Exam 2
43) The protein known as _____ is used to make ATP during the electron transport system.
ATPase
What is the combination of an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient called?
Electrochemical gradient
Water moves via osmosis _______.
From an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration
During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?
Hydrolysis
31) A balloon with a semipermeable membrane is filled with freshwater and placed in a container of saltwater. The balloon is
Hypotonic
What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell membranes?
Identification of the cell
Exclusive anaerobes would not be expected to possess which organelle?
Mitochondrion
Which organelles are believed to have originated as single-celled free-living bacteria that evolved a beneficial relationship with the larger cells that consumed them?
Mitochondrion
The process by which a cell engulfs a foreign particle is known as:
Phagocytosis
Cellulose and starch are example or:
Polysaccharides
In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes is carried out by ________.
Vacuoles
20) The cytoskeletal protein network includes
a) Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate fibers
37) A small, ionic molecule needs to be transported across a membrane. Which factor decides if it uses facilitated diffusion or active transport?
c) If it's going down or against the concentration gradient
33) A difference between enzymes and transport proteins is
c) Only enzymes catalyze reactions
12) What kind of bond is used to bond amino acids together to form polypeptide chains?
c) Peptide bonds
46) During the pre-Krebs stage, _______ is used to make _______.
c) Pyruvate; acetyl CoA
39) Throughout aerobic fermentation, NAD+ is ________ to form NADH (and an accompanying H+).
c) Reduced
Although the summary balanced chemical equation for the most common form of glycolysis indicates a single reaction step to get from glucose to pyruvate, this process is known to require _____ enzymatically mediated steps?
10
For each glucose molecule, how many cycles does the Krebs cycle compete?
2
How does the sodium-potassium pump make the interior of the cell negatively charged?
By expelling more cations than are taken in.
27) Proteins found within a membrane are _____ while proteins found on the surface of a membrane are ______.
b) Integral proteins; peripheral proteins
21) The smallest components of the cytoskeleton are _______ and they are an important part of ________.
b) Microfilaments; muscle contraction (Actin Filaments)
9) Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?
b) The type of sugar
45) How many NET ATP molecules are produced during aerobic respiration?
c) 36
25) What do all cells have?
c) A cellular membrane
6) A monoglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and
c) A fatty acid
28) Cellular membranes are selectively permeable. Which of the following molecules could passively cross a cell membrane?
c) A small, nonpolar molecule
44) Using a H+ gradient to do work is an example of
c) Chemiosmosis
34) A small ion moving down its concentration gradient would use
c) Facilitated diffusion
1) Which of the following monomers are correctly matched with their polymer?
c) Fatty acid and glycerol; lipid
49) An example of organisms/cells that use facultative fermentation are
c) Human muscle cells
18) What does the rough ER possess that the smooth ER does not?
c) Ribosomes (Nucleous)
30) Which of the following modes of transport across membranes is not passive?
d) Active transport
41) During which stage of aerobic respiration does oxygen act as the final electron acceptor?
d) Electron transport system
The tertiary structure of proteins are
d) Folding pattern caused by R groups
26) Which of the following is not a major component of cell membranes?
d) Ionic compounds
8) Which of the following macromolecules is incorrectly matched with one of its functions?
d) Nucleic acids (store genetic information): precursors to hormones(steroids)
13) Which of the following statements are true?
d) Only eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus
35) The proteins involved in active transport are
d) Protein pumps
15) The organelle responsible for protein synthesis is
Ribosomes
Which of the following refers to the substance with which an enzyme interacts?
Substrate
11) What would be the complementary strand to the following DNA strand: ATTCGATGC?
TAAGCTACG
What is the highest level of structure or Organization exhibited by insulin which is the primary (protein) hormone that regulates blood sugar levels in mammals?
Tertiary
Chemiosmosis involves _______.
The movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane.
Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers?
The nucleoplasm
Phospholipids are important components of _______.
The plasma membrane of cells
40) During glycolysis, one glucose molecule produces
a) 4 ATP b) 2 NADH c) 2 pyruvate
42) The Krebs cycle produces
a) 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP
14) A bacterial cell would possess
a) A nucleoid
38) Energy releasing pathways resulting from the breakdown of macromolecules is
a) Catabolism
2) A function of proteins is
a) Components of membranes b) Defense c) Hormones
5) The reaction used to bond monomers together to make longer polymers is a ______ reaction.
a) Dehydration-removal of water
47) What series of reactions are used in both aerobic respiration and fermentation?
a) Glycolysis
10) Which of the following statements about DNA is true?
a) It forms a double helix
23) Prokaryotic cells lack which cytoskeletal fiber?
a) Microtubules b) Microfilaments c) Intermediate fibers
24) Which of the following is not a difference between plant and animal cells?
a) Plant cells have cell walls instead of cell membranes like animal cells
16) The organelle responsible for receiving, completing, and "packaging" proteins would also
a) Store proteins b) Produce vesicles c) Synthesize polysaccharides
32) Osmosis occurs
a) When solutes in an aqueous solution cannot cross a membrane
19) The mitochondria are thought to be an example of endosymbiosis because
a)They have two membranes b) They have their own DNA and ribosomes
36) The most common protein pump in animal cells transports
b) 2 K+ in for 3 Na+ out
48) Fermentation pathways produce a total of ____ molecules of ATP.
b) 4
7) Phospholipids are
b) Amphipathic- part of it is polar and the other part is nonpolar
22) Microtubules
b) Are the largest fiber in the cytoskeleton
17) Lysosomes are responsible for
b) Breaking down macromolecules with enzymes
4) _______ is/are an important structural component of plant cell walls.
b) Cellulose- beta for linkage
50) Which of the following are products of the 2 fermentation pathways
b) Ethanol and lactic acid
29) The model used to describe cellular membranes is the
b) Fluid mosaic model
How many NADH molecules are produced by the Krebs cycle during the breakdown of a single glucose molecule?
6
Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A cell that makes steroid hormones
A reducing chemical reaction _______.
Adds an electron to the substrate.
Bacteria that lack fimbria are less likely to _____.
Adhere to cell surfaces
Which of the following is associated with water transport across a membrane?
Aquaporin
What is removed from pyruvate during its conversion into an acetyl group?
Carbon dioxide
Chemical pathways that release energy by breaking the bonds of complex molecules (which can be used to do work) are referred to collectively as:
Catabolism
Which enzyme, associated with peroxisomes, is responsible for breaking down highly reactive hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen before it can cause damage to the cell?
Catalase
The _____ is the basic unit of life.
Cell
Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance?
Cellulose
Which of the following is an alternative name for the Krebs cycle (named after its discoverer Hans Krebs)?
Citric Acid Cycle
The principal force driving movement in diffusion is the _______.
Concentration gradient
What of the following refers to the unfolding of a protein?
Denaturing
Prokaryotes depend on _____ to obtain some materials and to get rid of wastes.
Diffusion
Although animal cells lack cell walls, their cells are supported by a mixture of proteins and polysaccharides called the:
Extracellular matrix
Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?
Lactic acid fermentation
Which of the following organelles does not possess a double membrane?
Lysosome
During aerobic cellular respiration, where does ATP form?
Matrix of the mitochondrion
The energy molecule, ATP, is most closely related to which monomers (I.e. building blocks of macromolecules)?
Nucleotides
Which of the following would not be considered part of a cell's cytoplasm?
Nucleus
What type of bond is produced when the carboxyl group of one amino acid react (and bonds) with the amino group of another amino acid?
Peptide
Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure?
Protein
Which of the following is not an extracellular matrix role of carbohydrates?
Provide energy for muscle movement