ethics

moral code

a set of moral rules

when considering its practical effects, euthansia as a policy

is a slippery slope

Epistemology

study of knowledge

According to the philosopher Paul Taylor if you simply embrace the moral beliefs and norms given to you by your family and society.....

you will lack the ability to defend your beliefs against criticism using rational argument.

The virtue ethicist, ______________ , emphasized human goodness, moral self-cultivation, and social harmony. (Correct spelling is required for credit.)

Confucius

nonvoluntary euthanasia

Euthanasia performed when patients are not competent to choose it for themselves and have not previously disclosed their preferences.

How does the author reply to the criticism that his GRD proposal is unrealistic?

It is in our best interest to eradicate global poverty in order to avoid more severe problems from developing in the long run, We have a moral obligation to attend to the problem of global poverty regardless, It has the potential to be better than the avenues taken up to this point, Moral convictions can have real effects even in international politics.

Physician Assited Suicide

Killing oneself with the help of a physician

Normative Ethics

The study of the principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions and judgments

Which of the following are among the five defining elements of radical inequality?

The worse-off are very badly off in absolute terms, The worse-off are in poverty due to bad choices, The inequality is avoidable, meaning that the better-off can improve the lives of the worse-off without becoming badly-off themselves, The inequality is impervious, meaning that it is difficult of impossible for the worse-off to improve their situation on their own.

According to the author, there are two ways of conceiving global poverty as a moral challenge to us. Identify those ways. (Select two answers.)

We may be failing to to fulfill our positive duty to help others in acute distress, and we may be failing to fulfill a negative duty not to contribute to the unjust impoverishment of others.

right

a moral demand that obligates others to honor it

duty of beneficence

a moral obligation to help others

negative right

a person's right that obligates others not to interfere

Internationally recognized territorial domains (nations) interconnected through a global network of market trade (economy) and diplomacy is an example of ...

a shared institutional order

The following statement written by Kant can be described as what? —"Act in such a way that you treat humanity ... always at the same time as an end and never as a means." (More than one answer may be correct; select all that apply.)

a version of the categorial imperative and means-end principle

what division of ethics does this question fall under: is it morally permissible for scientists to perform experiments on people without their consent

applied ethics

The name given to the moral law at the heart of Kant's ethics is the __________________ ________________. (Correct spelling is required for credit.)

categorial imperative

even for the religiously devout moral philosophy is necessary bc...

commands such as love thy neighbor require interpretations, sometimes commandments come into conflict w one another, it provides a neutral standard to mediate between people of different religions

which of the following is NOT one of the three moral criteria of adequacy?

conformity with most people's moral institutions

Citing the philosopher _____________ , the author agrees that human nature is not simply selfish, but interested in the sell-being of others.

david hume

advanced directive (living will)

details the conditions under which life support measures should be used

The author argues that children born with ____________ should not be euthanasized because doing so would not be for the child, but for the parents or society.

down syndrome

euthanasia

easy death

Some __________________ assert that every person should receive a certain minimum amount of goods necessary for survival, such as food an medical care.

egalitarians

"Just deserts," the notion that people deserve to keep what they have acquired, are a form of __________________ . (Correct spelling is required for credit.)

entitlements

The ________________ states that all human life is of equal value, and the difference in treatment should not be should be based on freely chosen actions and not accidents of birth or environment.

equity principle

The Greek word, ________________, employed by Aristotle means happiness or flourishing. (Correct spelling is required for credit.)

eudiamonia

according to the author's argument from nature

euthanasia is wrong bc it goes against the organization of the human body and our patterns of behavioral response that make the continuation of life a natural goal

active euthanasia

euthanasia performed by taking a direct action to cause someone's death; "mercy killing"

According to Kant, perfect duties must be followed most of the time, but there are some circumstances when they can be ignored.

false

According to the author, there are rare cases when non-voluntary active euthanasia (ending someone's life for his or her own good against his or her will) is justified.

false

On average, affluent nations use far fewer natural resources than poorer nations.

false

The author believes that if a person has more evil in his or her life than good, then that person's life is not worth living.

false

The author maintains that voluntary active euthanasia should be legalized because it accords with the principles of justice previously discussed.

false

The author's proposed "global resource dividend" requires that global resources be conceived as the common property of humankind, to be shared equally.

false

The principle of just desert encourages people to steal instead of work for their earnings.

false

according to act-utilitarianism, the morally right action is one covered by a rule that if generally followed will produce the most good

false

advocating for the moral permissibility of euthanasia is the same thing as advocating for legal permissibility of it

false

mill believes that greatest happiness principle often comes into conflict with the golden rule

false

If the ideal moral code were to expect "saintliness" from people, then ...

few people would live up to the rules, and people would feel guilty, conflict would be encouraged between those who meet the moral expectations and those who do not, people will give more than they are expected to

The 85 richest people on the planet own as much as the entire poorest _______ of the world's population.

half

according to the ______ definition of death an individual is dead when brain function that give rise to consciousness permanently stop

higher brain

peter singer

is a famous utilitarianism known for his controversial view that animals have the same moral status as humans

After some discussion, the author concludes that there is a certain connection between between life and good in humans as well as plants and animals, but in the case of humans ...

it is not merely being alive that is the good, but life that reaches a certain standard of normality (contains a minimum of basic goods).

