ex phys 10

Acute muscle soreness immediately after exercise is a result of a. accumulation of end products of exercise b. changes in the contractile filaments and z disks c. inflammatory reactions d. structural damage to the muscle cells

a. accumulation of end products of exercise

If both the agonist and antagonist contracted with equal force development, no movement would occur; this is an example of a. coactivation b. autogenic inhibition c. rate coding d. antagonist inhibition

a. coactivation

Transient hypertrophy is primarily stimulated by a. edema b. lactic acid accumulation c. glycogen depletion d. fluid and electrolyte losses

a. edema

An increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle is referred to as a. hyperplasia b. atrophy c. hypertrophy d. hypoplasia

a. hyperplasia

The muscle fiber hypertrophy that occurs with chronic resistance training appears to result from a. a net increase in glycogen storage in the muscle fibers b. a net increase in muscle protein synthesis c. an increase in the water content of the muscle fibers d. increased testosterone secretion

b. a net increase in muscle protein synthesis

Transient hypertrophy, the temporary enlargement of muscles that occurs during a weightlifting workout, results mainly from a. a temporary increase in the size of the individual muscle fibers caused by a rearrangement of the myosin and actin myofilaments b. accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and intracellular spaces of the muscles c. muscle swelling caused by minor damage to the muscle fibers d. muscle hyperplasia

b. accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and intracellular spaces of the muscles

A decrease in the size of individual muscle fibers is referred to as a. hypertrophy b. atrophy c. hyperplasia d. hypoplasia

b. atrophy

When muscle atrophies, the cross-sectional area and several studies have shown this effect to be greater in type fibers. a. increases; IIa b. decreases; I c. decreases; IIa d. increases; I e. decreases; IIb

b. decreases; I

The most important reason for the loss of strength (force-generating capacity) associated with DOMS is a. the physical disruption of the muscle b. failure within the excitation-contraction coupling process c. loss of contractile protein d. impaired muscle glycogen resynthesis

b. failure within the excitation-contraction coupling process

Neural mechanisms that may help explain some of the strength gains from resistance training include all of the following except a. increased synchronization of motor unit activation b. increased autogenic inhibition c. rate coding d. decreased coactivation of agonists and antagonists

b. increased autogenic inhibition

Absolute strength gains are typically greatest in a. women b. men c. children d. the elderly

b. men

When motor units contract more synchronously, a. muscles cannot sustain steady forces anymore b. muscles increase the rate of force development c. the ability to generate force is impeded d. a single motor neuron now innervates several motor units

b. muscles increase the rate of force development

It appears that early increases in muscular strength are primarily due to a. structural changes in muscle tissue b. neural adaptations c. both neural adaptations and structural changes in muscle d. hypertrophy

b. neural adaptations

It appears that increases in muscular strength cannot be achieved without a. structural changes in muscle tissue b. neural adaptations c. both neural adaptations and structural changes in muscle d. changes in muscle fiber type

b. neural adaptations

Most research evidence indicates that training-induced whole-muscle hypertrophy in humans a. results mainly from increases in the number of muscle fibers b. results mainly from increases in the size of individual muscle fibers c. results from increased fluid accumulation in the muscle tissues d. rarely occurs in women

b. results mainly from increases in the size of individual muscle fibers

Which hormone produced by the body is thought to be at least partly responsible for increases in muscle growth? a. growth factor b. testosterone c. anabolic steroid d. Hydroxycut

b. testosterone

Which of the following best describes the training adaptations exhibited by women compared to those of men when participating in identical resistance training programs? a. Men gain considerably more strength and muscle mass. b. Women experience similar gains in strength and muscle mass. c. Women experience similar gains in strength but smaller gains in muscle mass. d. Women experience similar gains in muscle mass but smaller gains in strength.

c. Women experience similar gains in strength but smaller gains in muscle mass.

