims of their own psychopathology who need to be liberated from their pain and dysfunction. d. people who are lazy and need a powerful incentive to change their ways.

b. allies who play a major role in their present and future success. See page 182

37. Which of the following personal characteristics of the therapist is most important, according to Carl Rogers?​ a. Unconditional positive regard b. Acceptance c. Genuineness d. Accurate empathic understanding

c. Genuineness See page 192

31. Which of the statements below regarding Motivational Interviewing is not accurate? a. MI was initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking. b. MI stresses client self-responsibility and promotes an invitational style for working cooperatively with clients to generate alternative solutions to behavioral problems. c. MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on self-actualization. d. MI therapists avoid arguing with clients and reframe resistance as a healthy response.

c. MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on self-actualization. See page 182

12. Which of the following is the correct order in terms of the historical development of Carl Rogers's approach to counseling? a. Client-centered to person-centered to nondirective b. Client-centered to nondirective to person-centered c. Nondirective to client-centered to person-centered d. Nondirective to person-centered to client-centered

c. Nondirective to client-centered to person-centered Reasoning: The correct order in terms of the historical development of Carl Rogers's approach to counseling is nondirective to client-centered to person-centered. See "Four Periods of Development of the Approach."

10. What is a limitation of person-centered therapy? a. The approach does not make use of research to study the process or outcomes of therapy. b. The therapist has more power to manipulate and control the client than is true of most other therapies. c. The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's behavior. d. The client is not given enough responsibility to direct the course of his or her own therapy.

c. The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's behavior. Reasoning: One of the limitations of person-centered therapy is that the approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's behavior. See "Contributions of the Person-Centered Approach."

5. What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy? a. Defining concrete and measurable goals b. The therapist's technical skills c. The relationship between the client and therapist d. The therapist's ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems

c. The relationship between the client and therapist Reasoning: The most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy is the relationship between the client and the therapist. See "Relationship Between Therapist and Client."

41. The __________ is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self-determination. ​ a. congruence tendency b. empathic understanding c. actualizing tendency d. actualizing understanding

c. actualizing tendency See page 170

1. The person-centered approach's view of human nature a. views people as basically competitive. b. states that humans are driven by irrational forces. c. emphasizes clients' abilities to engage their own resources to act in their world with others. d. assumes that, while humans have the potential for growth, we tend to remain stagnant.

c. emphasizes clients' abilities to engage their own resources to act in their world with others. Reasoning: The person-centered approach's view of human nature emphasizes clients' abilities to engage their own resources to act in their world with others. See "Abraham Maslow's Contributions to Humanistic Psychology."

2. Characteristics of a self-actualized person include all of the following, except a. welcomes uncertainty in his or her life. b. has a capacity for deep and intense interpersonal relationships. c. has artificial dichotomies within himself or herself. d. is spontaneous and creative.

c. has artificial dichotomies within himself or herself. Reasoning: Characteristics of a self-actualized person include welcoming uncertainty in his or her life, having a capacity for deep and intense interpersonal relationships, and being spontaneous and creative. See "Abraham Maslow's Contributions to Humanistic Psychology."

32. The technique of reflection involves the therapist: ​ a. restating the client's words verbatim. b. sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client. c. mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation. d. bringing an actual mirror into the session and having a client look at himself or herself in the mirror.

c. mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation. See page 176

39. Carl Rogers drew heavily from existential concepts, especially as they apply to: ​ a. the transference relationship. b. countertransference, or unfinished business of the counselor. c. the client/therapist relationship. d. guilt and anxiety.

c. the client/therapist relationship. See page 165

9. The person-centered therapist generally does not find traditional assessment and diagnosis a. as a useful tool for case conceptualization. b. as a meaningful way of understanding of a client's psychological state. c. to be useful because these procedures encourage an external and expert perspective on the client. d. as a necessary process that does not impact the course of therapy.

c. to be useful because these procedures encourage an external and expert perspective on the client. Reasoning: The person-centered therapist generally does not find traditional assessment and diagnosis to be useful, because these procedures encourage an external and expert perspective on the client. See "Evolution of Person-Centered Methods."

43. In the 1960s and 1970s Rogers did a great deal to spearhead the development of:​ a.​ organizational management seminars. b.​ private colleges aimed at training person-centered therapists. c.​ student-centered teaching and encounter groups. d. the National Training Laboratories and T-groups.

c.​ student-centered teaching and encounter groups. See page 167

44. Concerning research on psychotherapy and Carl Rogers, which of the following is not true? ​ a. Rogers stated his concepts as testable hypotheses and submitted them to research. b. Rogers literally opened the field for psychotherapy research. c. Rogers inspired others to conduct extensive research on counseling process and outcome. d. Rogers did not conduct the research himself.

d. Rogers did not conduct the research himself. See page 191

3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centered approach? a. The focus is on the phenomenological world of the client. b. It is supported by evidence from ongoing research. c. The client-centered approach emphasized the role of the therapist as a facilitator of growth and honored the inherent power of the client. d. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy.

d. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy. Reasoning: All of the statements except the last one are characteristics of the person-centered approach. See "Four Periods of Development of the Approach."

40. A common theme originating in Carl Rogers's early writings and continuing to permeate all of his works is:​ a. the need to find meaning in life through love, work, or suffering. b. the need for a religion to find meaning in life. c. the importance of expressing feelings that stem from childhood issues. d. a basic sense of trust in the client's ability to move forward in a constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are present.

d. a basic sense of trust in the client's ability to move forward in a constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are present. See page 170

13. Carl Rogers's position on confronting the client is that a. confrontation is to be avoided at all costs. b. confrontation causes clients to stop growing. c. confrontation reflects that the therapist has a need to be in control. d. confrontation or resistance must be responded to in a nonconfrontational manner.

d. confrontation or resistance must be responded to in a nonconfrontational manner. Reasoning: Carl Rogers's position on confronting the client is that confrontation or resistance must be responded to in a nonconfrontational manner. See "Motivational Interviewing."

8. In order for a therapist to communicate "accurate empathic understanding" the counselor must: a. have experienced a situation very similar to the client's current predicament. b. clarify details and facts relevant to the client's experiences. c. feel a deep sense of warmth toward the client. d. connect emotionally to the client's subjective world.

d. connect emotionally to the client's subjective world. Reasoning: In order for a therapist to communicate "accurate empathic understanding," the counselor must connect emotionally to the client's subjective world. See "Relationship Between Therapist and Client."

34. In applying the person-centered approach to crisis intervention, therapists should do all of the following, except:​ a. communicate a deep sense of understanding. b. provide genuine support and warmth. c. use a more structured approach and provide clients with some direction. d. do not give the individual the opportunity to fully express themselves.

d. do not give the individual the opportunity to fully express themselves. See page 179

26. Person-centered therapy is best described as a:​ a. completed "school" of counseling. b. fixed set of therapeutic principles. c. systematic set of behavioral techniques. d. philosophy of how the therapy process develops.

d. philosophy of how the therapy process develops. See page 165

11. One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves a. a respect for the client's subjective experience. b. a trust in the capacity of the client to make positive choices. c. an emphasis on freedom. d. the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive.

d. the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive. Reasoning: One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive. See "Contributions of the Person-Centered Approach."