EXAM 1 CHICANO 8
"Greaser Law"
stated that greasers who are vagrants who are armed may be punished; more justification for taking their land
The Cart War
terrorist campaign against Tejano cart men by Anglo texan freighters who wanted to take over the freight trade; money was put aside to protect tejano cart men but no law was passed ; metaphor for anglo texan racism
Republican Party
this party was ruled by a small group of wealthy spanish speaking ris and anglos . the ricos held local and legislative offices.
Army of the West
under command of kearny and helped take santa fe, new mexico; raised stars and stripes there; were said to protect and liberate their new subjects
"Rough Riders"
unit that was made up of New Mexicans led by Captains Maximiliano Luna and George Armiho. They landed on the southeastern tip of Cuba in June 1898
Foreign Miner's Tax
used to limit Mexican's access to mines; $20 per month
Federal Land Grant Act of 1851
violated the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo; resulted in overlapping land grants as public lands and mexican grants were not distinguished ; ordered that all land titles held under Spanish or Mexican grants were invalid and had to be submitted for verification; if not done after 2 years, land would be forfeited ; californio land was targeted
Californio Property Rights
was not protected by the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo as it claimed it would
La Voz del Pueblo
weekly newspaper showed empathy to rural poor of New Mexico; defended native new mexicans against land grabbers
. Texas Rangers
were called to restore order after the salt war; killed tejanos indiscriminately
Polka Rebellion
with the support of the church, creole regiments revolted. Polkas refused to go to veracruz to prepare for its defense against a US invasion
James K. Polk
won the 1844 presidential election and used the annexation of texas as his main issue ; expansionist
Arizona
(western portion of New Mexico when it was divided in 1863); military outpost first under mexico and then US. Santa Cruz Valley became prosperous center of trade, farming and ranching
Pio Pico
soldier, rancher, and senior member of of the california legislature; named governor of territory. Controlled the customhouse
Californio Families
200 families owned land on the california coast and interior valleys totaling 14 million acres. ; squatters took their land when gold was not found
army of Occupation
3,000 strong soldiers led by general taylor to rio grande during the Mexican American war
Gadsen Purchase
Gasden paid santa anna $10 for a narrow strip of land south of the gila river ; US acquired 30 million acres for 33 cents an acre. This deal forced santa anna into exile.
Captain Jose Ramon Pico
Mexican American officer who recruited for the First Battalion of the Native Cavalry of California. Inspired volunteers to join the union cause
Antonio Lopez Santa Anna
Mexican general l he wanted peace but would only agree to the sale of New Mexico and California if the US helped him return to power in Mexico ; Polk helped him enter Mexico
Camp Grant Massacre
Mostly were women and children. Led to the trial of 100 men and not found guilty.
Pablo Montoya
New Mexico politican that led conspirators to resist the invaders
General Mariano Martinez de Lejanza
New Mexico's governor ; failed to force taxation
Rio Arriba
New Mexico's northern region ; inhabitants were poor farmers
Rio Abajo
New Mexico's southern region; home to the ricos ( elites that controlled land, livestock, and a portion of the Santa Fe's trade
Territory of New Mexico
created on September 9,1850; consists of present day New Mexico, Arizona, southern colorado, southern utah and southern Nevada
Monroe Doctrine
declared that California was to remain out of American hands but since Mexico ceded it to England, Mexico was in violation of it
Captain Archibald H. Gillespie
military commandant of los angeles appointed by stockton ; did not like californios and was harsh in his searches and raids
Railroads
specifically the Southern Pacific Railroad which arrived in LA in 1876 brought industry, commerce and people; caused population to increase
Joaquin Murieta
most famous outlaw-hero ; left Sonora for California and panned rivers for gold. Anglos took his land and killed his father and brother while kicking his mother out of their ranch ; he wanted to avenge and became a robber. Captured and killed in an ambush ; had support of low class mexicans
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
most militant labor organization that made an effort to recruit mexicans into ranks; endeavor to organize Mexicans in One Big Union to maintain their wages 3. Mining: dominated the economies of New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado; had harsh working conditions
Santa Fe Ring
most notorious New Mexico land swindlers who were involved in land, cattle, mining, lumber and freight speculation. Made up of judges, lawyers, businessmen and officials were involved in bribes and fraud.; had loopholes to get all the land grants in New Mexico.