Muscle hypertrophy refers to a. immobilization of a muscle b. a decrease in muscle size c. an increase in muscle size d. an increase in number of muscle fibers

c. an increase in muscle size

What type of muscular contraction is most likely to induce delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)? a. concentric contractions b. static contractions c. eccentric contractions d. isometric contractions

c. eccentric contractions

The "pumped-up" state of a muscle immediately after a single intensive bout of resistance training is caused by a. increased size of muscle fibers b. increased number of muscle fibers c. increased fluid accumulation in the muscle d. all of these

c. increased fluid accumulation in the muscle

The loss of strength caused by muscle immobilization a. appears to result primarily from deterioration of fast-twitch muscle fibers b. becomes significant only after a week or more of immobilization c. reflects decreased protein synthesis and decreased neuromuscular activation in the immobilized muscle d. appears to affect fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers equally

c. reflects decreased protein synthesis and decreased neuromuscular activation in the immobilized muscle

Which of the following activities would result in the greatest degree of muscle soreness 24 to 48 hours after the exercise? a. running uphill at 6.0 mph, 10% grade b. running on the level at 6.0 mph c. running downhill at 6.0 mph, 10% grade d. There would be identical degrees of soreness.

c. running downhill at 6.0 mph, 10% grade

Reduced neurological inhibition a. may partially explain superhuman feats b. may partially explain strength gains in the absence of hypertrophy c. occurs as a result of resistance training, allowing the muscle to reach greater levels of strength d. All of these are correct.

d. All of these are correct.

Which of the following is true concerning the effects of resistance training on muscular strength and size? a. Children cannot achieve meaningful strength improvements through resistance training. b. Women do not show increases in muscle size in response to strength training. c. In general, the neuromuscular system is not very responsive to training. d. Strength gains can be achieved without structural changes in muscle but not without neural adaptations.

d. Strength gains can be achieved without structural changes in muscle but not without neural adaptations.

Muscle atrophy may be defined as a. an increase in muscular strength that occurs without resistance training b. a loss of muscle tone c. a loss of muscular coordination caused by decreased neuromuscular activation d. a wasting away (decrease) in muscle size

d. a wasting away (decrease) in muscle size

Muscle soreness (DOMS) can be prevented or minimized by a. reducing the eccentric component of the muscle action during early training b. beginning training at low intensity and gradually increasing training c. beginning training with a high-intensity, exhaustive bout of exercise causing more soreness early and less soreness later in the program d. a, b, and c e. only a and b

d. a, b, and c

The increase in strength that occurs with resistance training results from a. hypertrophy of muscle b. increased motor unit recruitment c. synchronization d. all of these

d. all of these

Protein synthesis ___________ during exercise and ____________ after exercise. a. increases, decreases b. decreases, decreases c. increases, increases d. decreases, increases

d. decreases, increases

The most likely cause of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) appears to be a. increased accumulation of lactic acid in the blood b. excess accumulation of glycogen in the muscle tissues c. accumulation of metabolic wastes in the muscle cells d. structural damage to the muscle cells

d. structural damage to the muscle cells

Muscle cramps may be caused by a. disturbances in fluid and electrolyte balances b. high rates of sweating c. sustained alpha-motor neuron activity d. muscle fatigue e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

Muscle fiber hypertrophy may be partially explained by a. training-induced increases in size within existing myofibrils b. training-induced increases in size within existing actin and myosin filaments c. training-induced increases in size within existing sarcoplasm and connective tissue d. training-induced increases in the number of myofibrils and actin and myosin filaments e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

Which of the following is incorrect concerning fiber type conversion? a. Cross-innervation studies demonstrated interconversion between type I and type II fibers. b. Chronic, low-frequency nerve stimulation transforms type II motor units into type I motor units. c. Transition of type IIx fibers to type IIa fibers occurs with resistance training. d. A combination of high-intensity resistance training and short-interval speed work can lead to a conversion of type I to type IIa fibers. e. There are no incorrect responses.

e. There are no incorrect responses.