Greatest Happiness Principle

it maintains that we are morally obligated to maximize utility for the maximum utility for the maximum number of people both in quality and quality

who was the controversial doctor who practiced physician assisted suicide and was eventually convicted of murder in 1999

jack kevorkian

The virtues of __________ and __________ are important for distinguishing between the ethical nature of active and passive euthanasia.

justice and charity

theories of value

moral theories concerned with the goodness of persons or things

theories of obligation

moral theories concerned with the rightness or wrongness of actions

Which of the following are examples of nonconsequentialist moral theories? (More than one answer may be correct; select all that apply.)

natural law theory, deotonolgy, devine command theory

devine command theory is an example of what kind of moral theory?

nonconsequentialism

According to Kant, which of the following acts would have moral worth?

not commiting suicide even though you want to

According to the author's proposal for a global resource dividend, states and their citizens' governments shall not have full libertarian property rights with respect to the natural resources in their territory, but can be required to share as much as____________ of the global product with the world's poorest.

one percent

Which duty does the author believe makes the stronger moral claim?

our negative duty

a moral theory...

provides us with very general standards that can help us make sense of our moral experiences, judgements, and principles; is an explanation of what makes an action right or what makes a person or thing good; often works together with moral arguements

euthanasia in not in best interest bc:

revolutionary treatments that could save the patient might be discovered, some patients might view euthanasia as an easy way out, mistaken prognosis

the _____ approach to the issue of active euthanasia claims that lifting moral or legal prohibition against mercy killing will dilute respect for life that will eventually lead to the acceptance of non voluntary euthanasia or worse

slippery slope

According to the author, a _________ _________ _________ (three words) is a system of principles, rules, and other standards designed to guide people's conduct. (Correct spelling is required for credit.)

social moral code

who asked: is an action morally right bc God wills it to be or does God will it so bc it is morally right

socrates

applied ethics

the application of moral norms to specific moral issues or cases, particularly those in a profession such as medicine or law

The principle that allows a good action to be performed even if it has negative consequences, but does not allow a bad action to be performed even if it has potentially positive consequences, is known as ...

the doctrine of double effect

That argument that we should help the poor if we can do so without sacrificing too much is an example of ...

the duty of beneficence

according to bentham's hedonic calculus, which of the following are factors that need to be weighted?

the extent of the pleasure, the duration of the pleasure, the intensity of the pleasure, the certainty of the pleasure

Principle of Utility

the fonding notion of betham's form of utilitarianism

The ______________ states that if it is within our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral value, we ought, morally, to do it.

the greater evil principle

the author believes that if we contribute to systemic global poverty, then we have a negative duty to eradicate it. The three ________ ____ _______ (three words) are the ways we are contributing to systemic global poverty.

the grounds of injustice

______________ maintains that we have no duty to help the poor and hungry of the world.

the libertarian position

As a moral theory, virtue ethics is primarily concerned with...

the moral characters of individuals

Justice

the morality of getting what one deserves

Descriptive Ethics

the scientific study of moral beliefs and practices

logic

the study of correct reasoning

Metaphysics

the study of the fundamental nature of reality

Metaethics

the study of the meaning and logical structure of moral beliefs

Ethical Egoism

the theory that obligates a person to do what is in his or her best interest

Psychological Egoism

the theory that people always act in their own self interest, whether they know it or not

passive euthanasia

the withholding of available treatments, such as life-sustaining devices, allowing the person to die

The author concludes that the ideal moral code should require people to help strangers in need, ...

there are times when entitlements outweigh other's needs

How does Kant think humans discover what is ethical?

they use their faculty of reason

The author argues that in order for euthanasia to be morally defensible, it must be shown that...

to save or prolong a person's life is not desirable

According to natural law theory it would be permissible for a pregnant woman with cancer to take chemotherapy if it would result in the death of her unborn child.

true

According to the argument from the effects of shared institutions, the worse-off are not merely poor and often starving, they are being impoverished and starved under our shared institutional arrangements that inescapably shape their lives.

true

According to the author's conception of it, euthanasia (properly understood) can only be preformed for the benefit of the person who receives it, not for the sake of another such as the patient's family or society.

true

The author argues that a person's right to life is not infringed upon if he or she is allowed to die, or even killed, at his or her own request (what is known as voluntary euthanasia).

true

The author believes that we are not obligated to help others if we did not promise to help them, nor if we are in no way responsible for their situation.

true

The author believes that, right now, our social moral code honors both the greater moral evil principle and entitlements.

true

The present circumstances of the global poor have been shaped by a period of conquest and colonization that involved severe oppression, enslavement, and genocide.

true

according to author euthanasia may make doctors and nurses less commited to save life

true

according to ethical egoism everyone affected by an action must be included in any proper calculation of overall consequences

true

according to mill, it is sometimes necessary to postpone a short term goal in order to maximize happiness

true

according to nonconsequentialist moral theories, sometimes doing what is morally right may produce less good than an alternative

true

according to the author when a patient condition is such that it is not reasonable to hope that any medical procedure or treatments will save life a failure to implement and do treatments is euthanasia

true

logic requires that moral norms and judgements follow the principle of universalizability

true

modern medical technologies has made determining when a person is dead more complicated

true

participating in the exploration of morality or doing ethics is inescapable

true

the maxims derived from kant's catergorial imperative are absolute meaning they have no exceptions

true

Reflective Equilibrium

using reason to establish coherence between considered moral judgements and principles embodied by a moral theory

In the moral arguments section of the chapter, the application of which moral theory is primarily considered?

utilitarianism

Instumental value

value as a means to something else

intristic value

value in itself or for itself