Santos Benavides
most recognized tejano participant in the civil war; rancher-merchant; highest ranking tejano to serve the confederacy ; defended the border from union forces
Alianza Hispano-Americana (Hispanic American Alliance)
mutual aid society so that Mexicans could defend themselves and maintain their customs in their new environment; had chapters in arizona, california, colorado, new mexico and texas
Lynching
a form of swift punishment and was used for bandits and thugs; "lynching bees" were public spectacle; became a common practice often referred to "linchocracia"
Board of Land Commissioners
a group established from the federal land grant act of 1851; had to listen to cases regarding land claims ; reviewed more than 800 land claims
Compromise of 1850
admitted california into the union as a free state so it could allow or banish slavery there ; new mexico and utah were formed
Chapultapec Castle
americans reached it and poured fire into the castle and mexicans fought to the death
The Bear Flag Rebellion
an attempt to repeat the 1836 Texas revolt and gain American annexation.
Texas Rangers
armed group that slaughtered Mexicans during the battle of monterrey and volunteered to slaughter more after the victory. ; racism played a part in their actions
General Zachary Taylor
army commander and was ordered by Polk to advance troops toward rio grande
Wilmot Proviso
banned slavery from territory acquired from mexico
Thornton Affair
battle that became the primary reason President Polk asked for a state of war against mexico
Battle of Buena Vista
began on feb 22 and by the second day Taylor had destroyed Santa Anna's army and forced them to withdraw. This meant that Northern Mexico was now in the possession of American forces.
Cortina War
began when Cortina and Tejanos attacked Brownsville and freed a dozen Tejanos from jail; raged for 10 years
Sangre Azul
blue spanish blood; elite californios started to claimed privileges of whiteness to distinguish themselves from cholos ; but still viewed as one in the same with mexicans
Taos Revolt
broke down the resistance to the American rule in New Mexico and put an end to rebellion in that territory
Enrique and Ricardo Flores Magon
brothers who ran the Magnoistas, the anarcho-syndicalist Partido Liberal Mexicano
Phillip Millhisor et al. v. Jose Leon Padilla
civil suit won by Jose Leon Padilla against the legality of land acquisitions ; boosted morale of New Mexicans
General Stephen Watts Kearny
commanded the Army of the West which were needed to secure santa fe and establish a garrison and gov. And do the same in california
Tiburcio Vasquez
committed crimes as revenge against anglos; robber and caught horse stealing and sentenced to san quentin multiple times ; betrayed by one of his own men ; convicted of murder and sentenced to death ; hung on march 19, 1875; his death ended banditry in cali
El Partido del Pueblo Unido (United People's Party)
composed of Democratic and Republican parties, this party was opposed to putting financial interests above general welfare of New Mexico's mechanics, laborers, farmers, and ranchmen.
Impact of Agriculture
cotton farming supplemented ranching so more jobs for Mexicans and pay was very good; increase in demand for sugar beets ; refrigerated cars for perishable items ; Southwest produced 40 percent of america's fruits and vegetables.
First Battalion of the Native Cavalry of California
created in 1863 and made up of 4 companies: mostly californios, indians, sonorans, and germans recruited by mexican american officers such as jose ramon pico
Colfax/Lincoln County Wars:
due to commercial and political rivalries ; new mexicans would fight against the land fraud that was trying to take their land from them.
President Porfirio Diaz
during his administration, railroads made mexico more modern.; he initiated the building of a national rail network
Impact of Railroad
employed labor on a large scale, linked rural areas to national markets; ride great distances;
The Treaty of Cahuenga
ended the war in california and surrendered all of california to the united states and promised to protect the property rights of the californian mexicans ; forgave past hostilities and allowed all mexicans to return home upon surrendering their arms
Texas Annexation
enter the union as a slave state which gave pro-slavery states an advantage in House and Senate ; for mexico it was seen as an act of aggression from US
Organic Bill
excluded representation for Mexican areas in Arizona and Mexicans were disenfranchised and fell victim to racial inequality
California Indians:
first to feel sting of anglo wrath; hunted, shot, and died of disease; ½ of pop died
Ricardo Rodriguez Case
focused attention on how tejanos born in mexico could not vote unless they applied for naturalization. But a statute ruled that only whites and africans could become US citizens. Argued that article 8 in the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo should have citizenship. Court ruled in favor of rodriguez and 14th amendment would grant citizenship to all people in US. upheld legal right that Mexicans are white and gave them the right to vote.
Committee of Public Safety
formed by Jesus Maria Elias and William S Oury who were indian fighters. And became commander of it. ; group that was created to hunt and kill indians especially apache indians.
Juan Jose Herrera
former mayor of Las Vegas and captain in New Mexico territorial militia; belonged to Knights of Labor; founded Las Gorras Blancas
California Gold Rush
fueled postwar immigration of 80,000 americans to cali
Obstacles for New Mexico statehood
granted territorial status by Compromise Bill ; rejected a state constitution; did not have a school system; deemed as being too Mexican
General Winfield Scott
great strategist and field commander who had been general in chief of the US Army in 1841; led an invasion of mexico after the victory of monterrey
Polk's Declaration of War
had his reason for war once mexican troops had killed american soldiers and asked for a declaration. It was declared by congress 6 days later on may 13th
John Slidell
instructed to settle texas-mexico boundary dispute and offer mexico payment for cali and new mexico
John L. O'Sullivan
jacksonian editor of the washington dc monthly The United States Magazine and Democratic Review ; coined the term manifest destiny ; defender of democratic party positions on slavery, state rights, indian removal and soon mexican war
William Bonney (aka "Billy the Kid")
jobless man looking for work who then became an outlaw and live stock rustler.
James W. Magoffin
kearny's civil agent who was sent to new mexico to arrange a treaty with ruling new mexicans & have them surrender
Gregorio Cortez:
killed two anglo sheriffs in an act of self defense; became most hunted fugitive in texas history; the sheriff had shot his brother and in response he shot sheriff morris. He went on the run and was captured 10 days later. He was found guilty of murder; had the support of many tejanos ; his legend became a well known ballad ; was granted a pardon after 12 years
New Mexican Land Grants
land was taken from New Mexicans by partioning and in order to get that land grant one needed to pay a lawyer for their services.
John C. Fremont
led an armed topographical corps into California and to the Bear Flag Rebellion ; he was instructed by Polk that if war broke out to secure California for the US.
Tomas Romero
led conspirators to resist the invaders; indian who fought earlier against mexican gov
First Texas Cavalry
made up of Tejanos and Mexicans; first confederate regiment organized in Texas
Francisco Ramirez;
mexican american journalist who wrote about the racism experienced by mexicans in california ; seen as a defender of california mexican rights and became their unofficial voice
New Mexico Land Grab
new mexicans forfeited their lands bc they could not prove ownership or pay steep taxes ; US gov even seized land
Salt War
new ownership of salt deposits made Tejanos pay for the salt,before they had worked the salt lodes to gather to mineral for their use. This resulted in 4 deaths and thousands of dollars in damage.
El Clamor Publico
newspaper written by francisco ramirez ; wrote to light that americans were not protecting mexican their civil rights ; IMPORTANT SOURCE OF INFORMATION ABOUT POLITICS AND NEWS
Article 8, 9, 10
obligated the US to protect the new American citizens and guarantee their civil rights such as the right to retain their language, religion and culture ; article 10 was eliminated with related to mexican land rights
Battle of Monterrey
occupation of Monterrey by General Zachary Taylor's Army of Occupation where an evil massacre occurred with Texas Rangers slaughtered many Mexicans.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
officially ended the war but failed to protect californio rights both civil and property
Battle of Mexico City
on aug 20th ; general scott vs santa anna. Heavy losses for mexicans ; americans reached chapultec castle
Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM)
organization that was created to try and fix the unequal wage system for Mexican miners.
First New Mexico Infantry/Regiment
organized in response to the invasion of the southern new mexican territory by Baylor's texas confederate forces; 1,100 man unit of ten companies and commanded by kit carson ; poor equipment
Poll Tax
passed in 1901, required Texas residents to pay $1.75 in order to vote; prevented tejanos from voting
Andres Pico
patriot who led the fight against the Americans in California ; he and Jose Maria Flores led the resistance to fight the invaders
Battle of Glorieta Pass
pivotal battle of the civil war in new mexico; began on march 26, 1862; 1,342 union troops fought 3,500 confederate army. ; turning point of civil war hostilities in new mexico
General Jose Joaquin de Herrera
president of mexico in 1844 wanted to reconcile with US ; declared that any attempt to annex texas would be seen as an act of war ; refused offer from polk
New Mexico Ricos
privileged class of landholders that were brought wealth by the santa fe trade ; had access to trade because they aided american war efforts
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
restricted membership to just white workers ; refused to accept Mexicans
California Trade
sea otter trade, whaling, fine ocean ports and fertile land caused Americans to be interested in Cali
Las Gorras Blancas
secret society that organized poor spanish speaking ranchers and farmers ; challenged corporate power of San Miguel County; attacked land grabbers
Knights of Labor (Los Caballeros de Labor)
secret society that was the preserve of rural labor and small-town mechanics; opposed to land speculation ; pledged to "defend the life, interests, and reputation and family of all true members"
Juan Cortina
self appointed champion of the border region tejanos; defender of the rights of poor tejanos
The Democratic Party
self described "party of the White man" dominated Texas politics after Reconstruction ; used voter fraud and racism to retain power;
Battle of Los Angeles
sept 23, small force of 20 california mexicans attacked american barracks in los angeles ; inspired others to join the caused
Manifest Destiny
settling of lands west of the Mississippi claimed by Mexico, england and native nations
Nicolas Trist
signed the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo